Slide 1
Slide 1 text
下世代能源燃料的新寵兒 - 高能
金屬微粒
演講者: 李約亨 副教授 ( Yueh-Heng Li)
副國際長 國際事務處 國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系 國立成功大學
Date: 2020/9/22
Slide 2
Slide 2 text
2
Combustion & Energy Electric Propulsion
Gas Turbine Engine
Zic and Partners’ Lab
Slide 3
Slide 3 text
3
https://www.tellerreport.com/life/2020-09-10-us-west-coast--three-dead-in-northern-california-forest-fires.rygxcVkQw4v.html
Slide 4
Slide 4 text
4
https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/
Slide 5
Slide 5 text
5
https://metro.co.uk/2020/01/05/devastating-extent-australias-bushfires-seen-space-12003553/
Slide 6
Slide 6 text
6
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51500692
https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/52752919
Slide 7
Slide 7 text
7
https://www.tv7israelnews.com/locust-disaster-averted-in-east-africa-says-fao/
Slide 8
Slide 8 text
8
https://www.dw.com/en/china-floods-sichuan-buddha/a-54622058
https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20200703/china-floods-
rain/zh-hant/dual/
Slide 9
Slide 9 text
9
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/11/giant-african-baobab-trees-die-suddenly-after-thousands-of-years
https://www.swahilimodern.com/products/recycled-wire-baobab-tree
https://www.atacora.com/baobab-blog/baobab-african-tree-of-life
Slide 10
Slide 10 text
10
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/01/polar-bears-climate-change
Slide 11
Slide 11 text
11
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/05/coral-decline-in-great-barrier-reef-unprecedented
Slide 12
Slide 12 text
12
https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/satellite/bleachingoutlook_cfs/weekly_60.php
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jun/05/coral-decline-in-great-barrier-reef-unprecedented
Slide 13
Slide 13 text
The relationship btw CO2
and global
temperature
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121011151433.htm#.
UHjfwLGMBx0.blogger
http://www.ablemesh.co.uk/thoughtsinconvenienttruth.html
Slide 14
Slide 14 text
Earth’s energy balance
14
407 ppm
96% 95%
http://moodle.monashores.net/mod/page/view.php?id=41596
http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall12/atmo336/lectures/sec5/pleistocene.html
https://climate.ncsu.edu/edu/EnergyBalance
Slide 15
Slide 15 text
What is greenhouse gas (GHG)?
15
Triatomic molecule
Compound Formula Contribution (%)
Water vapor
and clouds
H2
O 36 – 72%
Carbon dioxide CO2
9 – 26%
Methane CH4
4–9%
Ozone O3
3–7%
https://www.icbf.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ISAG_170717.pdf
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-carbon-and-carbon-dioxide
Slide 16
Slide 16 text
The relationship btw CO2
and global
temperature
16
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/10/121011151433.htm#
.UHjfwLGMBx0.blogger
http://www.ablemesh.co.uk/thoughtsinconvenienttruth.html
Slide 17
Slide 17 text
Nature Carbon Fixation and Carbon Cycle
17
Uptake by ocean
Photosynthesis
https://aka.weightwatchers.ca/templates/print.aspx?PageId=1388041&PrintFlag=yes&previewDate=1/5/2017 (Right)
https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/travel/ymx2njb.html (Left)
https://www.tiempo.com/ram/mejor-comprension-del-ciclo-global-del-carbono.html https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-forest-image8437160
Slide 18
Slide 18 text
Carbon footprint
18
A single tree can absorb CO2
at a rate of 22 kg
per year.
https://heiko-gaertner.com/baum_hintergrund-vollhd-3/
Slide 19
Slide 19 text
Carbon footprint
19
Carbon footprint refers to the Greenhouse gas
emissions that are released into the environment
by using Energy
https://publiciota.com/category/informations
Slide 20
Slide 20 text
20
Invisible CO2
emission in your life
Carbon footprint
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3Gt-
m9a3vU&feature=emb_title
Slide 21
Slide 21 text
21
Humans exhale 1 kg of CO2
per day.
Each person generates approximately 2.3 tons
of CO2
per year.
Carbon footprint
People vector created by freepik - www.freepik.com
Slide 22
Slide 22 text
22
Humans exhale 1 kg of CO2
per day.
Each person generates approximately 2.3 tons
of CO2
per year.
Carbon footprint
~105 trees
People vector created by freepik - www.freepik.com
http://images.clipartpanda.com/tree-clipart-tree_tiny_green_shaded.png
Slide 23
Slide 23 text
23
Airplanes release 1 ton of CO2
per 3318 km
(Taipei to Singapore)
Carbon footprint
https://www.uokpl.rs/rsvi/ibxmhhm_small-plane-cliparts/
https://pnghut.com/png/GVMu1Ss6mw/airplane-cessna-citation-x-clip-art-air-travel-transparent-png
Slide 24
Slide 24 text
24
Airplanes release 1 ton of CO2
per 3318 km
(Taipei to Singapore)
Carbon footprint
~45 trees
https://www.uokpl.rs/rsvi/ibxmhhm_small-plane-cliparts/
https://pnghut.com/png/GVMu1Ss6mw/airplane-cessna-citation-x-clip-art-air-travel-transparent-png
http://images.clipartpanda.com/tree-clipart-tree_tiny_green_shaded.png
Slide 25
Slide 25 text
25
Cars release 3.66 kg of CO2
per 10 km.
Bus or Train traveling for 10 to 20 km releases
1 kg of CO2
.
Carbon footprint
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/333055334926407996/
Slide 26
Slide 26 text
26
Cars release 3.66 kg of CO2
per 10 km.
Bus or Train traveling for 10 to 20 km releases
1 kg of CO2
.
Carbon footprint
Tainan to Taipei (316 km)
5
0.7-1.4
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/333055334926407996/
http://images.clipartpanda.com/tree-clipart-tree_tiny_green_shaded.png
Slide 27
Slide 27 text
27
Using Computers for 32 hours releases 1 kg of
CO2
.
Carbon footprint
http://clipart-library.com/clipart/pc7rxAy9i.htm
Slide 28
Slide 28 text
28
5 plastic bags or 2 plastic bottles release 1 kg
of CO2
.
Carbon footprint
Slide 29
Slide 29 text
29
American cheeseburger releases 2.85 to 3.1 kg
of CO2
.
Carbon footprint
Slide 30
Slide 30 text
30
American cheeseburger releases 2.85 to 3.1 kg
of CO2
.
Carbon footprint
This includes a myriad of factors, from growing
the feed for the cattle for the beef and cheese,
growing the produce, storing and transporting
the components, as well as cooking them all.
https://twitter.com/missearth_sa
Slide 31
Slide 31 text
31 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0797-x
Slide 32
Slide 32 text
32
Temporary reduction in daily global
CO2
emissions during the COVID-19 forced
confinement
https://www.icos-cp.eu/gcp-covid19
Slide 33
Slide 33 text
Fossil fuel demand
33
Fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil, still dominate as
primary energy sources to produce electricity.
[1] International Energy Agency (IEA), 2019
https://www.iamrenew.com/green-energy/abandoning-coal-japan-scraps-another-
thermal-power-plant-lessons-for-india/attachment/world-map-for-coal-plants/
Source : IEA Electricity Information 2017
Slide 34
Slide 34 text
Energy carrier
34
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg)
Wood 16.2
Natural gas 46.4
Petroleum ~46.0
Coal 24.0
Battery, Li-ion rechargeable 0.36 – 0.875
Slide 35
Slide 35 text
Energy conversion
35
reactant
Formation
enthalpy
Formation
enthalpy
product
Energy level
Enthalpy
difference
Enthalpy
difference
Chemical
reaction
Energy
release
System boundary
Heat
Work
Energy conversion
Heat release by chemical reaction
Water steam absorbing heat from flame
Steam pressure makes a lid moving
Slide 36
Slide 36 text
Renewable energy
36
Advantages:
No harmful emission
Free sources energy
Challenges for Clean Energy
Territory area and site selection
Expensive storage material (e.g. Lithium)
Environmental condition
[2] The hydrogen energy company (THEC) , 2020
https://expatguideturkey.com/turkish-citizenship-by-investment/turkey-became-
popular-for-clean-energy-investment/
Slide 37
Slide 37 text
Introduction − Metal fuels
37
Advantages
High energy carrier that it is
safe to be transported
Easy and Safe enough to be
stored for long term
Relatively cheap and has the
similar or higher energy
density compared with
hydrocarbon
[2] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Slide 38
Slide 38 text
Introduction − Metal flames
38
Stabilized flames of different metal powders burning with air,
compared to a methane-air flame
https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/could-metal-particles-be-clean-fuel-future-257172
Slide 39
Slide 39 text
Introduction − Metal Fuels
39
[2] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Schematic of a generic electro fuel cycle
• Produced using clean renewable energy/nuclear energy, they can
have low net carbon-dioxide emissions.
• The product of fuel combustion, or oxidation, must be recycled
back into the fuel with minimal loss to the environment
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2017/se/c7se00004a#!divAbstract
Slide 40
Slide 40 text
Introduction − Recycle process
40
[2] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Hematite Fe2
O3
→Fe3
O4
→ Fe (below 570oC)
Magnetite Fe3
O4
→ Fe (below 570oC)
Wustite FeO→ Fe3
O4
→ Fe (below 570oC)
Redox reaction for Fe
• 3α-Fe2
O3
+ H2
= 2Fe3
O4
+ H2
O
• 2(Fe3
O4
+ 4H2
= 3Fe + 4 H2
O)
• 2(Fe3
O4
+ H2
= 3FeO + H2
O)
• 6(FeO + H2
= Fe+H2
O)
Slide 41
Slide 41 text
Metal combustion application
41
Metal powders are often used as
additives in propellants because of
their high enthalpy of
combustion[3,4]
Solid propellant for rocket enhances
combustion stability[4,5]
Different metal powders have
different energy densities compare
to hydrocarbon fuels
[3] Divekar et al., 2003 [4] Kuo et al., 1984 [5] Summerfield et al., 1969
NASA, Penn State, Purdue Join research rocket
with ALICE (Aluminum-Ice)
Slide 42
Slide 42 text
Metal combustion application
42
https://star-ale.com/
Slide 43
Slide 43 text
Metal combustion application
43
[6] Bergthorson et al, 2018
Wet Cycle, the high-temperature
metal might react with water,
leading to exothermicity and
hydrogen production.
Aluminum mixed with water as
an oxidizer has 4,212 Whkg-1 of
the specific energy and 11,374
WhL-1
Dry Cycle, direct combustion with
air and hydrocarbon fuel for an
external combustion heat engine.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematic-diagram-of-the-metal-fuel-concept-
showing-the-different-routes-for-power_fig5_327372687
Slide 44
Slide 44 text
Metal-driven recyclable fuel
44
External heating engine
Rankine Cycle, Boiler and Steam
turbine
Residential, commercial heating
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2018
https://afl.mcgill.ca/AFL-Research.html
Credit: J. Palecka
Slide 45
Slide 45 text
Metal-driven power generator
45
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2018 Credit: J. Palecka
Slide 46
Slide 46 text
Metal combustion
46
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Type A: Vapor Phase Droplet Combustion, e.g., Al, Mg.
Micro flame
Nano-oxide
• Vapor phase droplet
combustion
• Micro flame will appeared in
the metal vapor region
• Homogeneous combustion
reaction
Slide 47
Slide 47 text
Metal combustion
47
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Type A: Vapor Phase Droplet Combustion, e.g., Al, Mg.
Slide 48
Slide 48 text
Metal combustion
48
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Type B: Heterogeneous combustion with gaseous and sub
oxides, e.g., B and Si.
Sub-oxide reaction
/condensation zone
Micro flame
Nano-oxide
• Forming a gaseous oxide and
sub-oxide
• Micro flame will occurred in
the metal droplet surface
• Homogeneous reaction
appear in mode a and mode
b, the metal oxide will
become smaller than its
initial condition
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261915011071
Slide 49
Slide 49 text
Metal combustion
49
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Type B: Heterogeneous combustion with gaseous and sub
oxides, e.g., B and Si.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261915011071
Slide 50
Slide 50 text
Introduction − Combustion
50
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2015
Type C: Heterogeneous combustion with porous oxide shell,
e.g., Fe.
• Completely react in
heterogeneous combustion
• Produce larger metal oxide
• Easier to capture for
recyclability purpose
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261915011071
Slide 51
Slide 51 text
Metal Oxide
51
[6] Bergthorson et al., 2015
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261915011071
Slide 52
Slide 52 text
Experimental apparatus
52
Slide 53
Slide 53 text
Solid fuels
53
Material D10 D50 D90
Mean size [μm]
Intensity Volume Number
Fe 1.183 2.712 6.216 2.245 2.548 2.192
Fe−Coal 1.262 1.755 2.440 1.836 1.876 1.826
Fe−Al 1.082 1.176 2.319 1.270 1.393 1.352
(a) (b) (c)
Fe
Fe
Al
Coal
Fe
Fe Fe-Al Fe-Coal
Slide 54
Slide 54 text
Results and Discussion − Flame
54
Single Fuel Hybrid
Combustion
Coupled flame for Fe and Al
at 250 mm/hr 27.69 g/h
No Al particles after passed
the flame cone
Blue methane flame still
appeared for coal
combustion
Fe Al Coal
Slide 55
Slide 55 text
Results and Discussion − Flame
55
Flame behavior Fe hybrid
combustion
(a) 5.53 g/h (b)27.69 g/h
(a) Low feeding rate (b) High feeding rate
Coupled flame front
Slide 56
Slide 56 text
Results and Discussion − Flame
56
Flame behavior Fe-Al
hybrid combustion
(a) 5.53 g/h (b)27.69 g/h
(a) Low feeding rate (b) High feeding rate
Coupled flame front
Slide 57
Slide 57 text
Results and Discussion − Flame
57
Flame behavior Fe-Coal
hybrid combustion
(a) 5.53 g/h (b)27.69 g/h
(a) Low feeding rate (b) High feeding rate
Coupled flame front
Slide 58
Slide 58 text
Results and Discussion
58
Solid particle shape evolution
Fe Fe-Al Fe-Coal
Slide 59
Slide 59 text
Results and Discussion
59
Single fuel combustion characteristic
Slide 60
Slide 60 text
Results and Discussion
60
Micro explosion
phenomena in Fe-Coal
The exploded particle
may trigger other
particles near the first
explosion to be
explode
Slide 61
Slide 61 text
Results and Discussion
61
Proposed micro explosion mechanism
Slide 62
Slide 62 text
Results and Discussion
62
FeO-MOF Hybrid Combustion
(a) 90%:10% (b) 80%:20% (c) 70%:30%
Fe ion (Fe3+)
with Benzene-
1,3,5-
tricarboxylic
acid (H3
BTC)
Slide 63
Slide 63 text
Thank you for attention
Yueh-Heng Li (Zic) 李約亨
ZAP Lab: http://zap-lab.tw