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RailsConf 2022
It's been a minute!
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PORTLAND
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Couch
Glisan
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3 YEARS!
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#FridayHug
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πΊπ¦πΊπ¦πΊπ¦
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RIP Little Buddy π
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~5 Photos / Day π€£
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https://www.youtube.com/
TenderlovesCoolStuff
Subscribe
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Tenderlove's Cool Stuff
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No content
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ΛΛΛΛΛ
0 Stars: Do Not Recommend
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π¨
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No content
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JIT: Generate Machine Code at
Runtime
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Machine Code:
Sequence of Bytes
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Ruby:
Can Make a Sequence of Bytes
β
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π€ Pure Ruby JIT? π€
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Yes! Yes, we can.
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https://github.com/tenderlove/tenderjit
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TenderJIT
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TenderJIT
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"Just because you can, doesn't
mean you should!"
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Analog Terminal Bell
https://analogterminalbell.com
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Professional Software
Development
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No content
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Apple M1: AArch64
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x86_64 Only
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LeJIT JITs
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AArch64 Gem
https://github.com/tenderlove/aarch64
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AArch64 Example
JIT a function that returns 0xF00DCAFE
$ gel exec ruby test.rb
"f00dcafe"
Terminal Output
require "aarch64"
require "jit_buffer"
# create a JIT buffer
jit_buffer = JITBuffer.new 4096
asm = AArch64::Assembler.new
# Make some instructions
asm.pretty do
asm.movz x0, 0xCAFE
asm.movk x0, 0xF00D, lsl(16)
asm.ret
end
# Write the instructions to a JIT buffer
jit_buffer.writeable!
asm.write_to jit_buffer
jit_buffer.executable!
# Execute the JIT buffer
p jit_buffer.to_function([], -Fiddle::TYPE_INT).call.to_s(16) #
=> f00dcafe
JIT Code
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AArch64 Example
JIT a function that returns 0xF00DCAFE
$ gel exec ruby test.rb
"f00dcafe"
Terminal Output
asm = AArch64::Assembler.new
# Make some instructions
asm.pretty do
asm.movz x0, 0xCAFE
asm.movk x0, 0xF00D, lsl(16)
asm.ret
end
JIT Code
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Not Amateur Enough
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Extremely Amateur
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AArch64 Example
JIT a function that returns 0xF00DCAFE
$ gel exec ruby test.rb
"f00dcafe"
Terminal Output
require "aarch64"
require "jit_buffer"
# create a JIT buffer
jit_buffer = JITBuffer.new 4096
asm = AArch64::Assembler.new
# Make some instructions
asm.pretty do
asm.movz x0, 0xCAFE
asm.movk x0, 0xF00D, lsl(16)
asm.ret
end
# Write the instructions to a JIT buffer
jit_buffer.writeable!
asm.write_to jit_buffer
jit_buffer.executable!
# Execute the JIT buffer
p jit_buffer.to_function([], -Fiddle::TYPE_INT).call.to_s(16) #
=> f00dcafe
JIT Code
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AArch64 Example
JIT a function that returns 0xF00DCAFE
$ gel exec ruby test.rb
"f00dcafe"
Terminal Output
require "aarch64"
require "jit_buffer"
# create a JIT buffer
jit_buffer = JITBuffer.new 4096
asm = AArch64::Assembler.new
# Make some instructions
asm.pretty do
asm.movz x0, 0xCAFE
asm.movk x0, 0xF00D, lsl(16)
asm.ret
end
# Write the instructions to a JIT buffer
jit_buffer.writeable!
asm.write_to jit_buffer
jit_buffer.executable!
# Execute the JIT buffer
p jit_buffer.to_function([], -Fiddle::TYPE_INT).call.to_s(16) #
=> f00dcafe
JIT Code
JITBuffer.new
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JITBuffer:
Executable Memory
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Linux / macOS
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Any Platform
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Test Code Execution
Write some bytes and ensure it can execute them
# create a JIT buffer
jit_buffer = JITBuffer.new 4096
# Write the instructions to a JIT buffer
jit_buffer.writeable!
jit_buffer.write asm.to_binary
jit_buffer.executable!
# Execute the JIT buffer
p jit_buffer.to_function([],
-Fiddle::TYPE_INT).call
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Test on x86_64 and ARM
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Test Code Execution
Add a check for the current platform
# create a JIT buffer
jit_buffer = JITBuffer.new 4096
# Write the instructions to a JIT buffer
jit_buffer.writeable!
if arm64?
jit_buffer.write arm64_bytes
else
jit_buffer.write x86_bytes
end
jit_buffer.executable!
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Test Code Execution
Add a check for the current platform
# create a JIT buffer
jit_buffer = JITBuffer.new 4096
# Write the instructions to a JIT buffer
jit_buffer.writeable!
if arm64?
jit_buffer.write arm64_bytes
else
jit_buffer.write x86_bytes
end
jit_buffer.executable!
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If Statements Mean "Complexity"
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Not "Cool"
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Can we ask the CPU itself?
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Machine Code is Just Bytes
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Bytes Valid for
x86_64 and ARM64?
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YES!
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Worst Best Idea Ever!
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x86 Machine Code
Very Cool Code (Intel Syntax)
.foo:
mov rax, 0x2b
ret
jmp foo
Put 0x2b in the
"RAX" register
Return from the
current function
Jump to the "foo"
label???
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x86 Machine Code Bytes
Bytes are in base 16
48 C7 C0 2B 00 00 00 mov rax, 0x2b
C3 ret
EB F6 jmp foo
[0x48, 0xc7, 0xc0, 0x2b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xc3, 0xeb, 0xf6]
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ARM64 Machine Code
Very Very Cool Code
movz X11, 0x7b7
movz X0, 0x2b
ret
Write 0x7b7 to
X11 register
because???
Write 0x2b to the
X0 register
Return from the
current function
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ARM64 Machine Code Bytes
Bytes are in base 16
EB F6 80 D2 movz x11, 0x7b7
60 05 80 D2 movz x0, 0x2b
C0 03 5F D6 ret
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Machine Code for x86 and ARM64
x86_64 Machine Code
48 C7 C0 2B 00 00 00 mov rax, 0x2b
C3 ret
EB F6 jmp foo
ARM64 Machine Code
EB F6 80 D2 movz x11, 0x7b7
60 05 80 D2 movz x0, 0x2b
C0 03 5F D6 ret
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Machine Code for x86 and ARM64
x86_64 Machine Code
48 C7 C0 2B 00 00 00 mov rax, 0x2b
C3 ret
EB F6 jmp foo
ARM64 Machine Code
EB F6 80 D2 movz x11, 0x7b7
60 05 80 D2 movz x0, 0x2b
C0 03 5F D6 ret
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Machine Code for x86 and ARM64
48 C7 C0 2B 00 00 00 mov rax, 0x2b
C3 ret
EB F6 jmp foo
EB F6 80 D2 movz x11, 0x7b7
60 05 80 D2 movz x0, 0x2b
C0 03 5F D6 ret
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Machine Code for x86 and ARM64
48 C7 C0 2B 00 00 00 mov rax, 0x2b
C3 ret
EB F6 jmp foo
EB F6 80 D2
60 05 80 D2 movz x0, 0x2b
C0 03 5F D6 ret
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Machine Code for x86 and ARM64
48 C7 C0 2B 00 00 00 mov rax, 0x2b
C3 ret
EB F6
EB F6 80 D2 movz x11, 0x7b7
60 05 80 D2 movz x0, 0x2b
C0 03 5F D6 ret
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Both Return 0x2B
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JITBuffer Test Case
VCP (Very Cool Program)
jit = JITBuffer.new 4096
bytes = [0x48, 0xc7, 0xc0, 0x2b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, # x86_64 mov rax, 0x2b
0xc3, # x86_64 ret
0xeb, 0xf6, # x86 jmp
0x80, 0xd2, # ARM movz X11, 0x7b7
0x60, 0x05, 0x80, 0xd2, # ARM movz X0, #0x2b
0xc0, 0x03, 0x5f, 0xd6] # ARM ret
jit.writeable!
jit.write bytes.pack("C*")
jit.executable!
func = Fiddle::Function.new(jit.to_i + 8, [], Fiddle::TYPE_INT)
assert_equal 0x2b, func.call
Start at
offset 8
Offset 8
Alw
ays
0x2b!!
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Cross Platform!!!!!*
*x86_64 and ARM64 only
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No If Statements!
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Complexity: 0
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So Simple!
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"Just because you can, doesn't
mean you should!"
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No content
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Anatomy of a Tenderlove Talk
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Tenderlove Talk Timeline Teardown
Jokes about local
businesses
Pictures of Cats
W
eird
code
not
related
to
the
topic
M
ain
topic
Abrupt ending
after
running
out of tim
e
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Talk Timeline Breakdown
Jokes about local
businesses
Pictures of Cats
W
eird
code
not
related
to
the
topic
M
ain
topic
Abrupt ending
after
running
out of tim
e
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New Features in Rails 7!!
Rack
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Spring
It is gone!
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No content
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New Features in Rails 7
Cool!
β’ Import maps
β’ Hotwire Default
β’ Turbo 7 Default
β’ Stimulus 3 Default
β’ JS Bundling
β’ CSS Bundling
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No content
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I am not a
Front End Developer
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No Idea
what these words mean
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But It's OK
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Import Maps and ES Modules
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Sprockets
Webpacker
ESM + Import Maps
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π« π« π« π«
"yay"
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New application.html.erb
javascript_importmap_tags
Myapp
<%= csrf_meta_tags %>
<%= csp_meta_tag %>
<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", "data-turbo-track": "reload" %>
<%= javascript_importmap_tags %>
<%= yield %>
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Define importmaps
con
fi
g/importmap.rb
# Pin npm packages by running ./bin/importmap
pin "application", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/turbo-rails", to: "turbo.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus", to: "stimulus.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus-loading", to: "stimulus-loading.js", preload: true
pin_all_from "app/javascript/controllers", under: "controllers"
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Rendered Application Layout
Import map automatically generated
{
"imports": {
"application": "/assets/application-123.js",
"@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-123.js",
"controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-123.js",
"controllers/hello_controller": "/assets/controllers/hello_controller-123.js",
"controllers": "/assets/controllers/index-123.js"
}
}
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Pinning Libraries
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Put a pin in it!
Add stu
ff
to the import map
$ bin/importmap pin [email protected]/startCase.js
Pinning "lodash-es/startCase.js" to https://ga.jspm.io/npm:[email protected]/startCase.js
es: EspaΓ±ol
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New config/importmap.rb
With lodash-es
# Pin npm packages by running ./bin/importmap
pin "application", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/turbo-rails", to: "turbo.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus", to: "stimulus.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus-loading", to: "stimulus-loading.js", preload: true
pin_all_from "app/javascript/controllers", under: "controllers"
pin "lodash-es/startCase.js", to: "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:[email protected]/startCase.js"
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New config/importmap.rb
With lodash-es
# Pin npm packages by running ./bin/importmap
pin "application", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/turbo-rails", to: "turbo.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus", to: "stimulus.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus-loading", to: "stimulus-loading.js", preload: true
pin_all_from "app/javascript/controllers", under: "controllers"
pin "lodash-es/startCase.js", to: "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:[email protected]/startCase.js"
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New config/importmap.rb
With lodash-es
# Pin npm packages by running ./bin/importmap
pin "application", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/turbo-rails", to: "turbo.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus", to: "stimulus.min.js", preload: true
pin "@hotwired/stimulus-loading", to: "stimulus-loading.js", preload: true
pin_all_from "app/javascript/controllers", under: "controllers"
pin "@lodash/startCase", to: "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:[email protected]/startCase.js"
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New Sourcemap
Has Lowdash!
{
"imports": {
"application": "/assets/application-123.js",
"@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-123.js",
"@lodash/startCase": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:[email protected]/startCase.js",
"controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-123.js",
"controllers/hello_controller": "/assets/controllers/hello_controller-123.js",
"controllers": "/assets/controllers/index-123.js"
}
}
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New Sourcemap
Has Lowdash!
{
"imports": {
"application": "/assets/application-123.js",
"@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-123.js",
"@lodash/startCase": "https://ga.jspm.io/npm:[email protected]/startCase.js",
"controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-123.js",
"controllers/hello_controller": "/assets/controllers/hello_controller-123.js",
"controllers": "/assets/controllers/index-123.js"
}
}
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Use the new module!
import startCase from '@lodash/startCase';
const el = document.createElement('h1');
const words = "hello, mom!"
const text = document.createTextNode(startCase(words));
el.appendChild(text);
document.body.appendChild(el);
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No content
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Great!
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Indirect Names
Use names rather than
fi
les
{
"imports": {
"application": "/assets/application-123.js",
"@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-123.js",
"controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-123.js",
"controllers/hello_controller": "/assets/controllers/hello_controller-123.js",
"controllers": "/assets/controllers/index-123.js"
}
}
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Indirect Names
Use names rather than
fi
les
{
"imports": {
"application": "/assets/application-123.js",
"@hotwired/turbo-rails": "/assets/turbo.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus": "/assets/stimulus.min-123.js",
"@hotwired/stimulus-loading": "/assets/stimulus-loading-123.js",
"controllers/application": "/assets/controllers/application-123.js",
"controllers/hello_controller": "/assets/controllers/hello_controller-123.js",
"controllers": "/assets/controllers/index-123.js"
}
}
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We're Not Bundling JS
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Better Caching
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More Requests
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HTTP2: Concurrent Requests on
a Single Socket
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Rack
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Rack Defines an Interface
Easily change webservers
Rack Application
Webserver
Falcon
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Rack Interface
rack_app = lambda do |env|
[200, {}, ["neat"]]
end
def webserver(app)
status, headers, body = app.call({})
$socket.puts status
$socket.puts headers
body.each do |chunk|
$socket.puts chunk
end
end
webserver(rack_app)
Rack App
Webserver
Request
Data
Response
Data
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Rack + HTTP
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Rack + TCP Connection
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HTTP Timeline + First Commit of Rack
Starting with HTTP/0.9
1990
1998
2006
2014
2022
Websockets
2011
HTTP/3
2020
HTTP/2
2015
Rack
2007
HTTP/1.1
1997
HTTP/1.0
1996
HTTP/0.9
1991
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HTTP 0.9 Request / Response
Connections were closed
Client New TCP Connection Server
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
perl ...
ENV
rack_app = lambda do |env|
[200, {}, ["neat"]]
end
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HTTP/1.0
RFC 1945
1990
1998
2006
2014
2022
Websockets
2011
HTTP/3
2020
HTTP/2
2015
Rack
2007
HTTP/1.1
1997
HTTP/1.0
1996
HTTP/0.9
1991
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Connections are Expensive
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Serial Requests
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Fetch assets in parallel?
HELLO!
Happy Friday!!!
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HTTP/1.1
RFC 2068
1990
1998
2006
2014
2022
Websockets
2011
HTTP/3
2020
HTTP/2
2015
Rack
2007
HTTP/1.1
1997
HTTP/1.0
1996
HTTP/0.9
1991
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HTTP/1.1: Keep Alive
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HTTP 1.1 Request / Response
Connections are kept open
Client New TCP Connection Server
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
ruby ...
ruby ...
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
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HTTP/1.1: Have 2 Connections
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HTTP 1.1 Multiple Connections
Thanks buddy!
New TCP Connection Server
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
ruby ...
ruby ...
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
Client
New TCP Connection Server
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
ruby ...
ruby ...
HTTP Request
HTTP Response
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Requests Are Still Serial
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Bundling Assets
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Rack is released!
Version 0.1
1990
1998
2006
2014
2022
Websockets
2011
HTTP/3
2020
HTTP/2
2015
Rack
2007
HTTP/1.1
1997
HTTP/1.0
1996
HTTP/0.9
1991
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Based on PEP 333
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"HTTP Translation"
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Environment Variables -> Hash
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stdout -> [200, {}, ["hi"]]
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Full Rack Application Example
rack_app = lambda do |env|
[200, # Status Code
{ "X-Cool-Header" => "Neat" }, # Headers
["Response Body"]] # Response Body
end
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Websockets
Sockets, but for the web!
1990
1998
2006
2014
2022
Websockets
2011
HTTP/3
2020
HTTP/2
2015
Rack
2007
HTTP/1.1
1997
HTTP/1.0
1996
HTTP/0.9
1991
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Bidirectional Communication
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Websockets: NOT HTTP
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2013: Rack 1.5
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Hijacking: Slap a proc in there!
Get access to the socket
rack_app = lambda do |env|
io = env["rack.hijack"].call
io.write "neat"
io.close # socket is closed
# Return stuff?
[200, {}, []]
end
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HTTP Translator +
Socket Getter? π€·
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HTTP/2
It's 0.9 better than HTTP 1.1
1990
1998
2006
2014
2022
Websockets
2011
HTTP/3
2020
HTTP/2
2015
Rack
2007
HTTP/1.1
1997
HTTP/1.0
1996
HTTP/0.9
1991
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SSL Encouraged
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Compressed Headers
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Binary Protocol
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Request / Response Multiplexing
Concurrent requests on the same socket
Client New SSL TCP Connection Server
H2 Request 1
H2 Response 2
ruby ...
ruby ...
H2 Request 2
H2 Response 1
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Import Maps
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Rails 7:
We want you to use H2?
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How?
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https://github.com/socketry/falcon
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HTTP2 Proxy Server
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HTTP 2 Proxy Server
Proxy translates to HTTP 1.1
H2O Unicorn Rails
HTTP 1.1 Rack
HTTP 2
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Push Promise
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"Take this resource"
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What if the client already has the
resource cached? π
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Push Promise in HTTP 1.1
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HTTP Status Code 103:
Early Hints
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Sending Server Push with H2 Proxy
HTTP 1.1 server sends 103, proxy converts to PUSH
HTTP/1.1 103 Early Hints
Link: ; rel=preload; as=style
Link: ; rel=preload; as=script
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri, 26 May 2022 10:02:11 GMT
Content-Length: 1234
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Link: ; rel=preload; as=style
Link: ; rel=preload; as=script
HTTP 1.1 Response
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Sending Server Push with H2 Proxy
HTTP 1.1 server sends 103, proxy converts to PUSH
HTTP/1.1 103 Early Hints
Link: ; rel=preload; as=style
Link: ; rel=preload; as=script
HTTP 103 Response
H2O Unicorn
HTTP 1.1
HTTP 2
PUSH /style.css
PUSH /script.js
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Rails + (Puma || Falcon)
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Slap another lambda in the env hash!
Great!
class Server
def call env
env['rack.early_hints'].call([
{ link: "/style.css", as: "style" }, # push /style.css
{ link: "/script.js" }]) # push /script.js
[200, { "X-Hello" => "World" }, ["Hello world!"]]
end
end
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2020: HTTP/3
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Rails 7 is HTTP/2 by default
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Do we need H2 servers?
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What does H2 mean for Hijack?
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Slapping lambdas in a hash
seems unsustainable
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Next Generation Rack
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Easy to Use
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Easy to Extend
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Easy to Deploy
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This Whole Thing Is Moot
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Ruby 3.1: WASM support
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https://ruby-syntax-tree.github.io
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Next Year:
Rails in the browser,
React on the server
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THANKS
PORTLAND!
See you next year! π