Slide 1
Slide 1 text
RAILS PERFORMANCE TIPS
Richard Huang
@flyerhzm
Slide 2
Slide 2 text
WHERE TO START
Slide 3
Slide 3 text
80-90% OF THE END-USER RESPONSE TIME
IS SPENT ON THE FRONTEND
High Performance Web Sites by Steve Souders
Slide 4
Slide 4 text
FRONTEND PERFORMANCE TIPS
Slide 5
Slide 5 text
Keith and Mario’s Guide to Fast Websites
From RubyConf Au 2013
Slide 6
Slide 6 text
1. AS LESS REQUESTS AS POSSIBLE
Slide 7
Slide 7 text
CONCATENATE CSS & JAVASCRIPT
Browser Server
application.html
a.css
b.css
c.css
a.js
b.js
c.js
Before
Slide 8
Slide 8 text
CONCATENATE CSS & JAVASCRIPT
Browser Server
application.html
application.css
application.js
After
Slide 9
Slide 9 text
USE CSS SPRITE
Browser Server
application.html
a.jpg
b.jpg
c.jpg
Before
Slide 10
Slide 10 text
USE CSS SPRITE
Browser Server
application.html
sprite.jpg
After
Slide 11
Slide 11 text
2. AS SMALL PAYLOADS AS POSSIBLE
Slide 12
Slide 12 text
MINIFY AND GZIP
application.css (original) => application.css (minified) => application.css.gz
application.js (original) => application.js (minified) => application.js.gz
Slide 13
Slide 13 text
COMPRESS IMAGES
Slide 14
Slide 14 text
COOKIE-LESS DOMAINS
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Before
Slide 15
Slide 15 text
COOKIE-LESS DOMAINS
H
o
s
t
:
a
s
s
e
t
s
.
x
i
n
m
i
n
l
a
b
s
.
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m
R
e
f
e
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r
:
h
t
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p
s
:
/
/
x
i
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m
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l
a
b
s
.
c
o
m
After
Slide 16
Slide 16 text
3. AS FAST RESOURCES AS POSSIBLE
Slide 17
Slide 17 text
USE CDN
Slide 18
Slide 18 text
4. OTHER
Slide 19
Slide 19 text
JAVASCRIPT AT THE BOTTOM
Slide 20
Slide 20 text
BACKEND PERFORMANCE TIPS
Slide 21
Slide 21 text
http://www.speedawarenessmonth.com/when-8020-
becomes-2080/
Slide 22
Slide 22 text
HOW
Don't guess! Don't guess! Don't guess!
Find out the bottleneck
Slide 23
Slide 23 text
MONITOR
New Relic
Skylight
Slide 24
Slide 24 text
MONITOR
Slide 25
Slide 25 text
MONITOR
Slide 26
Slide 26 text
MONITOR
Slide 27
Slide 27 text
REPRODUCE
Simulate the environment (postgres, memcached, etc.)
Simulate the data
Slide 28
Slide 28 text
REPRODUCE
New Relic (Developer Mode)
rack-mini-profiler
Slide 29
Slide 29 text
REPRODUCE
Slide 30
Slide 30 text
REPRODUCE
Slide 31
Slide 31 text
REPRODUCE
Slide 32
Slide 32 text
REPRODUCE
Slide 33
Slide 33 text
Users
Production
Database
Production
Production
Production
Production
Production
New Relic
Developer
Mode
Slide 34
Slide 34 text
FIX
Slide 35
Slide 35 text
BENCHMARK
rails-per est
ab / siege
Slide 36
Slide 36 text
RAILS-PERFTEST
r
e
q
u
i
r
e '
t
e
s
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_
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:
:
P
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# R
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o t
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s = { r
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,
# m
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s
: [
:
w
a
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l
_
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, :
m
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,
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:
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n
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n
d
Slide 37
Slide 37 text
RAILS-PERFTEST
B
r
o
w
s
i
n
g
T
e
s
t
#
t
e
s
t
_
h
o
m
e
p
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g
e (
5
8 m
s w
a
r
m
u
p
)
p
r
o
c
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s
s
_
t
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e
: 6
3 m
s
m
e
m
o
r
y
: 8
3
2
.
1
3 K
B
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
: 7
,
8
8
2
Slide 38
Slide 38 text
AB / SIEGE
Monitor with New Relic
Slide 39
Slide 39 text
SUMMARIZE
Monitor
Find out bottleneck
Reproduce
Fix
Benchmark
Deploy
Monitor
Slide 40
Slide 40 text
1. AS LESS REQUESTS AS POSSIBLE
Slide 41
Slide 41 text
N+1 QUERY
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s = C
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
| %
>
<
%
= c
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
u
s
e
r
.
u
s
e
r
n
a
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e %
> S
a
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d
: <
%
= c
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m
m
e
n
t
.
b
o
d
y %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before
Slide 42
Slide 42 text
N+1 QUERY
App Server DB Server
SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" LIMIT 10
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 6 LIMIT 1
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 64 LIMIT 1
......
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 19 LIMIT 1
Before
Slide 43
Slide 43 text
N+1 QUERY
Newrelic response time is 12.3ms
Before
Slide 44
Slide 44 text
N+1 QUERY
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s = C
o
m
m
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n
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.
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
(
:
u
s
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r
)
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
c
o
m
m
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n
t
| %
>
<
%
= c
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m
m
e
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.
u
s
e
r
.
u
s
e
r
n
a
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a
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: <
%
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m
m
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n
t
.
b
o
d
y %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
After
Slide 45
Slide 45 text
N+1 QUERY
App Server DB Server
SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" LIMIT 10
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" IN (6, 64, 17,
56, 71, 2, 75, 73, 18, 19)
After
Slide 46
Slide 46 text
N+1 QUERY
Newrelic response time is 6.81ms
After
Slide 47
Slide 47 text
N+1 QUERY
12.3ms vs 6.81ms -45%
3.88ms vs 0.621ms -84%
Slide 48
Slide 48 text
N+1 QUERY
flyerhzm/bullet
Slide 49
Slide 49 text
COUNTER CACHE
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
> h
a
s <
%
= p
o
s
t
.
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
s
i
z
e %
> c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
.
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before
Slide 50
Slide 50 text
COUNTER CACHE
App Server DB Server
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 1
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 2
......
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 10
Before
Slide 51
Slide 51 text
COUNTER CACHE
Newrelic response time is 12.3ms
Before
Slide 52
Slide 52 text
COUNTER CACHE
# m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
d
d
_
c
o
l
u
m
n :
p
o
s
t
s
, :
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
_
c
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t
, :
i
n
t
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r
P
o
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.
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e
a
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o |
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o
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|
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.
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_
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s
(
p
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t
.
i
d
, :
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
)
e
n
d
# m
o
d
e
l
c
l
a
s
s C
o
m
m
e
n
t < A
c
t
i
v
e
R
e
c
o
r
d
:
:
B
a
s
e
b
e
l
o
n
g
s
_
t
o :
p
o
s
t
, c
o
u
n
t
e
r
_
c
a
c
h
e
: t
r
u
e
e
n
d
After
Slide 53
Slide 53 text
COUNTER CACHE
App Server DB Server
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
After
Slide 54
Slide 54 text
COUNTER CACHE
Newrelic response time is 7.04ms
After
Slide 55
Slide 55 text
COUNTER CACHE
12.3ms vs 7.04ms -43%
6.434ms vs 0.511ms -92%
Slide 56
Slide 56 text
COUNTER CACHE
flyerhzm/bullet
Slide 57
Slide 57 text
BONUS
magnusvk/counter_culture
Slide 58
Slide 58 text
USE GROUP
# m
o
d
e
l
c
l
a
s
s C
o
m
m
e
n
t
b
e
l
o
n
g
s
_
t
o :
p
o
s
t
s
c
o
p
e :
a
p
p
r
o
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d
, -
> { w
h
e
r
e
(
a
p
p
r
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v
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d
: t
r
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e
) }
e
n
d
c
l
a
s
s P
o
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t
h
a
s
_
m
a
n
y :
c
o
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e
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(
:
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d
Before
Slide 59
Slide 59 text
USE GROUP
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
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(
1
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)
# v
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Before
Slide 60
Slide 60 text
USE GROUP
App Server DB Server
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
SELECT AVG("comments"."rating") FROM "comments" WHERE
"comments"."post_id" = 1 AND "comments"."approved" = "t"
SELECT AVG("comments"."rating") FROM "comments" WHERE
"comments"."post_id" = 2 AND "comments"."approved" = "t"
......
SELECT AVG("comments"."rating") FROM "comments" WHERE
"comments"."post_id" = 10 AND "comments"."approved" = "t"
Before
Slide 61
Slide 61 text
USE GROUP
Newrelic response time is 17.4ms
Before
Slide 62
Slide 62 text
USE GROUP
# G
e
m
f
i
l
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g
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m '
e
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_
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u
p
'
# m
o
d
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l
a
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s P
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t < A
c
t
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R
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c
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:
:
B
a
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a
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_
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y :
c
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p :
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r
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,
-
> { a
p
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e
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# c
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.
l
i
m
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(
1
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)
After
Slide 63
Slide 63 text
USE GROUP
App Server DB Server
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
SELECT AVG("comments"."rating") AS average_rating, post_id AS
post_id FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."approved" = "t"
AND "comments"."post_id" IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) GROUP BY
"comments"."post_id"
After
Slide 64
Slide 64 text
USE GROUP
Newrelic response time is 7.48ms
After
Slide 65
Slide 65 text
USE GROUP
17.4ms vs 7.48ms -57%
6.62ms vs 1.55ms -77%
Slide 66
Slide 66 text
USE GROUP
xinminlabs/eager_group
Slide 67
Slide 67 text
BONUS
Postgresql Materialized View
Slide 68
Slide 68 text
MULTI INSERTS
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
1
0
.
t
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s d
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.
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b
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:
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p
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_
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: r
a
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(
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Before
Slide 69
Slide 69 text
MULTI INSERTS
App Server DB Server
BEGIN
INSERT INTO "posts" ("title", "body", "user_id", "created_at",
"updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"
COMMIT
......
BEGIN
INSERT INTO "posts" ("title", "body", "user_id", "created_at",
"updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"
COMMIT
Before
Slide 70
Slide 70 text
MULTI INSERTS
Newrelic response time is 35.4ms
Before
Slide 71
Slide 71 text
MULTI INSERTS
# G
e
m
f
i
l
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g
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m '
a
c
t
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-
i
m
p
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'
# c
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l
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p
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s = [
]
1
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After
Slide 72
Slide 72 text
MULTI INSERTS
App Server DB Server
Class Create Many Without Validations Or Callbacks (3.6ms)
INSERT INTO "posts" ("id","title","body","user_id") VALUES
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',31),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',80),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',73),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',56),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',66),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',19),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',11),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',90),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',90),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',9) RETURNING id
After
Slide 73
Slide 73 text
MULTI INSERTS
Newrelic response time is 11.6ms
After
Slide 74
Slide 74 text
MULTI INSERTS
35.4ms vs 11.6ms -67%
19.39ms vs 2.39ms -88%
Slide 75
Slide 75 text
MULTI INSERTS
zdennis/activerecord-import
Slide 76
Slide 76 text
MULTI UPDATES
P
o
s
t
.
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e
(
"
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_
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: t
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)
Slide 77
Slide 77 text
MULTI DELETES
P
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.
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(
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Slide 78
Slide 78 text
2. AS SMALL PAYLOADS AS POSSIBLE
Slide 79
Slide 79 text
SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
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t
(
1
0
)
# v
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w
<
% @
p
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s
.
e
a
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%
= p
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t
i
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l
e %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before
Slide 80
Slide 80 text
SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
App Server DB Server
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
Before
Slide 81
Slide 81 text
SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
Newrelic response time is 4.86ms
Before
Slide 82
Slide 82 text
SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
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r
@
p
o
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(
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t
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'
)
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
After
Slide 83
Slide 83 text
SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
App Server DB Server
SELECT "posts"."title" FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
After
Slide 84
Slide 84 text
SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
Newrelic response time is 4.54ms
After
Slide 85
Slide 85 text
SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
4.86ms vs 4.54ms -7%
0.563ms vs 0.421ms -25%
Slide 86
Slide 86 text
3. AS FAST RESOURCES AS POSSIBLE
Slide 87
Slide 87 text
USE CACHE
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
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t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
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w
<
% @
p
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s
t
s
.
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a
c
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o |
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| %
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.
t
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l
e %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before
Slide 88
Slide 88 text
USE CACHE
App Server DB Server
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 50
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 97
......
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 9
Before
Slide 89
Slide 89 text
USE CACHE
Newrelic response time is 12.2ms
Before
Slide 90
Slide 90 text
USE CACHE
# G
e
m
f
i
l
e
g
e
m '
d
a
l
l
i
'
# c
o
n
f
i
g
/
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
r
b
c
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n
f
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g
.
c
a
c
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e
_
s
t
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r
e = :
m
e
m
_
c
a
c
h
e
_
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t
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r
e
# v
i
e
w
<
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p
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s
.
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a
c
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o |
p
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t
| %
>
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% c
a
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h
e p
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t d
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%
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t
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>
<
% e
n
d %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
After
Slide 91
Slide 91 text
USE CACHE
App Servers Database
Memcached
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
Post #50 Cache Page
Post #97 Cache Page
......
Post #9 Cache Page
After
Slide 92
Slide 92 text
USE CACHE
Newrelic response time is 9.97ms
After
Slide 93
Slide 93 text
USE CACHE
12.2ms vs 9.97ms -18%
8.11ms vs 5.79ms -29%
Slide 94
Slide 94 text
BONUS
R
a
i
l
s
.
c
a
c
h
e
.
r
e
a
d
_
m
u
l
t
i
https://github.com/n8/multi_fetch_fragments
https://github.com/hooopo/second_level_cache
Slide 95
Slide 95 text
USE ELASTICSEARCH FOR SEARCH
Slide 96
Slide 96 text
USE REDIS
Slide 97
Slide 97 text
USE SSD
Slide 98
Slide 98 text
4. OTHER
Slide 99
Slide 99 text
USE INDEX
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
o
r
d
e
r
(
'
c
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e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t d
e
s
c
'
)
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
%
= p
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t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before
Slide 100
Slide 100 text
USE INDEX
S
E
L
E
C
T "
p
o
s
t
s
"
.
* F
R
O
M "
p
o
s
t
s
" O
R
D
E
R B
Y c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t d
e
s
c L
I
M
I
T 1
0
Before
Slide 101
Slide 101 text
USE INDEX
Newrelic response time is 21.5ms
Before
Slide 102
Slide 102 text
USE INDEX
# m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
f c
h
a
n
g
e
a
d
d
_
i
n
d
e
x :
p
o
s
t
s
, :
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t
e
n
d
After
Slide 103
Slide 103 text
USE INDEX
Newrelic response time is 4.95ms
After
Slide 104
Slide 104 text
USE INDEX
21.5ms vs 4.95ms -77%
17.3ms vs 0.595ms -97%
Slide 105
Slide 105 text
USE INDEX
plentz/lol_dba
Slide 106
Slide 106 text
OPTIMIZE JSON RENDERING
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
r
e
n
d
e
r j
s
o
n
: @
p
o
s
t
s
Before
Slide 107
Slide 107 text
OPTIMIZE JSON RENDERING
Newrelic response time is 6.28ms
Before
Slide 108
Slide 108 text
OPTIMIZE JSON RENDERING
# G
e
m
f
i
l
e
g
e
m '
o
j
'
g
e
m '
o
j
_
m
i
m
i
c
_
j
s
o
n
'
After
Slide 109
Slide 109 text
OPTIMIZE JSON RENDERING
Newrelic response time is 5.76ms
After
Slide 110
Slide 110 text
OPTIMIZE JSON RENDERING
6.28ms vs 5.76ms -8%
3.92ms vs 3.28ms -16%
Slide 111
Slide 111 text
OPTIMIZE JSON RENDERING
ohler55/oj
Slide 112
Slide 112 text
MEMORY OPTIMIZE
Slide 113
Slide 113 text
https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/20946
shave off 1,114 string objects on every request
Slide 114
Slide 114 text
https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/21057
shave off 34,299 objects on every request
Slide 115
Slide 115 text
FIND IN BATCH
P
e
r
s
o
n
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
"
a
g
e > 2
1
"
)
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
e
r
s
o
n
|
p
e
r
s
o
n
.
p
a
r
t
y
_
a
l
l
_
n
i
g
h
t
!
e
n
d
=>
P
e
r
s
o
n
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
"
a
g
e > 2
1
"
)
.
f
i
n
d
_
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
e
r
s
o
n
|
p
e
r
s
o
n
.
p
a
r
t
y
_
a
l
l
_
n
i
g
h
t
!
e
n
d
Slide 116
Slide 116 text
FIND IN BATCH
Send multiple sql requests
But reduce memory usage
Slide 117
Slide 117 text
NO TIP IS ALWAYS TRUE
Slide 118
Slide 118 text
REVIEW
Frontend performance tuning does first
Backend performance tuning is important
Slide 119
Slide 119 text
REVIEW
As less requests as possible
As small payloads as possible
As fast resources as possible
Other
Slide 120
Slide 120 text
REVIEW
Monitor
Find out bottleneck
Reproduce
Fix
Benchmark
Deploy
Monitor
Slide 121
Slide 121 text
DEMOS CODE
https://github.com/xinminlabs/rails-performance-tips-code
Slide 122
Slide 122 text
THANK YOU
Richard Huang
@flyerhzm