テスト駆動開発の過去・現在・未来 / History of TDD - XPJUG 2018 Keynote

by Takuto Wada

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ςετۦಈ։ൃ ςετۦಈ։ൃ աڈɾݱࡏɾະདྷ ͷ ࿨ా୎ਓ 4FQ !91ࡇΓجௐߨԋ

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࿨ా୎ਓ UXBEB U@XBEB UXBEB

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؂मɺ؂༁ɺ຋༁ͨ͠ຊͨͪ

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最近の立ち位置 ελϯυ໊ϫΠϧυɾαόϯφ

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assert(typeof item.id === 'strong') | | | | | | | false | | "foo" | Item{id:"foo",name:"bar"} "string" --- [string] 'strong' +++ [string] typeof item.id @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ str -o +i ng 代表作は power-assert IUUQTHJUIVCDPNQPXFSBTTFSUKTQPXFSBTTFSU

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ΑΖ͓͘͠ئ͍͠·͢

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IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNYQKVHTUBUVT

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ʰ5FTU%SJWFO%FWFMPQNFOU#Z&YBNQMFʱͷग़൛ ͔Β೥͕ܦͪɺͦͷؒʹ͸͞·͟·ͳ͜ͱ͕͋Γ· ͨ͠ɻ ςετۦಈ։ൃ΁ͷա৒ͳظ଴ɺޡղɺۂղ΍ɺ݈શ ͳൃలɺΞδϟΠϧϓϩηεԽ΁ͷ໺৺ɺڭ৚ओٛԽɺ ҙຯͷرബԽͳͲͰ͢ɻ ຊߨԋͰ͸ॻ੶ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱͷʮ෇࿥$ʯΛഎܠ ʹͯ͠ɺςετۦಈ։ൃͷྺ࢙Λ၆ᛌ͠ɺϓϩάϥϛ ϯάٕज़ͱͯ͠ͷςετۦಈ։ൃͷݱ୅తͳҐஔΛ࠶ ֬ೝ͠·͢ɻ

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Kent Beck IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ

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→ 2003 2017 ઈ൛ͱ৽༁ʹΑΔ෮ץ

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No content

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 ෇࿥$ͷλΠϜϥΠϯ࡭ͱਓ

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େաڈ 5%%ͷ஀ੜ·Ͱ

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 ෇࿥$ͷλΠϜϥΠϯ5%%CZ&YBNQMF΁ͷಓͷΓ

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5%%͕ੜ·ΕΔ·Ͱ ,FOU#FDL 8BSE$VOOJOHIBN 3PO+F⒎SJFT &SJDI(BNNB

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$ISJTUPQIFS(MBFTFSʹӨڹΛड͚Δ 8Z$BTI 46OJU։ൃ $8JLJɺΦϯϥΠϯͰٞ࿦࢝·Δ $1SPKFDUɺʰ4#11ʱग़൛ 0014-"΁ͷػ಺ϖΞϓϩͰ+6OJU஀ੜ +6OJU ʰ91&TUʱʰ3FGBDUPSJOHʱग़൛  ʮ+6OJU"$PPLT5PVSʯ +6OJUαΠτެ։ɺʮ5FTU*OGFDUFEʯ ࣥච࣌ʹ5FTU'JSTU1SPHSBNNJOH͔Β  5FTU%SJWFO%FWFMPQNFOU΁ 5%%͕ੜ·ΕΔ·Ͱ

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DXJLJ͸͡·Γͷ஍ IUUQXJLJDDPN &YUSFNF1SPHSBNNJOH

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*O XIJMFMJWJOHJO;VSJDIXJUINZGBNJMZ *DBVHIUVQXJUI&SJDI (BNNB BGSJFOE*NFUXPSLJOHPOTPGUXBSFQBUUFSOT 8FIBQQFOFEUPCFqZJOHUPHFUIFSHPJOHUP"UMBOUBUP0014-" UIF CJHPCKFDUPSJFOUFEQSPHSBNNJOHDPOGFSFODF*XBOUFEUPMFBSO+BWB )FXBOUFEUPTFFUIJTGSBNFXPSL*ECFFOUBMLJOHBCPVU 8IBUDPVMECFNPSFOBUVSBMUPBDPVQMFPGHFFLTJODSBNQFE RVBSUFSTUIBOUPQVMMPVUBMBQUPQBOETUBSUDPEJOH 5ISFFIPVSTMBUFS XFIBEUIFCBTJDTPG+6OJUEPOF BOE*IBE MFBSOFEUIFCBTJDTPG+BWB ػ಺ϖΞϓϩͰ+6OJU஀ੜ IUUQTIPQPSFJMMZDPNQSPEVDUEP

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աڈ 5%%ͷ஀ੜޙ ͔Βݱࡏ·Ͱ

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 ෇࿥$ͷλΠϜϥΠϯY651

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ʰY6OJU5FTU1BUUFSOTʱʹΑΔ Ϣχοτςετपลͷޠኮͷ੔ཧ

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+#3BJOTCFSHFS (FSBSE.FT[BSPT .BSUJO'PXMFS ςετίʔυͷޠኮͷ੔ཧʹؔΘΔ5JNFMJOF

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ʮ"1BUUFSO-BOHVBHFGPS1BUUFSO8SJUJOHʯ ʮ*NQSPWJOHUIF&⒎FDUJWFOFTTPG"VUPNBUFE5FTUTʯ ʮ"HJMF3FHSFTTJPO5FTUJOH6TJOH  3FDPSEBOE1MBZCBDLʯ ʮ.PDLTBSFOUTUVCTʯCZ.BSUJO'PXMFS   ʰ+6OJU3FDJQFTʱCZ+#3BJOTCFSHFS ʮ.PDLT 'BLFT 4UVCTBOE%VNNJFTʯ ʰY6OJU5FTU1BUUFSOTʱग़൛ ςετίʔυͷޠኮͷ੔ཧʹؔΘΔ5JNFMJOF

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"1BUUFSO-BOHVBHFGPS1BUUFSO8SJUJOH IUUQTIJMMTJEFOFUJOEFYQIQBQBUUFSOMBOHVBHFGPSQBUUFSOXSJUJOH (FSBSE.FT[BSPT͕ͳͥϖʔδʹഭΔେஶY651Λ1BUUFSOͱ 1BUUFSO-BOHVBHFͱͯ͠ߏ଄ԽͰ͖ͨͷ͔Λ૎Δͱɺ͜͜ʹͨͲΓண͘

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IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQEQ ʰ+6OJU3FDJQFT1SBDUJDBM.FUIPETGPS1SPHSBNNFS5FTUJOHʱग़൛ +6OJUͷ׆༻ʹ͍ͭͯ໢ཏతʹ·ͱΊͨେஶ

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ʮ.PDLTBSO`U4UVCTʯ ॳ൛͕೥ɻ Y651ग़൛ޙ ʹվగ͞ΕΔ

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IUUQTXXXBNB[PODPKQY6OJU5FTU1BUUFSOT3FGBDUPSJOH"EEJTPO8FTMFZEQ ʰY6OJU5FTU1BUUFSOT3FGBDUPSJOH5FTU$PEFʱग़൛ ˞lY651zͱ  ུ͞ΕΔ

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Y651ύλϯϥϯήʔδͱͯ͠ͷςετ

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ʰY6OJU5FTU1BUUFSOTʱΑΓ ςετͷϝϯςφϯείετ ཧ૝ ݱ࣮ Y651ςετίʔυ΋ϝϯςφϯεର৅ͱ͍͏ݱ࣮Λ௚ࢹ

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Y6515FTU%PVCMFͷఆٛͱ෼ྨ

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Y6515FTU%PVCMFͷఆٛͱ෼ྨ

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Y651༻ޠͷ੔ཧʹΑΔࠞཚͷऩଋ

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Y651͸ɺςετࣗಈԽͷΰʔϧ΍໨తΛ໌֬Խ͠ɺ ʮςετίʔυͷෆ٢ͳष͍ʢ5FTU4NFMMʣʯΛϦε τΞοϓ͠ɺόϥόϥͩͬͨϢχοτςετͷޠኮΛ ఆٛ͠·ͨ͠ɻ ͳ͔Ͱ΋ɺಛʹޠኮͷࠞཚ͕ݦஶͩͬͨϞοΫΦϒ δΣΫτपΓͷޠኮΛఆٛ͠ɺࠞཚΛऩଋʹ޲͔Θͤ ͨͷ͸Y651ͷେ͖ͳޭ੷ͩͬͨͱݴ͑ΔͰ͠ΐ͏ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 ෇࿥$ͷλΠϜϥΠϯ(004

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ϩϯυϯൃͷ ςετۦಈ։ൃͷ৽͍͠ைྲྀͱ ʰ(SPXJOH0CKFDU0SJFOUFE 4PGUXBSF (VJEFECZ5FTUTʱ

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ϩϯυϯֶ೿ -POEPO4DIPPM ͷຄڵ

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/BU1SZDF 4UFWF'SFFNBO .BSUJO'PXMFS 5JN.BDLJOOPO l-POEPO4DIPPMzؔ܎ͷ5JNFMJOF ˞શһ5IPVHIU8PSLT

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l-POEPO4DIPPMzؔ܎ͷ5JNFMJOF l5FTUJOHXJUI/P(FUUFSTz!$POOFYUSB ʮ&OEP5FTUJOH6OJU5FTUJOHXJUI.PDL0CKFDUTʯ ʮ4UBUFWT*OUFSBDUJPO5FTUJOHʯ  CZ.BSUJO'PXMFS ʮ.PDL3PMFT OPU0CKFDUTʯ  ʮ.PDLTBSFOUTUVCTʯCZ.BSUJO'PXMFS ʮ&WPMWJOHBO&NCFEEFE%PNBJO4QFDJpD  -BOHVBHFJO+BWBʯɺK.PDLϦϦʔε ʰ(SPXJOH0CKFDU0SJFOUFE4PGUXBSF (VJEFE  CZ5FTUTʱग़൛

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l.PDLzͷ஀ੜ

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public void testUpdateEmployee() throws SQLException { MockStatement nameStatement = new MockStatement(); MockStatement detailsStatement = new MockStatement(); MockConnection connection = new MockConnection(); nameStatement.setExpectedUpdate(NAME_SQL); detailsStatement.setExpectedUpdate(DETAILS_SQL); connection.setExpectedCommitCalls(1); myEmployee.updateNameAndDetails(connection, nameStatement, detailsStatement); connection.verify(); nameStatement.verify(); detailsStatement.verify(); } l.PDLzͷ஀ੜ

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෼཭ͱΠϯλϥΫγϣϯΛΑΓҙࣝͨ͠ઃܭ΁ͱಋ͔ΕΔ

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෼཭ͱΠϯλϥΫγϣϯΛΑΓҙࣝͨ͠ઃܭ΁ͱಋ͔ΕΔ

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෼཭ͱΠϯλϥΫγϣϯΛΑΓҙࣝͨ͠ઃܭ΁ͱಋ͔ΕΔ

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ʰ(SPXJOH0CKFDU0SJFOUFE4PGUXBSF (VJEFECZ5FTUTʱग़൛ ˞l(004zͱݺ͹Εɺ  5%%ͷ࡭໨ͷόΠϒϧͱͳΔ

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*OTJEF0VU͔Β0VUTJEF*O΁ ࣌ؒͷྲྀΕ ࣌ؒͷྲྀΕ *OTJEF0VU 0VUTJEF*O

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μϒϧϧʔϓͷߏங

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ಉ৺ԁঢ়ͷΞʔΩςΫνϟͷ໛ࡧ ಉ৺ԁঢ়ͷΞʔΩςΫνϟͷ໛ࡧ͸͜ͷͱ͖ طʹ"MJTUBJS$PDLCVSO΍-POEPO4DIPPM ͷ໘ʑʹΑͬͯ࢝·͍ͬͯͨ

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౰࣌ɺ·ͩະ։ൃͰະ஌ͷ෦෼ʹґଘͨ͠··Ͱ"5%%Λ ࣮ફ͢Δʹ͸ٕज़తͳ೉͕͋ͬͨ͠͞ͷͰ͕͢ɺ(004͸ ϞοΫΦϒδΣΫτͷ׆༻Ͱͦ͜ʹಥഁޱΛݟ͍ͩͨ͠ܗ ʹͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻ (004͸5FTU%SJWFO%FWFMPQNFOUCZ&YBNQMFΑΓ ΋આ໌ͷεέʔϧΛ޿͛ɺ࣮ࡍͷΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ։ൃʹ ͓͍ͯ΋ςετۦಈ։ൃͷख๏͸༗ޮͰ͋Δ͜ͱΛࣔ͠ɺ ޙͷ#%%ʹͭͳ͕ΔྲྀΕΛܗ࡞Γ·ͨ͠ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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5%%ͷ5͸ ʮςετʯͳͷͩΖ͏͔

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ʮಈ࡞͢Δ͖Ε͍ͳίʔυʯɻ3PO+F⒎SJFT ͷ͜ͷ؆ܿͳݴ༿͕ɺςετۦಈ։ൃʢ5%%ʣ ͷΰʔϧͩɻಈ࡞͢Δ͖Ε͍ͳίʔυ͸͋Β ΏΔҙຯͰՁ஋͕͋Δɻ ᴷ,FOU#FDL ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱ·͕͖͑

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ςετͱ͸ɼΤϥʔΛΈͭ ͚Δͭ΋ΓͰϓϩάϥϜΛ ࣮ߦ͢ΔաఔͰ͋Δɻ ᴷ(MFOGPSE+.ZFST ʰιϑτ΢ΣΞɾςετͷٕ๏ʱQ

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ςετۦಈ։ൃͷςετ͸ɺιϑτ΢ΣΞςετͷੈքͷʮςετʯ ͷதͰ͸Ұ෦Λ઎ΊΔ͚ͩʹա͗·ͤΜɻʹ΋͔͔ΘΒͣɺςετ ۦಈ։ൃΛաେධՁ͢Δਓ΍ɺ໊લ͔Βड͚ΔΠϝʔδΛͦͷ·· ड͚औͬͯ͠·͏ਓͳͲ͔Βʮςετۦಈ։ൃΛߦ͏͔Βόά͸θ ϩʹͳΔʯʮςετۦಈ։ൃΛߦ͏͔ΒςετΤϯδχΞ͸ෆཁʯ ͱ͍ͬͨޡͬͨҙݟ͕ฉ͔ΕΔΑ͏ʹͳ͖ͬͯ·ͨ͠ɻ ςετۦಈ։ൃͷςετ͸ɺຊ౰ʹςετͩΖ͏͔ɻςετͰ͸ͳ ͍ͱͨ͠ΒɺͦΕ͸ԿͩΖ͏͔ɻͱ͍͏໰͍͕ݱ࣮ͷ໰୊ͱͯ͠ݱ Ε͖ͯ·ͨ͠ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 ෇࿥$ͷλΠϜϥΠϯ"HJMF5FTUJOH

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5%%ͷ5͸ ʮςετʯͷҰ෦ʹ ա͗ͳ͍ "HJMF5FTUJOH

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-JTB$SJTQJO +BOFU(SFHPSZ #SJBO.BSJDL &MJTBCFUI)FOESJDLTPO .JLF$PIO .JDIBFM#PMUPO +BNFT#BDI "HJMF5FTUJOH5JNFMJOF

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"HJMF5FTUJOH5JNFMJOF ʰ5FTUJOHF9USFNF1SPHSBNNJOHʱ 5FTU.BUSJYBOElDIFDLFEFYBNQMFTz  CZ#SJBO.BSJDL l"VUPNBUFE5FTU1ZSBNJEzCZ.JLF$PIO l5FTUJOHJOBHJMFUFBNJTBOBDUJWJUZ OPUBQIBTFz  CZ&MJTBCFUI)FOESJDLTPO ʰ"HJMF5FTUJOHʱग़൛ l5FTUJOHWT$IFDLJOHz  CZ.JDIBFM#PMUPOBOE+BNFT#BDI

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5FTUJOHF9USFNF1SPHSBNNJOH

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IUUQXXXFYBNQMFSDPNPMECMPHIUNMBHJMFUFTUJOHQSPKFDU #SJBO.BSJDLʹΑΔ৅ݶϞσϧ ಉ࣌ظʹʮUFTU͡Όͳͯ͘DIFDLFEFYBNQMFͱݺ΅͏ʯ  ͱ΋ݴ͍ͬͯΔɻ#SJBO.BSJDL͸ੌ͍ɻ

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l"VUPNBUFE5FTU1ZSBNJEzCZ.JLF$PIO

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ݱࡏςετࣗಈԽϐϥϛουͱΞΠεΫϦʔϜίʔϯΞϯνύλʔϯ IUUQTXBUJSNFMPOCMPHJOUSPEVDJOHUIFTPGUXBSFUFTUJOHJDFDSFBNDPOF

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ʰ"HJMF5FTUJOHʱग़൛

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#SJBO.BSJDLͷϞσϧΛʮΞδϟΠϧςετͷ৅ݶʯͱͯ͠࠾༻ IUUQTMJTBDSJTQJODPNVTJOHUIFBHJMFUFTUJOHRVBESBOUT

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IUUQXXXEFWFMPQTFOTFDPNCMPHUFTUJOHWTDIFDLJOH ʮ5FTUJOHWT$IFDLJOHʯCZ.JDIBFM#PMUPOBOE+BNFT#BDI

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5%%ʹ͓͚Δςετͷߟ͑ํ͸࣮༻ओٛʹ ؏͔Ε͍ͯΔɻ5%%ʹ͓͍ͯςετ͸໨త Λୡ੒͢ΔͨΊͷखஈͰ͋Γɺͦͷ໨తͱ ͸ɺେ͍ͳΔࣗ৴Λ൐͏ίʔυͩɻ ͨͱ͑ςετແ͠Ͱ΋࣮૷ͷ஌ࣝʹΑΔࣗ৴ ͕͋ΔͷͰ͋Ε͹ɺςετΛॻ͔ͳ͍ɻ ᴷ,FOU#FDL ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱQ

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5%%ͷ5͸ʮςετʯͷҰ෦ʹա͗ͳ͍ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯQΑΓ

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͏·͘੔ཧ͞ΕͨΞδϟΠϧςετͷ৅ݶϞσϧ ͸ɺʮςετͱ͸ɺΤϥʔΛΈ͚ͭΔͭ΋ΓͰϓϩ άϥϜΛ࣮ߦ͢ΔաఔͰ͋Δʯͱ͍͏఻౷తͳఆ ٛʹΑΔʮςετʯ΋ɺ5%%Ҏ߱ͷ։ൃݱ৔ʹ ͓͚Δʮςετʯ΋ɺڞʹ޿ൣͳιϑτ΢ΣΞςε τͷੈքΛߏ੒͢ΔҰһͰ͋Δɺͱ͍͏৽ͨͳೝ ͕ࣝ޿·Δ͖͔͚ͬʹͳΓ·͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 ෇࿥$ͷλΠϜϥΠϯ#%%

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ΑΓ;͞Θ໊͍͠લΛٻΊͯ 5%%͔Β#%%΁

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#%%5JNFMJOF %BO/PSUI "TMBL)FMMFTZ %BWF"TUFMT $ISJT4UFWFOTPO 4UFWFO#BLFS %BWJE$IFMJNTLZ (PKLP"E[JD

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#%%5JNFMJOF '*5CZ8BSE$VOOJOHIBN 'JU/FTTFCZ#PC.BSUJOଞ ʮ4UPSZ%SJWFO%FWFMPQNFOUʯCZ*OEVTUSJBM-PHJDɺ"HJMF%PY։ൃɺ  ʰ%PNBJO%SJWFO%FTJHOʱग़൛ɺ+#FIBWF։ൃ։࢝ɺzTIPVMEzͷൃݟ +#FIBWFϦϦʔεɺ%BO $ISJT.BUUTͱz(JWFO8IFO5IFOzΛൃݟ ʮ#%%"OFXMPPLBUUFTUESJWFOEFWFMPQNFOUʯɺ34QFD։ൃ։࢝ ʮ*OUSPEVDJOH#%%ʯ 34QFDϦϦʔε FBTZC (SPPWZ ϦϦʔε $VDVNCFS͕34QFD͔Βಠཱ͠ɺϦϦʔε ʰ#SJEHJOHUIF$PNNVOJDBUJPO(BQʱग़൛ɺ4QPDLϦϦʔε 34QFDϦϦʔε ʰ5IF34QFD#PPLʱग़൛ɺ  ʰ5IF$VDVNCFS#PPLʱग़൛ɺ  ʰ4QFDJpDBUJPOCZ&YBNQMFʱग़൛

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public class FooTest extends TestCase { public void testIsASingleton() {} public void testAReallyLongNameIsAGoodThing() {} } Foo - is a singleton - a really long name is a good thing 5FTU%PY"HJMF%PY CZ$ISJT4UFWFOTPO IUUQBHJMFEPYTPVSDFGPSHFOFU ςετίʔυ͔ΒυΩϡϝϯτੜ੒

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lʮUFTUʯͱ͍͏୯ޠ͕Ϋϥε໊͔Β΋ϝιου໊͔Β΋औΓআ ͔ΕɺΩϟϝϧॻࣜͷϝιου໊͕௨ৗͷςΩετʹม׵͞Ε ͍ͯ·͢ɻ΍͍ͬͯΔ͜ͱ͸ͦΕ͚ͩͰ͕͢ɺޮՌ͸ڻ͘΂͖ ΋ͷͰ͢ɻ ։ൃऀͨͪ͸͜Ε͕ɺগͳ͘ͱ΋͍͔ͭ͘ͷυΩϡϝϯτʹ͸ ໾ཱͭ͜ͱʹؾ͕͖ͭɺຊ౰ͷจষʹͳ͍ͬͯΔςετϝιο υΛॻ͖࢝Ί·ͨ͠ɻͦΕ͚ͩͰ͸ͳ͘ɺϏδωευϝΠϯͷ ݴޠͰϝιουΛॻ͘ͱɺੜ੒͞ΕͨυΩϡϝϯτ͕Ϗδωε Ϣʔβ΍ΞφϦετɺςελ΋ཧղͰ͖Δ΋ͷʹͳΔ͜ͱ΋෼ ͔͖ͬͯͨͷͰ͢ɻz IUUQEIBUFOBOFKQEJHJUBMTPVM 5FTU%PY"HJMF%PY CZ$ISJT4UFWFOTPO

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IUUQTKCFIBWFPSHIUUQEIBUFOBOFKQEJHJUBMTPVM public class StackBehavior { public void shouldPopValuesInReverseOrder() throws Exception { stStack.push("test 1"); stStack.push("test 2"); Ensure.that(stStack.pop(), m.is("test 2")); Ensure.that(stStack.pop(), m.is("test 1")); } public void shouldLeaveValueOnStackAfterPeek() throws Exception { stStack.push("test 1"); stStack.push("test 2"); Ensure.that(stStack.peek(), m.is("test 2")); Ensure.that(stStack.pop(), m.is("test 2")); } } +#FIBWF։ൃ։࢝ CZ%BO/PSUI ˞ཌ೥ϦϦʔε lςετϝιου͸ʮTIPVMEʯͱ͍͏୯ޠͰ࢝Ίͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ͱ͍͏ ن໿͕ු͔ͼ·ͨ͠ɻ͜ͷจষςϯϓϨʔτɺ͢ͳΘͪͦͷΫϥε͕Կ ͔Λ͢Δ΂͖ͩͱ͍͏จষςϯϓϨʔτ͕ҙຯ͍ͯ͠Δͷ͸ɺݱࡏର৅ͱ ͳ͍ͬͯΔΫϥεʹର͢Δςετ͔͠ఆٛͰ͖ͳ͍ͱ͍͏͜ͱͰ͢z

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ࢲ͕5%%ʹର๊͍͍ͯͯ͠Δ໰୊ͱ͸ɺ5%%ͷϚΠϯυηοτ͕զʑΛຊདྷͱ ͸ҟͳΔํ޲ੑɺͭ·Γؒҧͬͨํ޲ੑ΁ͱಋ͍ͯ͠·͏ͱ͍͏͜ͱͩɻզʑ ͸ϏϔΠϏΞΛ࢓༷Խ͢Δ༻ޠΛ࢖ͬͯߟ͑࢝ΊΔඞཁ͕͋ΔɻςετʹΑΔݕ ূͷ༻ޠͰ͸ͳ͘ɻ ϏϔΠϏΞ࢓༷ͷ༻ޠͰߟ͑Δ͜ͱͰɺͦΕͧΕͷϏϔΠϏΞʹ͍ͭͯΑΓ໌֬ ʹߟ͑ΔΑ͏ʹͳΔɻΫϥεຖ΍ϝιουຖͷςετͱ͍͏ߟ͑ํʹཔΒͳ͘ ͳΓɺΑΓ༏Ε࣮ͨߦՄೳͳυΩϡϝϯτΛखʹ͢Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖ΔΑ͏ʹͳΔɻ 5%%͸5%%Ͱ͋Γɺ୭΋ͦͷ໊લͷҙຯΛม͑Α͏ͱ͸͠ͳ͍ ͦΕΛظ଴͢΂ ͖Ͱ͸ͳ͍͠ɺͦ͏ͯ͠΋Β͍͍ͨΘ͚Ͱ΋ͳ͍ ɻ৽͍͠΍Γํʹ͸৽໊͍͠ લ͕ඞཁͩɻ͜Εʹ͸%BO/PSUI͕ߟ͑ͯ͘Ε໊ͨલ͕͋ΔʜʜͦΕ͕#%%ɺ ϏϔΠϏΞۦಈ։ൃͩɻ ʮ#%%"OFXMPPLBUUFTUESJWFOEFWFMPQNFOUʯ CZ%BWF"TUFMT IUUQHJBOUFDIKQQBHFTJLJUFNB#%%*OUSPIUNM

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describe Stack, " (empty)" do before(:each) do @stack = Stack.new end it { @stack.should be_empty } it { @stack.should_not be_full } it "should add to the top when sent #push" do @stack.push "newly added top item" @stack.peek.should == "newly added top item" end end 34QFD։ൃ։࢝

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.-্Ͱͷ࿦ઓ 4UFWFO#BLFSͱ,FOU#FDL

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.-্Ͱͷ࿦ઓ 4UFWFO#BLFSͱ,FOU#FDL

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ʮ*OUSPEVDJOH#%%ʯ CZ%BO/PSUI IUUQEIBUFOBOFKQEJHJUBMTPVM

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IUUQTDVDVNCFSJP Feature: As a I want So that Scenario: Given And When And Then And $VDVNCFS͕34QFD͔Βಠཱ

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#language: ja フィーチャ: ログインしてユーザを識別できるユーザとして、ログイン機能などで自分の情報を識別したい。なぜなら、メッセージなどを「自分のもの」として区別したいからだ。シナリオ: ユーザ登録してログインする前提"新規ユーザ登録"ページを表示しているもし"ログイン名"に"moro"と入力するかつ"E メール"に"[email protected]"と入力するかつ"作成"ボタンをクリックするならば"こんにちは moro さん"と表示されていること $VDVNCFS͕34QFD͔Βಠཱ IUUQTUBUTV[JOFDPNCPPLTDVLF

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ʰ#SJEHJOHUIF$PNNVOJDBUJPO(BQʱɺʰ4QFDJpDBUJPOCZ&YBNQMFʱग़൛

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ʰ5IF4QFD#PPLʱʰ5IF$VDVNCFS#PPLʱग़൛

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34QFD͸ɺ౰࣌രൃతʹྲྀߦ͍ͯͨ͠΢ΣϒΞϓϦέʔγϣ ϯϑϨʔϜϫʔΫ3VCZPO3BJMTͷςετͷ࢓૊Έͱͯ͠σ ϑΝΫτελϯμʔυͷ஍ҐΛ֫ಘ͠ɺ3VCZͷςεςΟϯά ϑϨʔϜϫʔΫʹ͓͍ͯѹ౗తͳγΣΞΛ֫ಘ͠·ͨ͠ɻ ͜ͷ34QFDͷେ੒ޭʹΑͬͯY4QFDܥͷߏ଄ͱޠኮ͸ଞͷݴ ޠ΁Ҡ২͞Ε࢝Ί·͢ɻ͔͜͜Β਺೥͸34QFDͱ$VDVNCFS ͕ଞͷݴޠʹҠ২͞Εͭͭɺ5%%#%%ͷγʔϯΛϦʔυ͢Δ ͜ͱʹͳΓ·͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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ΞδϟΠϧ։ൃϓϩηεͷதʹ#%%ΛऔΓࠐΊΔ͜ͱ͕Θ͔ͬ ͨ#%%ߟҊऀͨͪ͸ɺ#%%Λ͞Βʹ֦େ͠ɺ#%%ࣗ਎ΛΞ δϟΠϧ։ൃٕ๏·ͰҭͯΑ͏ͱ͠·ͨ͠ɻʰ5IF34QFD #PPLʱʹ͸͜͏͋Γ·͢ʢQʣɻ l#%%͸ϑϧελοΫͷΞδϟΠϧ։ൃٕ๏Ͱ͢ɻ#%%͸ "5%1ʢ"DDFQUBODF5FTU%SJWFO1MBOOJOHʣͱݺ͹ΕΔ "5%%ͷҰछΛؚΊɺΤΫετϦʔϜϓϩάϥϛϯά͔Βώϯ τΛಘ͍ͯ·͢z ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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ݱࡏ 5%%ͷ͍·

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 ෇࿥$ͷλΠϜϥΠϯ%))

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ຊॻʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱͰॻ͔Ε͍ͯΔΑ͏ͳຊདྷͷ5%% ͸ɺϓϩάϥϚ͕ࣗ෼ࣗ਎Ͱෆ҆Λ੍ޚ͢ΔͨΊͷิॿ ྠͷΑ͏ͳ໾ׂΛՌͨ͢খ͞ͳϓϥΫςΟεͰͨ͠ɻ ͔͠͠5%%͕ࢧ࣋͞Εɺ࣮ફऀ͕૿͑ɺͦΕҎ্ʹ࣮ફ ͯ͠Έ͍ͨਓ͕૿͑ɺ5%%ࣗ਎͕(004΍#%%Λܦ֦ͯ େ͍ͯ͘͠ʹͭΕͯɺͦ͜ʹ͸ͭͷɺҟͳΔํ޲Λ޲͘ มԽ͕๚Ε·ͨ͠ɻڭ৚ओٛԽͱɺҙຯͷرബԽͰ͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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ڭ৚ओٛԽ

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IUUQXXXCVUVODMFCPCDPN"SUJDMF46ODMF#PC5IF5ISFF3VMFT0G5EE :PVBSFOPUBMMPXFEUPXSJUFBOZQSPEVDUJPODPEFVOMFTTJUJTUP NBLFBGBJMJOHVOJUUFTUQBTT :PVBSFOPUBMMPXFEUPXSJUFBOZNPSFPGBVOJUUFTUUIBOJT TV⒏DJFOUUPGBJMBOEDPNQJMBUJPOGBJMVSFTBSFGBJMVSFT :PVBSFOPUBMMPXFEUPXSJUFBOZNPSFQSPEVDUJPODPEFUIBOJT TV⒏DJFOUUPQBTTUIFPOFGBJMJOHVOJUUFTU ࣦഊ͢ΔϢχοτςετΛ੒ޭͤ͞ΔͨΊʹ͔͠ɺϓϩμΫτίʔυΛॻ ͍ͯ͸ͳΒͳ͍ɻ ࣦഊͤ͞ΔͨΊʹ͔͠ɺϢχοτςετΛॻ͍ͯ͸ͳΒͳ͍ɻίϯύΠϧ Τϥʔ͸ࣦഊʹ਺͑Δɻ ϢχοτςετΛ͚ͭͩ੒ޭͤ͞ΔҎ্ʹɺϓϩμΫτίʔυΛॻ͍ͯ͸ ͳΒͳ͍ɻ ˞5%%ͷܒ໤ීٴʹਚྗ͠ɺඇৗʹେ͖ͳޭ੷ͷ͋Δ6ODMF#PCΛ ͜ͷΑ͏ͳจ຺Ͱొ৔ͤ͞Δ͜ͱʹ͸ɺͱͯ΋ෳࡶͳࢥ͍͕͋Γ·͢

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IUUQEBWJEIFJOFNFJFSIBOTTPODPNUEEJTEFBEMPOHMJWFUFTUJOHIUNM

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lςετϑΝʔετݪཧओٛ͸ېཉͷΈΛএ͑ͨੑڭҭͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷͩɻ ࠷ॳ͔Β͜͏ͩͬͨΘ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͍ɻࢲ͕ॳΊͯ5%%ʹग़ձͬͨͱ͖ʹ͸ɺΑΓΑ͍ιϑτ ΢ΣΞ։ൃͷੈք΁ஸॏʹট଴͞ΕͨΑ͏ʹײͨ͡ɻςεςΟϯά͕ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍ੈք͔Β ςεςΟϯάͷϓϥΫςΟε΁ͷϚΠϯυϋοΫͩɻे෼ʹςετ͞Ε͍ͯΔίʔυϕʔε ʹײ͡Δམͪண͖ɺιϑτ΢ΣΞΛมߋ͢Δͱ͖ͷ҆৺ײΛڭ͑ͯ͘Εͨɻ ݄೔͕ա͕͗ͨɺ͔͠͠ςετϑΝʔετͷϨτϦοΫ͸ΑΓ૽ʑ͘͠ɺౖΓͬΆ͍΋ͷͱ ͳ͖ͬͯͨɻΑΓڱྔʹͳ͖ͬͯͨɻ ౰ॳ͸ɺςετϑΝʔετΛʮ௚ײʹ൓͢ΔഁյṀʯͱͯ͠ɺࣗಈԽͨ͠ϦάϨογϣϯς εςΟϯά͕ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍ͱ͍͏࢒೦ͳۀքͷݱঢ়Λଧഁ͢Δඞཁ͕͔͋ͬͨ΋͠Εͳ͍ɻ ͔ͦ͠͠͏ͯ࢝͠·ͬͨͱͯ͠΋ɺ͍·Ͱ͸ତམͯ͠͠·ͬͨͷͩɻෆ৴৺ऀΛଧͪਾ͑Δ ϋϯϚʔͱͳΓɺϓϩϑΣογϣφϧʹ΋ͱΔιϑτ΢ΣΞ։ൃʹ޲͔ͳ͍ਓͩͱܾΊͭ ͚ΔɻϦτϚεࢼݧࢴͩɻz IUUQEIBUFOBOFKQZBDIQ

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͜ͷը૾͕ಠΓา͖ͯ͠͠·ͬͨײ͸൱Ί·ͤΜ ͜ͷϥΠΦϯ΋ಉࡑ͔

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৽ͨʹςετΛॻ͖࢝Ίͨਓͷ೤ҙʹ͸஫ҙ ͠Α͏ɻ5%%ͷڧཁ΄Ͳɺ5%%ͷීٴΛ๦ ͛Δ΋ͷ͸ͳ͍ɻ ͋ͳ͕ͨ؅ཧऀ΍ϦʔμʔͰ͋ͬͯ΋ɺ୭͔ ͷಇ͖ํΛڧ੍తʹม͑Δ͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɻ ᴷ,FOU#FDL ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱQ ݪయͰఝΛࢗ͞Ε͍ͯͨͷʹʜʜ

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ҙຯͷرബԽ

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ਖ਼ղͷͳ͍࣭໰ IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNIQFP@BQTUBUVT

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ςετϑΝʔετͱͷࠞಉ IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNU@XBEBTUBUVT

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l࿨ాϞοΫΦϒδΣΫτ͸ɺΠϯλϥΫγϣϯϕʔεͷઃܭ Λߦ͏ͨΊͷಓ۩Ͱ͋ΓɺϞοΫΦϒδΣΫτ͕ॻ͖ʹ͍͘ͳ ͱ͍͏ͷ͸ɺઃܭ͕ྑ͘ͳ͍͔ΒઃܭΛྑ͍ͯ͘͘͠ͱ͍͏ݪ ಈྗʹͳΔ͸ͣͩͬͨɻ ͔͠͠ɺϞοΫΦϒδΣΫτΛ࡞ΔͨΊͷϞοΫϥΠϒϥϦʔ ͷػೳڝ૪͕ى͖ͨ݁ՌɺϞοΫϥΠϒϥϦʔ͸ͲΜͲΜͲΜ ػೳ͕ଟػೳԽ͞Ε͍͖ͯɺͰ͖Δ͜ͱ͕૿͑ɺڧྗʹͳΕ͹ ͳΔ΄ͲɺઃܭվળޮՌ͕ͲΜͲΜബΕ͍ͯͬͯ͠·ͬͨɻ ͱʹ͔͘ڧྗͳػೳΛ࢖ͬͯɺطଘͷػೳΛແཧ΍Γςετ͢ ΔͨΊɺΧόϨοδΛ্͛ΔͨΊͷಓ۩ʹ੒ΓԼ͕ͬͯ͠·ͬ ͨɻͦΕͬͯݱঢ়ͷ௥ೝ͡Όͳ͍Ͱ͔͢z ϞοΫϥΠϒϥϦͷڧԽͱͦͷൽ೑ͳ݁຤ IUUQTUXPQBHJMFFTNDPKQXIBUEPXFOFFEGPSHSPXUIPGGVUVSFDCBGF

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ݱ࣌఺ʹ͓͚Δଟ͘ͷਓͷೝࣝ͸࣍ͷΑ͏Ͱ͋Δͱචऀ͸ଊ ͍͑ͯ·͢ɻ w5%%ςετΛઌʹॻ͘ίʔυͷॻ͖ํͷ͜ͱ wϞοΫΦϒδΣΫτςετΛॻ͘ͷ͕೉͍͠ର৅ʹର ͯ͠ແཧ΍ΓςετΛॻ͘ࡍʹ࢖͏πʔϧ w#%%TUZMFY4QFDܥͷޠኮͰςετίʔυΛॻ͘͜ͱ w#%%$VDVNCFSͷΑ͏ͳ(IFSLJOܥπʔϧΛ࢖ͬͯ ड͚ೖΕςετΛࣗಈԽ͢Δ͜ͱ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ ҙຯͷرബԽͷ݁Ռ

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#%%ͷࠞཚ4QFD#%%ͱ4DFOBSJP#%% IUUQTXXXTMJEFTIBSFOFUFWFS[FUCEEJOTZNGPOZ

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5%%͸ςετͩͱ͍͏ޡղΛղͨ͘Ίʹ%BO/PSUIʹΑΓ ൃ໌͞Εͨ#%%͕ɺ೥ܦ͍ͬͨ·ɺਓʑʹςετͩͱ ޡղ͞Ε͍ͯΔͷ͸ൽ೑ͳ͜ͱͩɻ IUUQTUXJUUFSDPNBTMBL@IFMMFTPZTUBUVT

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l8IFOJUTUJNFUPXSJUFDPEF #%%JTOPEJ⒎FSFOUGSPN5%%8SJUF BGBJMJOHUFTU8BUDIJUGBJM8SJUFFOPVHIDPEFUPNBLFJUQBTT $MFBOVQZPVSNFTT SFGBDUPS 4PIPXJT#%%T5%%EJ⒎FSFOU *OBDPVQMFPGBSFBT #%%HJWFTZPVBXFMMEFpOFETUBSUJOHQPJOU5IFFYBNQMFT DSFBUFECZUIFEFMJCFSBUFEJTDPWFSZQSPDFTT 5FTUTUIBUSFTVMUGSPN#%%BSFOPUVOJUUFTUT CVUIJHIMFWFMUFTUT UIBUJOUFSBDUXJUIUIFTZTUFNBUBNVDINPSFHSBOVMBSMFWFM *EPOUDPOTJEFSUPPMTMJLF34QFDUPCFB#%%UPPM*UIJOLPGJU NPSFBTBVOJUUFTUJOHUPPMUIBUJTHSFBUGPS5%%JOUIFTQJSJUPG #%%z IUUQTDVDVNCFSJPCMPHBTMBLTWJFXPGCEE ݁ہ5%%ͱ#%%͸Ͳ͏ҧ͏ͷ

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Ͳ͏ͯ͜͠͏ͳͬͨʁ ߟ͑ͯΈΔ

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#%%͸ɺ·ͣ3BJMT΍34QFDͷོ੝ͱಉ࣌ظʹग़͖ͯͨ֓೦ͩͬͨͨΊɺ 3BJMT΍34QFDͷར༻֦େʹ߹Θͤͯར༻ऀ͕૿͑·ͨ͠ɻͦͷޙɺϦʔϯɾε λʔτΞοϓɺܧଓతσϦόϦʔɺ%FW0QT౳ͷ୆಄ʹΑͬͯɺΑΓେ͖ͳมԽ ͷதͷॏཁͳٕज़తཁૉʹͳΓ·͢ɻ #%%͕໨ࢦͨ͠൒ܘͷҟͳΔϑΟʔυόοΫϧʔϓͱސ٬ࢀՃΛॏࢹͯ͠։ൃΛ ߦ͏ख๏͸ɺϦʔϯܥͷࢥ૝ͷதͰϏδωεͱڧ݁͘ͼ͖ͭɺΑΓચ࿅͞Εͨܗ΁ ͱมԽ͠·ͨ͠ɻड͚ೖΕςετΛؚΊͨࣗಈςετΛॻ͍ͯӡ༻͢Δٕज़͸ͦͷ ॏཁ౓͸͞Βʹ૿͠·͕ͨ͠ɺ5%%#%%ࣗ਎͸։ൃํ๏࿦ͷτϨϯυͷத৺͔ Β཭ΕɺܧଓతσϦόϦʔɺ%FW0QTΛߏ੒͢Δٕज़ͷͻͱͭʹऩ·Γ·ͨ͠ɻ πʔϧར༻ऀ͸૿͑ͨ΋ͷͷɺҙຯͷرബԽ΋͞ΒʹਐΈɺΞδϟΠϧ։ൃϓϩη εͱͯ͠ͷ#%%͸ഇΕɺπʔϧͱํݴ͚͕ͩ࢒ͬͨɺͱ͍͏ͷ͕೥ݱࡏͷ 5%%#%%Ͱ͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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ະདྷ 5%%ͷ͜Ε͔Β

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5%%͸֦େ͠ɺաେධՁ͞ΕɺઌӶԽͱҙຯͷ رബԽ͕ى͜ΓɺͦͷධՁ͸΍΍աখͳͱ͜Ζ ʹམ͖ͪͯ·ͨ͠ɻ աେධՁ͕ऩ·ͬͨͷ͸ྑ͍΋ͷͷɺ࣮૾͕ࣦ ΘΕͨͷͰࠓ౓͸աখධՁʹͳ͍ͬͯ·͢ɻʰς ετۦಈ։ൃʱ͕ඳ͍࣮ͨ૾ΑΓ΋ɺഎܠ͕ࣦ ΘΕͨ෼͚ͩաখධՁͰ͢ɻ lಉ͡ͱ͜ΖʹͱͲ·Δʹ͸୾ྗ͕͍ΔzCZ ,FOU#FDL

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ҙຯ͕رബԽࣦͯ͠ΘΕɺπʔϧ͚͕ͩ࢒͍ͬͯΔͷ ͕ݱ୅ͷςετͷݱঢ়Ͱ͢ɻ ͳͥ͋Δਓ͸ʮUFTUʯͱݴ͍ɺ·ͨ͋Δਓ͸ʮTQFDʯ ΍ʮFYBNQMFʯͱ͍͏໊લΛ޷Ήͷ͔ɻ աఔ΍ҙຯ෇͚͕શ෦ࣦΘΕɺςετ͸ʮॻ͔͞ΕΔʯ ΋ͷͰ͋ͬͯɺ͜ͷݴޠͷ͜ͷςετϥΠϒϥϦ͸͜͏ ࢖͏ͱ͍ͬͨ৘ใ͹͔Γ͕ݟ͔ͭΓ·͢ɻ ಓ۩͔͠࢒͍ͬͯͳ͍ͷͰɺഎܠ΍ࢥ૝ɺจ຺Λ෮׆ ͤ͞Δඞཁ͕͋Γ·ͨ͠ɻͦΕ͕ʮ෇࿥̘ʯͰ͢ɻ

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ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱ෮ץ΁ͷಓ IUUQUXBEBIBUFOBCMPHKQFOUSZUEECPPL

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͜ͷ೥Ͱ೔ຊʹ͓͍ͯ΋ςετࣗಈԽ͕޿͘ߦΘΕΔΑ͏ʹͳ͕ͬͨɺ ςετۦಈ։ൃΛ࣮ફ͍ͯ͠Δਓؒ͸·ͩগͳ͘ɺཧղ͕ਐΜͰ͍Δͱ ͸͍͑ͳ͍ɻ ͔͠͠ɺʮςετۦಈ։ൃʯͱ͍͏໊લ͚ͩ͸े෼ʹ޿·ͬͨɻ ͦͷ݁Ռɺͦͷ໊લ͔Β૝ى͞ΕΔ಺༰ͱ࣮ࡍͷϓϥΫςΟεͱͷဃ཭ ʹجͮ͘ޡղ΍㒷ᨱɺςετۦಈ։ൃͷޮՌ΍ద༻ൣғʹର͢Δաେධ Ձ΍աখධՁ͕සൟʹൃੜ͍ͯ͠ΔɻͦͷҰํͰɺݪཧओٛతͳ܏޲΋ ͋ΔɻݪయͨΔຊॻʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʹ͸ͦ͜·Ͱڭ৚ओٛతʹॻ͔ Ε͍ͯͳ͍ʹ΋ؔΘΒͣɺฉ͖͔ͬͨ͡ςετۦಈ։ൃͷखॱʹ४ڌ͢ Δ͜ͱࣗମ͕໨తԽͯ͠͠·͍ͬͯΔΤϯδχΞ΋ݟΒΕΔɻ ͭ·Γɺ໊લ͚͕ͩҰਓา͖͍ͯ͠Δɻςετۦಈ։ൃʹؔ͢Δٞ࿦͸ ࣠Λ࣋ͨͣɺৗʹൃࢄ͢Δ܏޲ʹ͋Δɻ ຊॻΛ೔ຊͷಡऀʹ঺հ͢΂͖ཧ༝ IUUQUXBEBIBUFOBCMPHKQFOUSZUEECPPL

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ະͩʹςετۦಈ։ൃʹର͢Δਖ਼֬ͳཧղ͕ਐ·ͳ͍ݪҼͷͻͱͭ ͸ɺ༷ʑͳࣄ৘΋͋Γɺଟ͘ͷΤϯδχΞʹϐΞιϯ൛ʰςετۦ ಈ։ൃೖ໳ʱ͕ಡ·Εͳ͔ͬͨ͜ͱͰ͋Ζ͏ɻʮςετۦಈ։ൃʯ ͱ͍͏໊લΛ஌͍ͬͯΔΤϯδχΞͷதͰɺϐΞιϯ൛ʰςετۦ ಈ։ൃೖ໳ʱΛಡΜͩਓͷׂ߹͕গͳ͗͢Δɻ͜ͷຊ͕޿·͍ͬͯ Ε͹ɺ࣮ྫΛ൐ͬͨ಺༰ʹΑͬͯΤϯδχΞͷཧղ΋ਐΈɺ೔ຊʹ ͓͚Δςετۦಈ։ൃͷීٴ͸ਐΜͩͱߟ͑ΒΕΔɻ ೔ຊʹ͓͚Δςετۦಈ։ൃͷਖ਼͍͠ཧղΛਐΊɺ։ൃͷݱ৔ʹΑ Γਂ͍ࣗ৴ͱվળͷػձΛ༩͑ΔͨΊʹ΋ɺ͍·ͦ͜ݪయͨΔʰς ετۦಈ։ൃʱ͕ٻΊ΍͍͢Ձ֨ͱ಺༰Ͱ෮ץ͠ɺଟ͘ͷΤϯδχ Ξʹಡ·Εͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɻ ຊॻΛ೔ຊͷಡऀʹ঺հ͢΂͖ཧ༝ IUUQUXBEBIBUFOBCMPHKQFOUSZUEECPPL

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ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱ͸ɺࣗ෼ͨͪͷίʔυʹࣗ৴Λ ࣋ͬͯ։ൃΛଓ͚͍ͨϓϩάϥϚɺνʔϜϦʔμʔ޲ ͚ͷॻ੶Ͱ͋Δɻ ͜Ε͸ςετۦಈ։ൃͷߟҊऀࣗ਎ʹΑͬͯॻ͔Εͨ ݪయͰ͋Γɺςετۦಈ։ൃͱ͸୯ʹςετࣗಈԽΛ ߦ͏͜ͱͰ͸ͳ͘ɺϢχοτςετͱϦϑΝΫλϦϯ άΛ྆ྠͱͨ͠খ͍͞αΠΫϧΛճ͢͜ͱͰෆ࣮֬ੑ Λ੍ޚ͠ɺෆஅͷઃܭਐԽΛՄೳʹ͢Δख๏Ͱ͋Δ͜ ͱΛɺಡऀ͸࣮ྫΛ௨ֶͯ͠Ϳ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ ΤϨϕʔλʔϐον IUUQUXBEBIBUFOBCMPHKQFOUSZUEECPPL

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%))ͷݴ͏ͱ͓Γɺ5%%#%%ͷจ຺΍എܠ͸ ͋Δఔ౓ࣦΘΕ·ͨ͠ɻ ͔͠͠ɺࣗಈςετΛॻ͘ϓϥΫςΟε͸ੈͷத ʹཱ೿ʹࠜ෇͖ɺࣗ෼ͨͪͰࣗಈςετΛॻ͘ͷ ͕ʮ;ͭ͏ʯͳੈͷதʹͳΓ·ͨ͠ɻ͜Ε͸େ͖ ͳલਐͰ͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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wͻͱΓ͔Β࢝ΊΒΕ·͢ wςετ΍5%%͸εΩϧͰ͢ɻͭ·Γʜ w࠽ೳͰ͸ͳ͘ɺशಘՄೳͰ͢ wྔ͸࣭ʹసԽ͠·͢ wʮࣸܦʯ͕͓͢͢Ί 5%%͸εΩϧͰ͢

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ຊॻ΋ɺಡΜ͚ͩͩͰ͸ਂ͍ಘ৺ʹ͸ࢸΒͳ͍Ͱ͠ΐ ͏ɻ͔͠͠ɺςετۦಈ։ൃͷྑ͞ɺڧΈ͸खΛಈ ͔ͤ͹Θ͔Γ·͢ɻ ͳͥͳΒɺ5%%ͷຊ࣭͸ਫ਼ਆঢ়ଶͷίϯτϩʔ ϧɺෆ҆ͱࣗ৴ͷ੍ޚʹ͋Δ͔ΒͰ͢ɻ݁Ռʢॻ͔ ΕͨίʔυͱςετίʔυʣͰ͸ͳ͘ɺաఔʢࢥߟ ϓϩηεͱϦϑΝΫλϦϯάʣʹຊ࣭͕͋Γ·͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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IUUQTXXXqJDLSDPNQIPUPTUPNQBHFOFU ςετ͸඼࣭Λ্͛ͳ͍

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w ඼࣭͕ʮΘ͔ΔʯΑ͏ʹͳΔ w Θ͔Δ͜ͱͦ͜େࣄ w ςετΛॻ͚ͩ͘Ͱ͸ɺྑ͘͸ͳΒͳ͍ w ମॏܭʹ৐Δ͚ͩͰ͸૫ͤͳ͍ w ඼࣭Λ্͛Δͷ͸ઃܭͱϓϩάϥϛϯά w ࠶ઃܭͱϦϑΝΫλϦϯάΛςετͰࢧ͑Δ ςετ͸඼࣭Λ্͛ͳ͍

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lςετͰ͸඼࣭͸্͕Βͳ͍ Ͱ͢Αɻςετ͸͋͘·Ͱ΋඼ ࣭Λ͋͛Δ͖͔͚ͬɻ඼࣭Λ͋ ͛Δͷ͸ϓϩάϥϛϯάͰ͢ɻ ͜Ε͸େੲ͔Βͦ͏ɻz

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ςετΛॻ͍ͯ΋ઃܭΛվળ͠ͳ͍ͷͰ͋Ε͹ɺ ͦΕ͸ͨͩͷճؼςετͰ͋Γɺݱঢ়ͷ௥ೝͰ͠ ͔͋Γ·ͤΜɻ ςετۦಈ։ൃʹ͓͚Δ࣭ͷ޲্ͷखஈ͸ɺϦ ϑΝΫλϦϯάʹΑΔܧଓతͰΠϯΫϦϝϯλϧ ͳઃܭͰ͋Γɺʮ୯ͳΔςετϑΝʔετʯͱ ʮςετۦಈ։ൃʯͷҧ͍͸ͦ͜ʹ͋Γ·͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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ςετۦಈ։ൃ͸ɺಡऀͷօ͞Μͷϓϩάϥϛϯ άελΠϧʹগͳ͔ΒͣӨڹΛ༩͑ΔͰ͠ΐ͏ɻ ຊॻΛಡΜͩ͏͑Ͱɺ࠷ऴతʹ͸ςετۦಈ։ൃ Λ࢖Θͳ͘ͱ΋ɺશ͘໰୊͸͋Γ·ͤΜɻ ࣗ෼͕׆༻Ͱ͖ΔςΫχοΫͷͻͱͭͱͯ͠ςε τۦಈ։ൃ͕ՃΘΕ͹ɺͦΕͰे෼Ͱ͢ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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ܦݧΛੵΜͩ։ൃऀ͸ɺςετίʔυͷॻ͖ํ΍ྔɺ ॻ͘λΠϛϯάʹؔͯ͠ɺࣗ෼ͷؒ߹͍Λ͍࣋ͬͯ· ͢ɻ ͞·͟·ͳύϥμΠϜɺςΫχοΫΛܦݧͯ͠໭ͬͯ ͖ͨͱ͜Ζ͕ɺ།Ұແೋͷࣗ෼ͷϓϩάϥϛϯάελ ΠϧͰ͢ɻ͞·͟·ͳੈքΛܦݧ͠ɺࣗ෼ͷελΠϧ Λݟ͚͍ͭͯͩ͘͞ɻ ᴷ࿨ా୎ਓ ʰςετۦಈ։ൃʱʮ෇࿥$ʯ

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།Ұແೋͷࣗ෼ͷϓϩάϥϛϯάελΠϧΛҭΜͰ͍ͩ͘͞ ͝ਗ਼ௌ͋Γ͕ͱ͏͍͟͝·ͨ͠