தԝେֶେֶӃ म࢜2೥ ώϡʔϚϯϝσΟΞ޻ֶݚڀࣨ ࢤֶͷձ 12݄ษڧձൃද -ೝ஌ϓϩηε- (2017/12/17) Ճ౻ᚠ໵ ೝ஌ϓϩηε ਓؒ͸஍ਤΛ࢖ͬͯ ೝ஌஍ਤΛ֫ಘͰ͖Δ͔ ஍ਤ ͱ

͸͡Ίʹ

஍ਤͷओͳ׆༻γʔϯ ? ॳΊͯ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ಡΈղ͘ ࠶ͼ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ࢥ͍ඳ͘ ॳΊʹɺීஈࣗ෼͕ͲΜͳ࣌ʹ஍ਤΛ࢖͍ͬͯΔ͔ɺࢥ͍ग़ͯ͠Έ͍ͯͩ͘͞ɻ ྫ͑͹ɺॳΊͯ๚ΕͨӺͰ໨త஍·ͰͷಓͷΓΛௐ΂Δ࣌ɺଟ͘ͷਓ͸஍ਤΛ࢖͍·͢ɻ ·ͨɺ΋͠աڈʹ๚Εͨܦݧ͕͋Ε͹ɺ಄ͷதͰ஍ਤΛࢥ͍ඳ͘͜ͱͰ͠ΐ͏ɻ

஍ਤ+GISͷओͳ׆༻γʔϯ ? ॳΊͯ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ಡΈղ͘ ࠶ͼ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ࢥ͍ඳ͘ ·ͨ࠷ۙ͸ɺ(*4 (FPHSBQIJD*OGPSNBUJPO4ZTUFN஍ཧ৘ใγεςϜ ͷൃలʹΑΓɺ σδλϧػثΛ࢖ͬͯ஍ਤ৘ใΛѻ͏ػձ͕૿͑·ͨ͠ɻ (*4Λ࢖͏͜ͱͰɺܦ࿏୳ࡧҎ֎ʹ΋ɺ༷ʑͳ༻్ͷ஍ਤʹखܰʹ৮ΕΔ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖·͢ɻ ༷ʑͳ஍ཧදݱΛ Ӿཡ͢Δ 2016 Presidential Election

? ॳΊͯ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ಡΈղ͘ ࠶ͼ๚Εͨ৔ॴͰ ࢥ͍ඳ͘ ༷ʑͳ஍ཧදݱΛ Ӿཡ͢Δ 2016 Presidential Election ஍ਤ+GISͷओͳ׆༻γʔϯ ͨͩ͠ࠓճͷௐࠪͰ͸ɺ஍ਤͷ༻్Λܦ࿏୳ࡧͷΈʹߜΓ·ͨ͠ɻ ࠓճ͸ɺ಄ͷதͰࢥ͍ඳ͘஍ਤʮೝ஌஍ਤʯͱ͸Կͳͷ͔ɻ·ͨɺਓؒ͸ͲͷΑ͏ʹ஍ਤ͔Β ʮೝ஌஍ਤʯΛͭ͘Γ͍ͩͯ͠Δͷ͔ɻͦͷ྆໘͔Βɺೝ஌ϓϩηεΛඥղ͖·͢ɻ

ࠓճͷௐࠪ໨త ̍ɹ ʮೝ஌஍ਤ ಄ͷதͷ஍ਤ ʯΛ஌Δ ̎ɹ ʮ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔʯΛ஌Δ ࠓճ͸ɺ্هͷ̎ͭͷ໨తʹ͍ͭͯௐࠪ͠·ͨ͠ɻ

ʮೝ஌஍ਤ (಄ͷதͷ஍ਤ)ʯΛ஌Δ ̍

ೝ஌஍ਤ(Cognitive Map)ͱ͸ ͋Δۭؒʹରͯ͠ɺਓͦΕͧΕ͕಄ͷதʹࢥ͍ඳ͘஍ਤͷ͜ͱΛʮೝ஌஍ਤʯͱݴ͍·͢ɻ ஌ࣝ΍จԽͷҟͳΔਓ͕ؒɺͦΕͧΕͷܦݧΛ΋ͱʹͭ͘Γ͋͛ΔͨΊɺಉۭؒ͡Λର৅ͱ ͨ͠ೝ஌஍ਤͰ͋ͬͯ΋ɺଟ͘ͷ৔߹ɺͦͷܗ͸ҟͳΓ·͢ɻ ਓͦΕͧΕ͕ ࣗ෼ͷ಄ͷதʹͭ͘Γ͍͋͛ͯΔ஍ਤͷ͜ͱɻ Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ

ೝ஌஍ਤͷൃݟ Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ ೝ஌஍ਤ͸ɺ೥ʹΞϝϦΧͷ৺ཧֶऀ5PMNBO τʔϧϚϯ ʹΑͬͯఏএ͞Ε·ͨ͠ɻ 1948೥ʹΞϝϦΧͷ৺ཧֶऀTolman͕ɺ ϥοτͷ಄ͷதͰͭ͘Γ͋͛ΒΕΔ஍ਤ Λൃݟͨ͠ɻ 㕒

Tolmanͷೝ஌஍ਤ࣮ݧ Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ ࣮ݧͰ͸ɺ㕒ͷ৔ॴΛΰʔϧͱͨ͠໎࿏Λϥοτʹ௅ઓͤ͞·ͨ͠ɻॳ௅ઓͰ͸໎ͬͯ·͢ɻ IUUQTZPVUVCF.*S9ED7DPLX ߨஊࣾϒϧʔόοΫε 㕒·Ͱͷ࠷୹ϧʔτֶश̍೔໨

Tolmanͷೝ஌஍ਤ࣮ݧ Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ ճ໨ʹ͸ɺ໎ΘͣΰʔϧʹͨͲΓண͖·ͨ͠ɻͲ͏΍Β࠷୹ܦ࿏Λֶशͨ͠Α͏Ͱ͢ɻ IUUQTZPVUVCFSQ357@OO: ߨஊࣾϒϧʔόοΫε 㕒·Ͱͷ࠷୹ϧʔτֶश̍̍೔໨

ܦ࿏Λֶशͨ͠ϥοτୡ͸ɺ࠷୹ܦ࿏Λ࠹͕Εͯ΋ɺ͙͢ʹผͷಓͰΰʔϧʹ޲͔͍·ͨ͠ɻ ൴Β͸ɺܦ࿏Λֶश͢ΔաఔͰೝ஌஍ਤΛ֫ಘ͠ɺΰʔϧͷҐஔΛਪଌͨ͠Α͏Ͱ͢ɻ Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ IUUQCMVFCBDLTLPEBOTIBDPKQOFXTIUNM Tolmanͷೝ஌஍ਤ࣮ݧ ֮͑ͨ࠷୹ϧʔτΛ;͍͞Ͱ΋ɺ͙͢͞·୅ସϧʔτ΁ɻ ͔͠͠ɺϥοτʹΑͬͯ୅ସϧʔτ͕มΘΔɻ

Tolman, E. C.ɿCognitive maps in rats and men.(1948)ΑΓ Tolmanͷೝ஌஍ਤ࣮ݧͷཪ෇͚ Place cell ৔ॴࡉ๔ ΍ Grid cell ֨ࢠࡉ๔ ͷωοτϫʔΫ΋ؔ܎͍ͯ͠Δ ೥ϊʔϕϧੜཧֶɾҩֶ৆Ͱɺͦͷൃݟ͕࿩୊ʹͳͬͨʮ৔ॴࡉ๔ʯͱʮ֨ࢠࡉ๔ʯɻ ͋Δ৔ॴʹདྷͨͱ͖ʹ೴ͷதͰൃՐ͢Δ͜ΕΒͷࡉ๔ͷωοτϫʔΫ͕ɺΰʔϧ΁ͷಓͷΓ ͷֶशաఔͰಇ͍͍ͯΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻೝ஌஍ਤͱ΋ਂ͍ؔ܎͕͋Γͦ͏Ͱ͢Ͷɻ IUUQXXXCSBJOSJLFOKQKQZPVUIQMBDFDFMM@BOE@HSJEDFMM

໎࿏ͱൺ΂ͯɺਓؒͷೝ஌஍ਤͷର৅ͱͳΔ࣮ੈքͷ৘ใྔ͸ɺඇৗʹଟ͍Ͱ͢ɻ ೴ࢿݯͷݶΒΕ͍ͯΔࢲͨͪਓؒ͸ɺ࣍ݩ࡟ݮͷͨΊʹ๲େͳ৘ใ͔ΒԿ͔Λநग़͠ɺ ೝ஌஍ਤΛ࡞͍ͬͯΔ͸ͣͰ͢ɻͦ͜Ͱଓ͍ͯ͸ɺೝ஌஍ਤͷߏ଄ʹ͍ͭͯௐࠪ͠·ͨ͠ɻ ೴ͷࢿݯʹ͸ݶք͕͋Δ ͨͩ͠ɺ ਓؒΛऔΓר͘؀ڥ͸ɺ໎࿏ΑΓ΋޿ൣͰෳࡶɻ ʢ.*&36/&஍ਤʹͯඳըʣ ޿ൣ ෳࡶ ϑϦʔૉࡐ԰)PTIJOPΑΓ ݶΓ͋Δʮ৔ॴࡉ๔ʯͨͪΛൃՐ͍ͤͯ͞Δཁૉ͕ ผͷ͋ΔͷͰ͸ʁ

ೝ஌஍ਤ ( Cognitive Map ) 㱨 ύε ( Paths ) Τοδ ( Edges ) σΟετϦΫτ ( Districts ) ϊʔυ ( Nodes ) ϥϯυϚʔΫ ( Landmarks ) ೝ஌஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉ Lynch, K.ɿThe image of the city.(1960) ΑΓ -ZODI Ϧϯν ͷ౎ࢢͷΠϝʔδௐࠪʹؔ͢ΔΞϯέʔτௐࠪʹΑΓɺ ೝ஌஍ਤ͸ओʹ̑ͭͷߏ੒ཁૉʹ෼ղͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͕Θ͔Γ·ͨ͠ɻ

ೝ஌஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉ Lynch, K.ɿThe image of the city.(1960) ΑΓ ύε ( Paths ) Τοδ ( Edges ) σΟετϦΫτ ( Districts ) ϊʔυ ( Nodes ) ϥϯυϚʔΫ ( Landmarks ) ԑ ಓ࿏ ஍Ҭ ઀߹(ूத)఺ ໨ҹ Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ұൠಓ࿏ ߴ଎ಓ࿏ ઢ࿏ ւ؛ ։ൃ஍ ֑ ެԂ ༡Ԃ஍ த՚֗ ަࠩ఺ Ӻ ۭߓ ࢁ ౝ ؃൘ ̑ͭߏ੒ཁૉͷΠϝʔδ͸େମ͜Μͳײ͡ɻ ࢲͨͪਓؒ͸ɺ޿͘ෳࡶͳ࣮ੈքΛ͜ΕΒͷཁૉʹม׵͠ɺ஍ਤԽ͍ͯ͠Δͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻ

ೝ஌஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉʢΠϝʔδʣ Lynch, K.ɿThe image of the city.(1960) ΑΓ ̑ͭͷߏ੒ཁૉΛۭؒʹฒ΂ͨͱ͖ͷΠϝʔδ͸͜Μͳײ͡ɻ ৄࡉ͸ɺʰ౎ࢢͷΠϝʔδέϰΟϯɾϦϯνʱͰݕࡧͯ͠ΈͯԼ͍͞ɻʢ຋༁൛͕͋Γ·͢ʣ

ೝ஌஍ਤͷछྨ ϧʔτϚοϓ ( route map ) Hart, R. A., Moore, G. T.ɿThe development of spatial cognition: A review.(1973) ΑΓ αʔϕΠϚοϓ ( survey map ) ໨త஍·Ͱͷඞཁ࠷௿ݶͷ஌ࣝ ͕هԱ͞Εͨ஍ਤɻ ໨త஍·Ͱͷ၆ᛌతͳ৘ใ ͕هԱ͞Εͨ஍ਤɻ ·ͨɺೝ஌஍ਤʹ͸ɺϧʔτϚοϓܕͱαʔϕΠϚοϓܕ͕͋Δͱ͞Ε͍ͯ·͢ɻ ϧʔτϚοϓܕ͸ɺ໨త஍·Ͱͷඞཁ࠷௿ݶͷ஌ࣝ ύεͷ૊Έ߹Θͤ౳ Λࡌͤͨ஍ਤͰɺ αʔϕΠϚοϓܕ͸ɺ໨త஍·ͰͷಓͷΓͱͦͷपล஌͕ࣝࡌͬͨ၆ᛌతͳ஍ਤͰ͢ɻ

ೝ஌஍ਤͷܗ੒ϓϩηεʢҰྫʣ Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H.ɿThe development of spatial representations of large-scale environments.(1975)ΑΓ ݸʑͷ ϥϯυϚʔΫ ΛهԱ ϥϯυϚʔΫͷ ܥྻͱͯ͠ͷ ϧʔτͷཧղ ϧʔτϚοϓͷܗ੒ ෳ਺ͷ ϥϯυϚʔΫ΍ ϧʔτͷ౷߹ શͯͷ ϧʔτͷ౷߹ αʔϕΠϚοϓͷܗ੒ ̍ ̎ ̏ ̐ ߋʹɺܦ࿏୳ࡧ࣌ʹ͓͚Δೝ஌஍ਤ͸ɺ্هͷΑ͏ʹஈ֊తʹܗ੒͞ΕΔͷ͕ҰൠతͰ͋Δ ߟ͑ΒΕ͍ͯ·͢ɻʢॾઆ͋Γ·͢ʣ

ʮ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔʯΛ஌Δ ̎

ͱ͜ΖͰɺʮ஍ਤΛಡΉʯͱ͸ͲΜͳ࡞ۀͰ͠ΐ͏͔ɻ ೝ஌Պֶͷ෼໺ʹ͓͍ͯ-MPZE ϩΠυ ͸ɺϘτϜΞοϓॲཧͱτοϓμ΢ϯॲཧΛ౷߹͠ͳ͕ ΒۭؒΛղऍ͢Δ࡞ۀͰ͋Δͱड़΂·ͨ͠ɻ ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͷೝ஌ॲཧ ϘτϜΞοϓॲཧ τοϓμ΢ϯॲཧ º ܹࢗͷड༰ ʢ஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉͷ஌֮ʣ બ୒త஫ҙ ʢ஍ਤͷഎܠ஌ࣝͰݕࡧʣ Lloyd, R.ɿSpatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)ΑΓ

ϘτϜΞοϓॲཧ Lloyd, R.ɿSpatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)ΑΓ ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͷೝ஌ॲཧ ܹࢗͷड༰ ʢ஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉͷ஌֮ʣ Ґஔ࠲ඪ େ͖͞ ೱ୶ ͖Ί ৭ ޲͖ ܗ ༷ʑͳଐੑม਺ͷ஍ਤཁૉ Λݕग़ɾหผ͢Δ ଐੑม਺ʹ ͳͲ ϘτϜΞοϓॲཧͰ͸ɺ໨ʹඈͼࠐΜͰདྷ༷ͨʑͳ஍ਤͷཁૉΛหผ͢ΔॲཧΛ͠·͢ɻ

τοϓμ΢ϯॲཧ બ୒త஫ҙ ʢ஍ਤͷഎܠ஌ࣝͰݕࡧʣ Lloyd, R.ɿSpatial cognition: Geographic environments.(1997)ΑΓ ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͷೝ஌ॲཧ จ຺΍஌ࣝʹج͍ͮͯɺ બ୒తʹ஍ਤཁૉΛ஫ࢹ͢Δ ྫ͑͹ɺ ʮࣗ෼ͷҐஔʯͱ ʮ໨తҐஔʯ ͕෼͔ͬͨΒɺೋͭͷϚʔΫΛ݁ͿಓͷΓͷؒͷ ύε΍ϥϯυϚʔΫΛ஫ࢹ͢Ε͹Α͍ɻ τοϓμ΢ϯॲཧͰ͸ɺ஍ਤͷจ຺΍஌ࣝʹج͍ͮͯɺ஫ࢹ͢΂͖஍ਤͷཁૉΛબ୒͠·͢ɻ ͜ΕΒͷॲཧΛ܁Γฦ͠ͳ͕Βɺඞཁͳ৘ใΛநग़͠ɺʮೝ஌஍ਤʯΛඳ͍͍͖ͯ·͢ɻ

ೝ஌஍ਤ ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤɾ(*4 ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉͷ஌֮ ஍ਤ৘ใͷબ୒ɾநग़ ʢϘτϜΞοϓॲཧʣ ʢτοϓμ΢ϯॲཧʣ ஍ཧۭؒͷೝ஌ϓϩηε Ҏ্ͷ͜ͱΛ౿·͑Δͱɺ஍ਤΛखʹͱͬͯೝ஌஍ਤΛ֫ಘ͢Δ·Ͱͷϓϩηε͸͜ͷΑ͏ͳ ྲྀΕʹͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻ ͔͠͠ɺ஍ਤΛಡΉ͚ͩͰຊ౰ʹʮೝ஌஍ਤʯΛ֫ಘͰ͖ΔͷͰ͠ΐ͏͔ɻ ࣮ࡍʹา͔ͳ͍ͱೝ஌஍ਤ͸֫ಘͰ͖ͳ͍ʁ ຊ٢༐ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ͱը૾౷ܭྔ(2014)ΑΓ

ೝ஌஍ਤ ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤɾ(*4 ͷ֫ಘ ஍ਤͷߏ੒ཁૉͷ஌֮ ஍ਤ৘ใͷબ୒ɾநग़ ʢϘτϜΞοϓॲཧʣ ʢτοϓμ΢ϯॲཧʣ ײ֮هԱ ୹ظهԱ ௕ظهԱ هԱͷਪҠ ɾલ஫ҙաఔ ɾγεςϜ̍ ɾ஫ҙաఔ ɾγεςϜ̎ ߴ࣍ࢹ֮ೝ஌ ೝ஌৘ใॲཧ Ϟʔυ ೝ஌Պֶͷ෼໺͚ͩͰ΋ɺ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͰ༷ʑͳػೳ͕ಇ͍͍ͯΔ͜ͱ͕෼͔͍ͬͯ·͢ɻ ͔͠͠࢒೦ͳ͕Βɺ஍ਤͰೝ஌஍ਤ͕֫ಘͰ͖Δ͔͸ɺ͍·ͩʹղ໌͞Ε͍ͯ·ͤΜɻ ͓ͦΒ͘ɺ஍ਤΛಡΉࣄͱʮ৔ॴࡉ๔ʯʮ֨ࢠࡉ๔ʯͷؔ܎͕ॏཁͱͳΔͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻ ຊ٢༐ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ͱը૾౷ܭྔ(2014)ΑΓ ஍ཧۭؒͷೝ஌ϓϩηε

஍ਤͰೝ஌஍ਤΛ֫ಘͰ͖Δ͔ ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔͰʮ৔ॴࡉ๔ʯʮ֨ࢠࡉ๔ʯ͕ൃՐ͢Δ͔ɺ·ͨ͸ɺؒ઀తʹൃՐͤ͞ಘΔ͔ ͕෼͔Ε͹ɺ஍ਤΛಡΉࣄͱೝ஌஍ਤͷؔ܎Λ໌֬ʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔͰ͠ΐ͏ɻ ҩֶɾੜཧֶɾ೴ՊֶքͰͷࠓޙͷݚڀͷਐల͕଴ͨΕ·͢ɻ

·ͱΊ

·ͱΊ ̍ɹ ʮೝ஌஍ਤʯͷಛੑΛௐࠪͨ͠ ̎ɹ ʮ஍ਤΛಡΉաఔʯΛௐࠪͨ͠ ɾೝ஌஍ਤͷൃݟ ϥοτ࣮ݧ ɾೝ஌஍ਤͷߏ੒ɺछྨɺܗ੒ϓϩηε ɾ஍ਤͷೝ஌ॲཧ ɾ஍ਤͰೝ஌஍ਤΛ֫ಘͰ͖Δ͔

ײ૝ ೔ຊɺ஍ਤͷݚڀগͳ͗͢ʂ

References 2. ਡ๚ਖ਼थɿϏδϡΞϧͳදݱͱೝ஌ϓϩηε, ՄࢹԽ৘ใֶձࢽ, Vol. 19, No. 72, pp. 13-18, 1999. 1. एྛ๕थɿۭؒೝ஌ͱGIS, Geographical Review of Japan, Vol. 76, No. 10, pp. 703-724, 2003. 3. ຊ٢༐ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ͱը૾౷ܭྔ, ೝ஌Պֶ, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 304-313, 2014. 5. ੢ጯߒ࢘, ଜ໺ത࢘, দݪࡈथ, ଂ੅ඒਔɿೝ஌஍ਤ͔ΒΈͨ֗࿏ۭؒͷ࿈ଓతೝ ࣝ, ೔ຊݐஙֶձܭըܥ࿦จू, Vol. 65, No. 529, pp. 217-223, 2000. 30 Thank you 4. ޙ౻࿨޺ɿࢹ֮ೝ஌ʹ͓͚Δશମॲཧͱ෦෼ॲཧ── ൺֱೝ஌Պֶ͔Βͷఏݴ─ ─, ৺ཧֶݚڀ, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 352-367, 2009.

References 7. Lynch, K.: The image of the city., MIT press, 1960. 6. Hart, R. A., Moore, G. T.: The development of spatial cognition: A review., AldineTransaction, 1973. 8. 2016 Election News, Candidates & Polls - NBC News: https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/president 10. Lloyd, R.: Spatial cognition: Geographic environments., Springer Science & Business Media, 1997. 31 Thank you 9. Downs, R. M., Stea, D.: Cognitive maps and spatial behaviour: process and products., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011.

References 12. Tolman, E. C.: Cognitive maps in rats and men., Psychological review, Vol. 55, No. 4, 1948. 11. Siegel, A. W., & White, S. H.: The development of spatial representations of large- scale environments., Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 10, pp. 9-55, 1975. 32 Thank you