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REQUIRE
HOOKS
Vladimir Dementyev
Evil Martians
Ruby拡張性の
⽋けたピースを
埋める
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palkan_tula
RUBY IS
FLEXIBLE
Rubyはプログラマを
制限しない⾔語なのです
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Can I add a method to String?
Stringにメソッドを追加できる？
Just re-open a class
クラスを再オープンすればいいよ
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I don't want it a!ect everyone
全体に影響させたくない
Refinements...
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... or Ruby::Box
REFINEMENTS??!!
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Can I intercept a method on
a class I don't own?
⾃分のものではないクラスのメソッドを
横取りできる？
Module#prepend
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Can I intercept a method that
doesn't exist?
まだ存在しないメソッドを横取りできる？
#method_missing
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Can I react when a class is
defined?
クラスが定義された時に反応できる？
TracePoint.new(:end)
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Can I intercept a Ruby file
being loaded and transform it?
Rubyファイルの読み込みを横取りして変
換できる？
...
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Hm, #require is just a method but...
# require もただのメソッドだけど…
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palkan_tula
HOW TO HOOK
#require?
# require を
フックするには？
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palkan_tula
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github.com/palkan
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palkan_tula
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2017-...
2016-...
2015-...
2015-...
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palkan_tula
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2017-...
2016-...
2015-...
2015-...
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palkan_tula
WHY TO HOOK
#require?
なぜ#requireを
フックする？
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palkan_tula
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palkan_tula
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github.com/ruby-next/ruby-next
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palkan_tula
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CASE #1
NO BUILD TRANSPILING
ソースコードを実⾏時にトランスパイルする
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# some_boot.rb
# Activate runtime transpling
require "ruby-next/language/runtime"
# All required files are transpiled on-the-fly
require "environment"
require "server"
# ...
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PROOF OF CONCEPT
module Kernel
module_function
alias_method :require_without_ruby_next, :require
def require(path)
RubyNext.require(path)
rescue => e
warn "Failed to require '#{path}': #{e.message}"
require_without_ruby_next(path)
end
end
palkan_tula
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palkan_tula
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Freezolite
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CASE #2
ZERO COMMENT FREEZING
マジックコメント不要の⽂字列リテラルfreeze
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REPEAT YOURSELF
繰り返しは問題ない
23 palkan_tula
module Kernel
module_function
alias_method :require_without_freezolite, :require
def require(path)
return require_without_freezolite(path) unless Freezolite.target?(path)
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {frozen_string_literal: true}
require_without_freezolite(path)
ensure
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option = {frozen_string_literal: false}
end
end
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CASE #3
EVERY RAILS APPLICATION
繰り返しは本当に問題ない？
24 palkan_tula
# zeitwerk/core_ext/kernel.rb
module Kernel
alias_method :zeitwerk_original_require, :require
def require(path)
if loader = Zeitwerk::Registry.autoloads.registered?(path)
if path.end_with?(".rb")
required = zeitwerk_original_require(path)
loader.__on_file_autoloaded(path) if required
required
else
loader.__on_dir_autoloaded(path)
true
end
else
# ...
end
end
end
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CASE #2026
EVERY RUBY APPLICATION
オープニングキーノート⾒ましたか？最⾼でした
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palkan_tula
IS RUBY'S #require
MECHANISM
FLEXIBLE ENOUGH?
Rubyの#requireの仕組みは
⼗分に柔軟か？
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palkan_tula
CODE LOAD HOOKS
IN THE WILD
他の⾔語のコード読み込みフック
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SIDENOTE
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PERL: @INC hooks
palkan_tula
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# Prepend "use strict" to every loaded file
unshift @INC, sub {
my ($self, $filename) = @_;
# Find the file ourselves
for my $dir (grep { !ref } @INC) {
my $path = "$dir/$filename";
next unless -f $path;
open my $fh, '<', $path or next;
my $prepend = "use strict; use warnings;\n";
return (\$prepend, $fh);
}
return; # not found, let others hooks handle it
};
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PYTHON: sys.meta_path
palkan_tula
29
import sys, importlib.abc
class MyHook(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder,
importlib.abc.Loader):
def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
if should_handle(fullname):
return importlib.util.spec_from_loader(
fullname, self)
return None # skip — let others handle it
def exec_module(self, module):
# load or transform source here
...
sys.meta_path.insert(0, MyHook())
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NODE.JS: registerHooks
palkan_tula
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import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs';
import { registerHooks } from 'node:module';
import coffeescript from 'coffeescript';
const extensionsRegex = /\.(coffee|litcoffee|coffee\.md)$/;
function load(url, context, nextLoad) {
if (extensionsRegex.test(url)) {
const { source: rawSource } = nextLoad(url, { ...context, format: 'coffee' });
const transformedSource = coffeescript.compile(rawSource.toString(), url);
return {
format: getPackageType(url),
shortCircuit: true,
source: transformedSource,
};
}
return nextLoad(url, context);
}
registerHooks({ load });
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COMMON PATTERNS
Resolvers (path to path)
Loaders (path to source or full hijack)
Chaining
palkan_tula
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ソースパスの独⾃解決
パスからソースまたはバイトコードへの独⾃ロジック
フックの連鎖
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COMMON USE CASES
Mocking
Transforming
Remote sources
Encrypted sources
palkan_tula
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テストでのモックとスタブ
ソースコードの変換
リモートソースからのコード読み込み
暗号化されたソースコードの読み込み
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palkan_tula
HOW TO BRING
SIMILAR POWERS
TO RUBY?
同じ⼒をRubyにどう持ち込む？
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REQUIRE PHASES
palkan_tula
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Loaded?
Resolve Read Parse Compile
path/name
absolute
path
no
yes
Skip
Eval
source AST bytecode
#load
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REQUIRE PHASES
palkan_tula
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Loaded?
Resolve Read Parse Compile
path/name
absolute
path
no
yes
Skip
Eval
source AST bytecode
#load
Hook?
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palkan_tula
INTRODUCING
require-hooks
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gem "require-hooks"
API for intercepting #require/#load/etc
MRI, JRuby, TruffleRuby
Passes* ruby/spec * No #load(path, wrap: ...)
github.com/ruby-next/require-hooks
37 palkan_tula
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38 palkan_tula
RequireHooks.around_load(patterns: ["/gem/dir/*.rb"]) do |path, &block|
puts "Loading #{path}"
block.call.tap { puts "Loaded #{path}" }
end
RequireHooks.source_transform(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"], exclude_patterns:
["/my_project/vendor/*"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
"# frozen_string_literal: true\n#{source}"
end
RequireHooks.hijack_load(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence)
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(source)
elsif defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
JRuby.compile(source)
end
end
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39 palkan_tula
RequireHooks.around_load(patterns: ["/gem/dir/*.rb"]) do |path, &block|
puts "Loading #{path}"
block.call.tap { puts "Loaded #{path}" }
end
RequireHooks.source_transform(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"], exclude_patterns:
["/my_project/vendor/*"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
"# frozen_string_literal: true\n#{source}"
end
RequireHooks.hijack_load(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence)
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(source)
elsif defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
JRuby.compile(source)
end
end
Around hooks allow
wrapping of code loading
(e.g., instrumentation)
Aroundフックでコード読み込みを
ラップ可能（例：計測）
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40 palkan_tula
RequireHooks.around_load(patterns: ["/gem/dir/*.rb"]) do |path, &block|
puts "Loading #{path}"
block.call.tap { puts "Loaded #{path}" }
end
RequireHooks.source_transform(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"], exclude_patterns:
["/my_project/vendor/*"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
"# frozen_string_literal: true\n#{source}"
end
RequireHooks.hijack_load(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence)
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(source)
elsif defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
JRuby.compile(source)
end
end
Source transformation hooks
(ad hoc transpiling)
ソース変換フック
(アドホックなトランスパイル)
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41 palkan_tula
RequireHooks.around_load(patterns: ["/gem/dir/*.rb"]) do |path, &block|
puts "Loading #{path}"
block.call.tap { puts "Loaded #{path}" }
end
RequireHooks.source_transform(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"], exclude_patterns:
["/my_project/vendor/*"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
"# frozen_string_literal: true\n#{source}"
end
RequireHooks.hijack_load(patterns: ["/my_project/*.rb"]) do |path, source|
source ||= File.read(path)
if defined?(RubyVM::InstructionSequence)
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(source)
elsif defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
JRuby.compile(source)
end
end
Full control of what's
being loaded
何が読み込まれるか完全に制御
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REQUIRE HOOKS
palkan_tula
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Loaded?
Resolve Read Compile
path/name
absolute
path
yes
Skip
Eval
source AST bytecode
#load
no
new
source
#source_transform
Parse
#hijack_load
no
yes
#around_load
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REQUIRE HOOKS
palkan_tula
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Loaded?
Resolve Read Compile
path/name
absolute
path
yes
Skip
Eval
source AST bytecode
#load
no
new
source
#source_transform
Parse
#hijack_load
no
yes
#around_load
$LOAD_PATH.unshift(...)
ruby-next
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44 palkan_tula
RequireHooks.around_load(patterns:) do |_path, &block|
was_frozen=RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option[:frozen_string_literal]
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option={frozen_string_literal: true}
block.call
ensure
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_option={frozen_string_literal: was_frozen}
end
gem "freezolite"
github.com/ruby-next/freezolite
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RequireHooks.source_transform(patterns:) do |path, contents|
RubyNext::Language.load_path(path, contents)
end
gem "ruby-next"
github.com/ruby-next/ruby-next
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OUT INTO
THE WORLD
palkan_tula
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palkan_tula
REQUIRE HOOKS
REQUIRE HACKS
requireフックにはハックが必要
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3 HOOK MODES
Kernel#require patch
#load_iseq (MRI only)
???
palkan_tula
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MRI's #load_iseq
RubyVM::InstructionSequence#load_iseq
Since 2.3.0
Path to bytecode
Singleton callback
palkan_tula
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palkan_tula
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Loaded?
Resolve Read Compile
path/name
absolute
path
yes
Skip
Eval
source AST bytecode
#load
no
#load_iseq Parse
nil
iseq
MRI's #load_iseq
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gem "bootsnap"
Speeds up a Ruby program boot
Bytecode, JSON/YAML and $LOAD_PATH caching
Monopolizes #load_iseq
github.com/rails/bootsnap
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3 HOOK MODES
Kernel#require patch
#load_iseq (MRI only)
Bootsnap patch (MRI only)
palkan_tula
52
HACK #1
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STRATEGY
palkan_tula
53
MRI?
yes
Bootsnap?
yes
Bootsnap patch
#load_iseq
no
Kernel patch
no
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palkan_tula
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Loaded?
Resolve Read Compile
path/name
absolute
path
yes
Skip
Eval
source AST bytecode
#load
no
#load_iseq Parse
nil
iseq
How to #around_load?
#around_load
???
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55 palkan_tula
module RequireHooks::LoadIseq
def load_iseq(path)
ctx = RequireHooks.context_for(path)
ctx.run_around_load_callbacks(path) do
iseq =
if ctx.source_transform? || ctx.hijack?
new_contents = ctx.perform_source_transform(path)
hijacked = ctx.try_hijack_load(path, new_contents)
if hijacked
hijacked
elsif new_contents
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(new_contents, path, path, 1)
end
end
iseq ||= (defined?(super) ? super : RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(path))
iseq.eval
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("")
end
end
end
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module RequireHooks::LoadIseq
def load_iseq(path)
ctx = RequireHooks.context_for(path)
ctx.run_around_load_callbacks(path) do
iseq =
if ctx.source_transform? || ctx.hijack?
new_contents = ctx.perform_source_transform(path)
hijacked = ctx.try_hijack_load(path, new_contents)
if hijacked
hijacked
elsif new_contents
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(new_contents, path, path, 1)
end
end
iseq ||= (defined?(super) ? super : RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(path))
iseq.eval
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("")
end
end
end
Always compile and eval
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57 palkan_tula
module RequireHooks::LoadIseq
def load_iseq(path)
ctx = RequireHooks.context_for(path)
ctx.run_around_load_callbacks(path) do
iseq =
if ctx.source_transform? || ctx.hijack?
new_contents = ctx.perform_source_transform(path)
hijacked = ctx.try_hijack_load(path, new_contents)
if hijacked
hijacked
elsif new_contents
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile(new_contents, path, path, 1)
end
end
iseq ||= (defined?(super) ? super : RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile_file(path))
iseq.eval
RubyVM::InstructionSequence.compile("")
end
end
end
Return empty iseq to
let MRI finish the
feature loading without
loading the code
空のiseqを返して、コードを
読み込まずにMRIの
feature読み込みを完了させる
HACK #2
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palkan_tula
FULL OF HACKS.
PERFORMANCE?
ハックだらけ。パフォーマンスは⼤丈夫？
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palkan_tula
palkan RubyKaigi‘20
59
hyperfine 'ruby project/project.rb' 'HOOKS=idle ruby project/
project.rb' 'HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb'
Benchmark 1: ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 2.755 s ± 0.033 s
Benchmark 2: HOOKS=idle ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 2.757 s ± 0.010 s
Benchmark 3: HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 2.772 s ± 0.011 s
Summary
ruby project/project.rb ran
1.01 ± 0.01 times faster than HOOKS=idle ruby project/
project.rb
1.01 ± 0.01 times faster than HOOKS=around ruby project/
project.rb
➜
BENCHMARK: 12K FILES
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palkan_tula
palkan RubyKaigi‘20
60
hyperfine 'HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb' \
'REQUIRE_HOOKS_MODE=patch HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb'
Benchmark 1: HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 3.111 s ± 0.007 s
Benchmark 2: REQUIRE_HOOKS_MODE=patch HOOKS=around ruby project/
project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 3.469 s ± 0.020 s
Summary
HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb ran
1.13 ± 0.01 times faster than REQUIRE_HOOKS_MODE=patch
HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb
➜
#load_iseq vs Kernel#require
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REQUIRE PHASES
palkan_tula
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Loaded?
Resolve Read Parse Compile
path/name
absolute
path
no
yes
Skip
Eval
source AST bytecode
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palkan_tula
REQUIRE PHASES
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Loaded?
Resolve
path/name
absolute
path
no
yes
Skip
$LOAD_PATH scan
$LOADED_FEATURES
check
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palkan_tula
REQUIRE PHASES
63
Loaded?
Resolve
path/name
absolute
path
no
yes
Skip
$LOAD_PATH scan
$LOADED_FEATURES
check
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64 palkan_tula
module RequireHooks::KernelPatch
alias_method :require_without_require_hooks, :require
def require(path)
_, realpath = *$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path(path)
return require_without_require_hooks(path) unless realpath
ctx = RequireHooks.context_for(realpath)
return require_without_require_hooks(path) if ctx.empty?
return false if $LOADED_FEATURES.include?(realpath)
RequireHooks::KernelPatch.lock_feature(feature) do |loaded|
return false if loaded
$LOADED_FEATURES << realpath
RequireHooks::KernelPatch.load(realpath)
true
end
end
end
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65 palkan_tula
module RequireHooks::KernelPatch
alias_method :require_without_require_hooks, :require
def require(path)
_, realpath = *$LOAD_PATH.resolve_feature_path(path)
return require_without_require_hooks(path) unless realpath
ctx = RequireHooks.context_for(realpath)
return require_without_require_hooks(path) if ctx.empty?
return false if $LOADED_FEATURES.include?(realpath)
RequireHooks::KernelPatch.lock_feature(feature) do |loaded|
return false if loaded
$LOADED_FEATURES << realpath
RequireHooks::KernelPatch.load(realpath)
true
end
end
end
Ruby implementations are
not designed for that
Rubyの実装はこのような使い⽅を
想定していない
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PATCHING CAVEATS
Array#include? can be slow (Ruby uses an
internal index)
Manually modifying $LOAD_FEATURES can cause
expensive invalidation
パッチ適⽤の注意点
66 palkan_tula
Array#include?は遅くなりうる（内部インデックスで⾼速化しているため）
$LOAD_FEATURESの⼿動変更はコストの⾼い無効化を引き起こす可能性がある
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67 palkan_tula
static st_table *
get_loaded_features_index(const rb_box_t *box)
{
int i;
VALUE features = box->loaded_features;
const VALUE snapshot = box->loaded_features_snapshot;
if (!rb_ary_shared_with_p(snapshot, features)) {
/* The sharing was broken; something (other than us in rb_provide_feature())
modified loaded_features. Rebuild the index. */
st_foreach(box->loaded_features_index, loaded_features_index_clear_i, 0);
VALUE realpaths = box->loaded_features_realpaths;
VALUE realpath_map = box->loaded_features_realpath_map;
VALUE previous_realpath_map = rb_hash_dup(realpath_map);
rb_hash_clear(realpaths);
rb_hash_clear(realpath_map);
features = rb_ary_resurrect(features);
for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(features); i++) {
VALUE entry, as_str;
as_str = entry = rb_ary_entry(features, i);
StringValue(as_str);
as_str = rb_fstring(as_str);
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palkan_tula
palkan RubyKaigi‘20
68
hyperfine 'ruby project/project.rb' \
'HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb'
Benchmark 1: ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 1.886 s ± 0.130 s
Benchmark 2: HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 13.467 s ± 0.410 s
Summary
ruby project/project.rb ran
7.14 ± 0.16 times faster than HOOKS=around ruby project/
project.rb
➜
BENCHMARK: JRuby, 2.5k files
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palkan_tula
palkan RubyKaigi‘20
69
hyperfine 'ruby project/project.rb' \
'HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb'
Benchmark 1: ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 1.886 s ± 0.130 s
Benchmark 2: HOOKS=around ruby project/project.rb
Time (mean ± σ): 13.467 s ± 0.410 s
Summary
ruby project/project.rb ran
7.14 ± 0.16 times faster than HOOKS=around ruby project/
project.rb
➜
BENCHMARK: JRuby, 2.5k files
JRuby rebuilds the index on
#load when it detects outside
changes to $LOADED_FEATURES
JRubyは$LOADED_FEATURESの
外部変更を検知すると#load時に
インデックスを再構築する
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$LOADED_FEATURES+
Smarter
$LOADED_FEATURES
Faster lookup, less
invalidations
palkan_tula
70
より速い検索、より少ない無効化
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$LOADED_FEATURES+
palkan_tula
71
HACK #3
Smarter
$LOADED_FEATURES
Faster lookup, less
invalidations
より速い検索、より少ない無効化
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palkan_tula
LAYERING HACKS
IS NOT THE WAY
ハックの積み重ねは正しい道ではない
72
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palkan_tula
GROUNDWORK,
NOT PATCHWORK
⼟台を作れ、継ぎ接ぎするな
73
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palkan_tula
GROUNDWORK IDEAS
74
1. Promote $LOAD_FEATURES from Array to a
full-featured object (w/ check and add APIs)
2. Introduce Ruby::Loader.register_hook and
Ruby::Loader::Hook interface
$LOAD_FEATURESをArrayから本格的なオブジェクトに昇格（checkとaddのAPIを持つ）
Ruby::Loader.register_hookとRuby::Loader::Hookインターフェースの導⼊
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GROUNDWORK IDEAS
0. Adopt require-hooks, stop patching Kernel
yourself
1. Promote $LOAD_FEATURES from Array to a
full-featured object (w/ check and add APIs)
2. Introduce Ruby::Loader.register_hook and
Ruby::Loader::Hook interface
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require-hooksを採⽤して、⾃分でKernelをパッチするのをやめよう
$LOAD_FEATURESをArrayから本格的なオブジェクトに昇格（checkとaddのAPIを持つ）
Ruby::Loader.register_hookとRuby::Loader::Hookインターフェースの導⼊
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RUBY IS
FLEXIBLE*
*HACKS MAY BE REQUIRED
Rubyは柔軟（ハックが必要な場合あり）
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palkan_tula
RUBY CAN BE
FLEXIBLE*
Rubyは柔軟になれる
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INTRODUCING
require-profiler
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BONUS
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gem "require-profiler"
Profile your application boot process
Visualize #require trees with Speedscope
Know the most requiring gems/folders and who
requires who
github.com/palkan/require-profiler
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アプリの起動をプロファイルできる
Speedscopeで#requireツリーを可視化できる
どのgem・フォルダが重く、何が何をrequireしているかを把握できる
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github.com/palkan/require-profiler
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THANK
YOU
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x.com/evilmartians
ありがとう