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The Journey
of
Box Building
Satoshi Tagomori (@tagomoris)
2026-04-22, RubyKaigi 2026 Opening Keynote
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ా ૱ (Satoshi Tagomori)
@tagomoris
SAKURA internet (2024.08ʙ)
Cloud Business Strategy Division
Maintainer/Founder:
OSS: Ruby, Fluentd, MessagePack,
Norikra, Woothee, …
Event: ISUCON
Service: Pathtraq
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https://www.
fl
ickr.com/photos/takkanm/3978417669
Asakusa.rb
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Cloud Business Strategy Division, Deputy General Manager
Represents Cloud Product
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Ruby 4
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ZJIT
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Ruby Box
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˒ What’s “Ruby Box”?
˒ Tour of Ruby Box
˒ Road to Box Building
The Journey of Box Building
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What’s Ruby Box?
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˒ An experimental feature, introduced in Ruby 4.0
˒ Renamed from “Namespace” after RubyKaigi 2025
˒ Accessed as Ruby::Box
˒ Enabled by an ENV value RUBY_BOX=1
What’s “Ruby Box”?
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˒ Separating apps/libs/monkey-patches into isolated spaces
˒ Load apps/libs in a space
˒ Hide changes of apps/libs in the space from other spaces
˒ Run methods de
fi
ned in the space with the de
fi
nitions
Ruby Box: Feature
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Before Ruby Box: Global Only
All classes/modules are shared in the entire Ruby process
Ruby Process
Application Code
App::Func
User
Library Code
DB::Client (v2)
Library Code
ActiveSupport (v7)
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Before Ruby Box: Global Only
Monkey patches overwrite things globally
Ruby Process
Application Code
App::Func
User
Library Code
DB::Client (v2)
Library Code
ActiveSupport (v7)
class String
def +(other) = “self:#{other}”
User Library Code
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Ruby Process
Application Code
App::Func
User
Library Code
DB::Client (v2)
Library Code
ActiveSupport (v7)
😵 😵
😵
Before Ruby Box: Global Only
Monkey patches overwrite things globally
class String
def +(other) = “self:#{other}”
User Library Code
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Ruby Process
Ruby Box
Ruby Box
Using Ruby Box
Ruby Box provides separation for funky monkey patches!
Application Code
App::Func
User
Library Code
DB::Client (v2)
Library Code
ActiveSupport (v7)
class String
def +(other) = “self:#{other}”
User Library Code
😀
😀
😀
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Real-World Use Cases?
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Testing in Boxes
With world-breaking monkey patches for mocking
Ruby Process
Application Code
Test Case ( _test.rb)
Monkey Patches
Test Runner
Application Code
Monkey Patches
Application Code
Test Case ( _test.rb)
Test Case ( _test.rb)
Test Case ( _test.b.rb)
Test Case ( _test.b.rb)
“.b.rb” su
ff
ix is just my idea - there should be be
tt
er rules.
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Ruby Process
Ruby Box
Running 2 Apps in Boxes
With the di
ff
erent sets of apps/libraries
Application Code (v1)
App::Func
User
Library Code
DB::Client (v2)
Library Code
ActiveSupport (v7)
Ruby Box
Application Code (v2)
App::Func
User
Library Code
DB::Client (v3)
Library Code
ActiveSupport (v8)
"QQWXJUI
0MEFSMJCWFSTJPOT
"QQWXJUI
/FXFSMJCWFSTJPOT
For example, LFA is an app server, runs AWS Lambda functions.
Application Server
supporting Ruby Box
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˒ Updated “Packaging” Feature Idea from Matz
˒ Loading packages in box,
then pulling public APIs from the box
˒ Packages never break other packages or libraries
˒ Many things to be solved to realize this idea
˒ ActiveSupport? Hook points? Memory usage?
Packaging w/ Underlying Boxes
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ˏཾݢ
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Tour of Ruby Box
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˒ Per-box Class/Method De
fi
nitions
˒ Scripts(.rb) and Extensions(.so) Loading in Boxes
˒ Current Box Management/Detection
RUBY BOX INGREDIENTS
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˒ Per-box Class/Method De
fi
nitions
“Namespace, What and Why” h
tt
ps://rubykaigi.org/2024/presentations/tagomoris.html
˒ Scripts(.rb) and Extensions(.so) Loading in Boxes
“State of Namespace” h
tt
ps://rubykaigi.org/2025/presentations/tagomoris.html
˒ Current Box Management/Detection
This Talk
RUBY BOX INGREDIENTS
class.c
load.c
vm.c
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˒ Box separates class/method de
fi
nitions
˒ Ruby programs can de
fi
ne/refer classes/methods anytime
˒ Current box should be determined whenever Ruby runs
(and then, classes/methods for the box will be fetched)
Current Box
Management/Detection
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# main.rb
……
…
require_relative(“app”)
…
p App.foo #=> [“foo”, “bar”]
Ruby Code Example
# app.rb
p 1
module App
def self.foo(x=:bar)
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p 2
end
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# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
p b1 # #
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
Ruby Code using Ruby Box
# app.rb
p 1
module App
def self.foo(x=:bar)
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p 2
end
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˒ Ruby Box Switching happens only on some Ruby::Box methods
˒ #require, #require_relative, #load (and #eval)
˒ The target code is required/loaded in the receiver box
˒ Box boundary is
fi
le, but
fi
le doesn’t determine its box
˒ A
fi
le can be loaded in 2 boxes
Current Box: Dynamic File Scope?
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# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
Ruby Code using Ruby Box (revisit)
b1
# app.rb
p 1
module App
def self.foo(x=:bar)
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p 2
end
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In File: Immediately or Later
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
Evaluated immediately
De
fi
nition created
De
fi
nition created
Evaluated when called
# app.rb
p 1
module App
def self.foo(x=:bar)
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p 2
end
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app.rb:9:in '': yay (RuntimeError)
from app.rb:3:in ''
from main.rb:5:in 'Ruby::Box#require_relative'
from main.rb:5:in ''
Where is it now? (Using Exception)
# app.rb
p 1
module App
def self.foo(x=:bar)
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
raise “yay”
end
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app.rb:9: [BUG] o.o
ruby 4.1.0dev (2026-04-10T21:09:30Z master 044a43f42b) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
-- Crash Report log information --------------------------------------------
See Crash Report log file in one of the following locations:
* ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports
* /Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports
for more details.
Don't forget to include the above Crash Report log file in bug reports.
-- Control frame information -----------------------------------------------
c:0006 p:---- s:0022 e:000021 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :bug!
c:0005 p:0007 s:0018 e:000017 l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS /Users/s-tagomori/oss/talk_demo/rubykaigi2026/app.rb:9
c:0004 p:0007 s:0015 e:000014 l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP /Users/s-tagomori/oss/talk_demo/rubykaigi2026/app.rb:3 [FINISH]
c:0003 p:---- s:0012 e:000011 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require_relative
c:0002 p:0023 s:0007 E:000de0 l:n b:---- r:0x0 EVAL main.rb:5 [FINISH]
c:0001 p:0000 s:0003 E:000888 l:y b:---- r:0x0 DUMMY [FINISH]
-- Ruby level backtrace information ----------------------------------------
main.rb:5:in ''
main.rb:5:in 'require_relative'
/Users/s-tagomori/oss/talk_demo/rubykaigi2026/app.rb:3:in ''
/Users/s-tagomori/oss/talk_demo/rubykaigi2026/app.rb:9:in ''
/Users/s-tagomori/oss/talk_demo/rubykaigi2026/app.rb:9:in 'bug!'
-- Threading information ---------------------------------------------------
Total ractor count: 1
Ruby thread count for this ractor: 1
-- C level backtrace information -------------------------------------------
/Users/s-tagomori/oss/ruby/build/ruby(rb_print_backtrace+0x24) [0x103421e3c] /Users/s-tagomori/oss/ruby/build/../vm_dump.c:1108
/Users/s-tagomori/oss/ruby/build/ruby(rb_print_backtrace) (null):0
/Users/s-tagomori/oss/ruby/build/ruby(rb_vm_bugreport+0x2f8) [0x103422154] /Users/s-tagomori/oss/ruby/build/../vm_dump.c:1456
Where is it now? (Using BUG)
# app.rb
p 1
module App
def self.foo(x=:bar)
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
bug! #only on my Ruby
end
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˒ The execution status in Ruby VM
˒ Control Frames are stack
Control Frames (rb_control_frame_t)
struct rb_control_frame_struct
{
const VALUE *pc;
VALUE *sp;
const rb_iseq_t *_iseq;
VALUE self;
const VALUE *ep;
const void *block_code;
void *jit_return;
};
-- Control frame information -----------------------------------------
c:0006 p:---- s:0022 e:000021 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :bug!
c:0005 p:0007 s:0018 e:000017 l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS ……/app.rb:9
c:0004 p:0007 s:0015 e:000014 l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP ……/app.rb:3 [FINISH]
c:0003 p:---- s:0012 e:000011 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require_relative
c:0002 p:0023 s:0007 E:000de0 l:n b:---- r:0x0 EVAL main.rb:5 [FINISH]
c:0001 p:0000 s:0003 E:000888 l:y b:---- r:0x0 DUMMY [FINISH]
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˒ Backtrace: “Ruby Level Backtrace”
˒ Translated &
fi
ltered control frames
˒ Hide C-level informations
(show them just like Ruby-level one)
˒ Hide internal frames (DUMMY, IFUNC, etc)
Backtrace and Control Frames
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Finding Current Box # app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
main
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
main
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo main
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo
b1
Finding Current Box
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# app.rb
a = 1
module App
b = 1
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
end
p b
end
p a
# main.rb w/ RUBY_BOX=1
……
b1 = Ruby::Box.new
…
b1.require_relative(“app”)
…
p b1::App.foo main
Finding Current Box
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Finding Current Box
˒ Rules to detect current box
˒ Find the closest Ruby frame
˒ If it’s running a C func, trace back to the closest Ruby frame
˒ Find the “LOCAL” variable scope from the Ruby frame
˒ Check the box of the LOCAL env
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˒ The
fl
ag about local variable scope
˒ LOCAL: File, Class/Module, Method
˒ Non-LOCAL: Block, Eval, Rescue
˒ “env”
fl
ag
˒ Control frames and these environments are marked
“LOCAL”?
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˒ “env” is not
“ENV”ironment
variable
˒ Frame environment
˒ ep: env pointer
Control Frame and Environment
struct rb_control_frame_struct
{
const VALUE *pc;
VALUE *sp;
const rb_iseq_t *_iseq;
VALUE self;
const VALUE *ep;
const void *block_code;
void *jit_return;
};
typedef struct
rb_control_frame_struct
rb_control_frame_t;
rb_control_frame_t env
VALUE LVAR …
VALUE LAST_LVAR
VALUE ME_CREF // ep[-2]
VALUE SPECVAL // ep[-1]
VALUE FLAGS // ep[0]
VALUE ENV // rb_env_t*
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˒ Local variables
are listed
in the tail of env
Control Frame and Environment
env
VALUE d
VALUE c
VALUE x
VALUE ME_CREF // ep[-2]
VALUE SPECVAL // ep[-1]
VALUE FLAGS // ep[0]
VALUE ENV // rb_env_t*
def self.foo(x=:bar)
c = 1
[:foo, x].map{
it.to_s
}
d = 2
end
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ENVs Referenced
from Control Frames
rb_control_frame_t
rb_control_frame_t
rb_control_frame_t
rb_control_frame_t
rb_control_frame_t
current cfp
˒ rb_control_frame_t *cfp
(control frame pointer)
˒ cfp->ep
˒ ENV size depends on
# of local variables
ENV
ENV
ENV
ENV
ENV
ep ep ep ep ep
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Ruby’s Stack Memory Space
˒ From head: control frames
˒ From tail: ENVs
˒ ENV members are accessed using negative index as ep[-1]
Stack Memory Space in CRuby
rb_control_frame_t ENV
ENV
rb_control_frame_t
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Ruby’s Stack Memory Space
Stack in CRuby
rb_control_frame_t ENV
ENV
ENV
ENV
rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t
˒ From head: control frames
˒ From tail: ENVs
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Ruby’s Stack Memory Space
Stack in CRuby
rb_control_frame_t ENV
ENV
ENV
ENV
rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t ENV
˒ From head: control frames
˒ From tail: ENVs
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Ruby’s Stack Memory Space
Stack in CRuby
rb_control_frame_t ENV
ENV
ENV
ENV
rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t rb_control_frame_t ENV
ENV
Stack Over
fl
ow!!
˒ From head: control frames
˒ From tail: ENVs
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˒ M: Frame Magic / Frame Type (15bits + check)
METHOD, BLOCK, CLASS, TOP, CFUNC,
IFUNC, EVAL, RESCUE, DUMMY
˒ F: Frame Flags (8bits)
FINISH, CFRAME, LAMBDA, …
˒ E: Env Flags (4bits)
LOCAL, ESCAPED, WB_REQUIRED, ISOLATED
˒ X: Tag for GC marking (to mimic Fixnum)
Frame/Env Flags
struct rb_control_frame_struct {
// ……
const VALUE *ep;
// ……
};
————————————————————-
VALUE ME_CREF // ep[-2]
VALUE SPECVAL // ep[-1]
VALUE FLAGS // ep[0]
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M _ _ _ F F F F F F F F E E E E X
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Frame Types and Env Values (3.4)
'SBNFUZQF 7.@&/7@'-"(@-0$"- 41&$7"- .&@$3&'
.&5)0% 0O #) #MPDL)BOEMFS
.& .FUIPE&OUSZ
#-0$, 1SFW&1 $3&'
$-"44 0O #) $3&'
501 0O #) $3&'
$'6/$ 0O #) .&
*'6/$ 1SFW&1 $3&'
&7"- 1SFW&1 $3&'
3&4$6& 1SFW&1 $3&'
%6..: 0O #) $3&'
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˒ ME: Method Entry
fl
ags, de
fi
ned_class, method_de
fi
nition, called_id, owner
˒ Method De
fi
nition (mdef)
(rb_method_definition_struct)
can have box (rb_box_t *box)
˒ BH: Block Handler
˒ CREF: Class REFerence
fl
ags, re
fi
nements, klass_of_self,
next, scope_visibility
˒ Prev EP: Previous Env Pointer
ENV Values a = 1
PROC1 = ->(){ a * 2 }
module App
def self.foo
c = 2
[:foo, :bar].map{
s = it.to_s
->(){ s * c }
}
end
end
env1
env2
env3
env4
env5 env6
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˒ ME: Method Entry
fl
ags, de
fi
ned_class, method_de
fi
nition, called_id, owner
˒ Method De
fi
nition (mdef)
(rb_method_definition_struct)
can have box (rb_box_t *box)
˒ BH: Block Handler
˒ CREF: Class REFerence
fl
ags, re
fi
nements, klass_of_self,
next, scope_visibility
˒ Prev EP: Previous Env Pointer
ENV Values a = 1
PROC1 = ->(){ a * 2 }
module App
def self.foo
c = 2
[:foo, :bar].map{
s = it.to_s
->(){ s * c }
}
end
end
env1
env2
env3
env4
env5 env6
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˒ ME: Method Entry
fl
ags, de
fi
ned_class, method_de
fi
nition, called_id, owner
˒ Method De
fi
nition (mdef)
(rb_method_definition_struct)
can have box (rb_box_t *box)
˒ BH: Block Handler
˒ CREF: Class REFerence
fl
ags, re
fi
nements, klass_of_self,
next, scope_visibility
˒ Prev EP: Previous Env Pointer
ENV Values a = 1
PROC1 = ->(){ a * 2 }
module App
def self.foo
c = 2
[:foo, :bar].map{
s = it.to_s
->(){ s * c }
}
end
end
env1
env2
env3
env4
env5 env6
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˒ ME: Method Entry
fl
ags, de
fi
ned_class, method_de
fi
nition, called_id, owner
˒ Method De
fi
nition (mdef)
(rb_method_definition_struct)
can have box (rb_box_t *box)
˒ BH: Block Handler
˒ CREF: Class REFerence
fl
ags, re
fi
nements, klass_of_self,
next, scope_visibility
˒ Prev EP: Previous Env Pointer
ENV Values a = 1
PROC1 = ->(){ a * 2 }
module App
def self.foo
c = 2
[:foo, :bar].map{
s = it.to_s
->(){ s * c }
}
end
end
env1
env2
env3
env4
env5 env6
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Frame Types and Env Values
Finding the current box
'SBNFUZQF 7.@&/7@'-"(@-0$"- 41&$7"- .&@$3&'
.&5)0% 0O #) #MPDL)BOEMFS
.& .FUIPE&OUSZ
#-0$, 1SFW&1 $3&'
$-"44 0O #) $3&'
501 0O #) $3&'
$'6/$ 0O #) .&
*'6/$ 1SFW&1 $3&'
&7"- 1SFW&1 $3&'
3&4$6& 1SFW&1 $3&'
%6..: 0O #) $3&'
Check MDef
Check MDef
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Frame Types and Env Values
Finding the current box
'SBNFUZQF 7.@&/7@'-"(@-0$"- 41&$7"- .&@$3&'
.&5)0% 0O #) #MPDL)BOEMFS
.& .FUIPE&OUSZ
#-0$, 1SFW&1 $3&'
$-"44 0O #) $3&'
501 0O #) $3&'
$'6/$ 0O #) .&
*'6/$ 1SFW&1 $3&'
&7"- 1SFW&1 $3&'
3&4$6& 1SFW&1 $3&'
%6..: 0O #) $3&'
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check MDef
Check MDef
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Frame Types and Env Values
Finding the current box
'SBNFUZQF 7.@&/7@'-"(@-0$"- 41&$7"- .&@$3&'
.&5)0% 0O #) #MPDL)BOEMFS
.& .FUIPE&OUSZ
#-0$, 1SFW&1 $3&'
$-"44 0O #) $3&'
501 0O #) $3&'
$'6/$ 0O #) .&
*'6/$ 1SFW&1 $3&'
&7"- 1SFW&1 $3&'
3&4$6& 1SFW&1 $3&'
%6..: 0O #) $3&'
Check Prev EP
Check CFUNC
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check MDef
Check MDef
Always main
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Frame Types and Env Values
Finding the current box
'SBNFUZQF 7.@&/7@'-"(@-0$"- 41&$7"- .&@$3&'
.&5)0% 0O #) #MPDL)BOEMFS
.& .FUIPE&OUSZ
#-0$, 1SFW&1 $3&'
$-"44 0O #) $3&'
501 0O #) $3&'
$'6/$ 0O #) .&
*'6/$ 1SFW&1 $3&'
&7"- 1SFW&1 $3&'
3&4$6& 1SFW&1 $3&'
%6..: 0O #) $3&'
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check MDef
Check MDef
🤔
🤔
Check CFUNC
Always main
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Frame Types and Env Values
Finding the current box
'SBNFUZQF 7.@&/7@'-"(@-0$"- 41&$7"- .&@$3&'
.&5)0% 0O #) #MPDL)BOEMFS
.& .FUIPE&OUSZ
#-0$, 1SFW&1 $3&'
$-"44 0O #) $3&'
501 0O #) $3&'
$'6/$ 0O #) .&
*'6/$ 1SFW&1 $3&'
&7"- 1SFW&1 $3&'
3&4$6& 1SFW&1 $3&'
%6..: 0O #) $3&'
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check MDef
Check MDef
🤔
🤔
😳
😳
CLASS/TOP frames
never receive blocks!
Check CFUNC
Always main
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Frame Types and Env Values (4.0)
Finding the Current Box
'SBNFUZQF 7.@&/7@'-"(@-0$"- 41&$7"- .&@$3&'
.&5)0% 0O #) #MPDL)BOEMFS
.& .FUIPE&OUSZ
#-0$, 1SFW&1 $3&'
$-"44 0O #PY SC@CPY@U
$3&'
501 0O #PY SC@CPY@U
$3&'
$'6/$ 0O #) .&
*'6/$ 1SFW&1 $3&'
&7"- 1SFW&1 $3&'
3&4$6& 1SFW&1 $3&'
%6..: 0O #) $3&'
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check Prev EP
Check MDef
Check MDef
Check SPECVAL
Check SPECVAL
Check CFUNC
Always main
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Finding Current Box: Revisit
˒ Rules to identify current box
˒ Find the closest Ruby frame
˒ If it’s running a C func, trace back to the closest Ruby frame
˒ Find the “LOCAL” variable scope from the Ruby frame
˒ Check the box of the LOCAL env
˒ SPECVAL or ME_CREF->mdef
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˒ Method de
fi
nitions can be marked with its box
˒ In Class/Top frames
˒ Class de
fi
nition frame can be marked with its box
˒ In Top frames
˒ How can we mark the Top frames?
Bootstrapping Problem
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˒ Ruby Box switching happens only on some Ruby::Box methods
˒ #require, #require_relative, #load (and #eval)
˒ The target code is required/loaded in the receiver box
˒ The pushed (TOP) control frame is marked with the loading box
Bootstrapping Box: Box#require
-- Control frame information -------------------------------------------
c:0005 p:---- s:0019 e:000018 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :bug!
c:0004 p:0003 s:0015 e:000014 l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP ……/app.rb:2 [FINISH]
c:0003 p:---- s:0012 e:000011 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require_relative
c:0002 p:0023 s:0007 E:000030 l:n b:---- r:0x0 EVAL ./main.rb:5 [FINISH]
c:0001 p:0000 s:0003 E:000738 l:y b:---- r:0x0 DUMMY [FINISH]
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˒ The box to be used on loading
fi
les, marking TOP frame
˒ $LOAD_PATH is to resolve
fi
le paths BEFORE loading
fi
les
˒ Global variables for loading should switch the e
ff
ective boxes
earlier than the current box (after red, before green line frame)
The “Loading” Box?
-- Control frame information -------------------------------------------
c:0005 p:---- s:0019 e:000018 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :bug!
c:0004 p:0003 s:0015 e:000014 l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP ……/app.rb:2 [FINISH]
c:0003 p:---- s:0012 e:000011 l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require_relative
c:0002 p:0023 s:0007 E:000030 l:n b:---- r:0x0 EVAL ./main.rb:5 [FINISH]
c:0001 p:0000 s:0003 E:000738 l:y b:---- r:0x0 DUMMY [FINISH]
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˒ When calling Box#require (etc)
˒ Marking the current frame
with VM_FRAME_FLAG_BOX_REQUIRE
˒ Finding the loading box
˒ Find the VM_FRAME_FLAG_BOX_REQUIRE frame
˒ Fetch cfp->self to get the receiver Ruby::Box instance
Or the current box on the cfp (if the self is missing)
A New Frame Flag: BOX_REQUIRE
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-- Control frame information -----------------------------------------------
c:0012 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :bug!
c:0011 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS …/app2.rb:3
c:0010 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS …/app2.rb:2
c:0009 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP …/app2.rb:1 [FINISH]
c:0008 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require
c:0007 (snip) l:y b:0001 r:0x0 METHOD :139 [FINISH]
c:0005 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS …/app.rb:9
c:0004 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP …/app.rb:3 [FINISH]
c:0003 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require_relative
c:0002 (snip) l:n b:---- r:0x0 EVAL ./main.rb:5 [FINISH]
c:0001 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 DUMMY [FINISH]
˒ cfp->self is missing in this case
˒ Kernel#require (etc) is overrided by RubyGems, in the root box
˒ The loading box must be marked near the line calling #require
Calling Kernel#require in box
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˒ In boxes, Object includes Box::Loader having #require (etc)
˒ Box::Loader#require marks its cfp with BOX_REQUIRE
˒ The current box (calling #require on .rb) will be the loading box
Inserting Ruby::Box::Loader
-- Control frame information -----------------------------------------------
c:0012 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :bug!
c:0011 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS …/app2.rb:3
c:0010 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS …/app2.rb:2
c:0009 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP …/app2.rb:1 [FINISH]
c:0008 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require
c:0007 (snip) l:y b:0001 r:0x0 METHOD :139 [FINIS
c:0006 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require
c:0005 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 CLASS …/app.rb:9
c:0004 (snip) l:y b:0003 r:0x0 TOP …/app.rb:3 [FINISH]
c:0003 (snip) l:y b:---- r:0x0 CFUNC :require_relative
c:0002 (snip) l:n b:---- r:0x0 EVAL ./main.rb:5 [FINISH]
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˒ Ruby Box has many details on various spots of Ruby VM
˒ De
fi
ning things in box: Class/Method/etc de
fi
nitions (class.c)
˒ Loading things in box: Evaluating scripts / Loading binaries
(load.c)
˒ Finding boxes: Executing Ruby programs (vm.c)
˒ Tour must be pleasure, probably……?
🤔
Tour of Ruby Box
≒ Tour of (a part of) Ruby VM
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No content
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Road to
Box Building
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A Personal Story
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Before RubyKaigi 2023
No future for me to develop
Ruby language or runtime…
I have nothing to add to Ruby.
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RubyKaigi 2023 Day 2
2023-05-12 in Matsumoto
@shioyama
https://rubykaigi.org/2023/presentations/shioyama.html#day2
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˒ tagomoris/LFA: App server, wri
tt
en in 2022 Winter
˒ loads multi AWS Lambda functions in a process
˒ separates them incompletely
˒ A blog post about its feature and my motivation
˒ h
tt
ps://tagomoris.hatenablog.com/entry/2022/12/15/133450
˒ … then, I forgot the motivation
˒ “Multiverse Ruby”
“Yes! I have the motivation on that problem!”
“Multiverse Ruby” Shock
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RubyKaigi 2023 Day 2 Evening
2023-05-12 at a bar “OLD ROCK” in Matsumoto
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@
ff
u_
@tagomoris
@kakutani
Evening
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@
ff
u_
@tagomoris
@kakutani
10PM
@shioyama
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Midnight
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Ruby Box Day 0
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˒ Day 11: The 1st commit of Namespace PoC
˒ Day 46: The proposal #19744 “Namespace on read”
˒ Day 78: My 1st talk about this idea at MatueRubyKaigi
˒ Day 166: Ruby Association Grant selected my project
˒ 1Y1D: My talk “Namespace, What and Why” in RubyKaigi 2024
˒ 1Y3D: Matz “Ruby 4.0 with Packaging based on Namespace”
Timeline 1
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˒ 2Y-26D: My talk “State of Namespace” in RubyKaigi 2025
˒ 2Y-24D: Matz “Ruby 4.0 with (experimental)
Namespace and ZJIT”
˒ 2Y-12D: Pull request submi
tt
ed
˒ 2Y-1D: Pull request merged (by myself)
˒ 2Y179D: Renamed Namespace to Ruby Box
˒ 2Y227D: Ruby 4.0
Timeline 2
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˒ 3Y-20D: Opening Keynote in RubyKaigi 2026
Timeline 3
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˒ 3Y-20D: Opening Keynote in RubyKaigi 2026
˒ Day 0: Multiverse Ruby
Timeline 3
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˒ 3Y-20D: Opening Keynote in RubyKaigi 2026
˒ Day 0: Multiverse Ruby
˒ Day -1: “I have nothing to add to Ruby”
Timeline 3
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THINGS
HAPPEN
SUDDENLY
You’ll be motivated, unintentionally
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PARTIES,
BARS,
EVERYWHERE
Thanks to Organizers&Sponsors
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No content
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We’re at the conference!
TALK,
BE MOTIVATED,
ENJOY!
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A Personal Story
(cont.)
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Road to
Box Building
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Road to
Box Building
വ ؗ
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@
ff
u_
@tagomoris
@kakutani
3 Years Before,
Midnight
@shioyama
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@tagomoris @shioyama
Let’s name it as “Hako” (meaning “Box”),
… and then, sometimes later,
Let’s have RubyKaigi at Hakodate.
Wow, it’s Hako-Kaigi!
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Big Thank You
@shioyama -san,
Ruby Box and This Talk
Can’t Be Without You.
@shioyama
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TALK,
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BE MOTIVATED,
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ENJOY!
Thank you!
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No content