Rails Performance Tips

RAILS PERFORMANCE TIPS
Richard Huang
@flyerhzm

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WHERE TO START

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80-90% OF THE END-USER RESPONSE TIME
IS SPENT ON THE FRONTEND
High Performance Web Sites by Steve Souders

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FRONTEND PERFORMANCE TIPS

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Keith and Mario’s Guide to Fast Websites
From RubyConf Au 2013

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1. AS LESS REQUESTS AS POSSIBLE

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CONCATENATE CSS & JAVASCRIPT
Browser Server
application.html
a.css
b.css
c.css
a.js
b.js
c.js
Before

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CONCATENATE CSS & JAVASCRIPT
Browser Server
application.html
application.css
application.js
After

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USE CSS SPRITE
Browser Server
application.html
a.jpg
b.jpg
c.jpg
Before

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USE CSS SPRITE
Browser Server
application.html
sprite.jpg
After

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2. AS SMALL PAYLOADS AS POSSIBLE

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MINIFY AND GZIP
application.css (original) => application.css (minified) => application.css.gz
application.js (original) => application.js (minified) => application.js.gz

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COMPRESS IMAGES

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COOKIE-LESS DOMAINS
H
o
s
t
:
x
i
n
m
i
n
l
a
b
s
.
c
o
m
R
e
f
e
r
e
r
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
x
i
n
m
i
n
l
a
b
s
.
c
o
m
C
o
o
k
i
e
:
r
a
c
k
.
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
=
B
A
h
7
E
U
k
i
D
3
N
l
c
3
N
p
b
2
5
f
a
W
Q
G
O
g
Z
F
V
E
k
i
R
T
J
j
M
j
I
3
N
j
E
z
Y
z
Q
3
M
T
Z
l
M
m
Y
z
Z
D
k
y
%
0
A
M
T
E
z
O
T
h
k
Z
D
d
m
Z
j
I
y
Y
j
N
i
O
D
B
l
Y
W
I
3
Z
m
E
x
Y
z
U
1
M
j
R
h
Z
j
Y
w
N
2
F
h
M
T
B
i
M
G
U
w
M
2
Y
G
%
0
A
O
w
B
G
S
S
I
J
Y
3
N
y
Z
g
Y
7
A
E
Z
J
I
i
U
x
Y
z
l
h
M
z
h
l
Z
D
B
l
M
2
V
h
N
G
J
h
N
m
F
l
Z
D
M
1
M
z
F
j
Y
j
R
i
%
0
A
Z
W
Y
x
O
Q
Y
7
A
E
Z
J
I
g
1
0
c
m
F
j
a
2
l
u
Z
w
Y
7
A
E
Z
7
B
0
k
i
F
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h
U
V
F
B
f
V
V
N
F
U
l
9
B
R
0
V
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V
A
Y
7
%
0
A
A
F
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J
I
i
1
m
Y
2
M
3
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A
2
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5
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2
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2
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3
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%
0
A
B
j
s
A
R
k
k
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0
x
B
T
k
d
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j
s
A
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2
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%
0
A
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2
I
1
M
m
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3
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5
Y
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w
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3
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v
%
0
A
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2
V
u
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A
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4
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5
%
0
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1
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H
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8
2
%
0
A
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R
1
c
l
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5
c
T
d
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W
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t
J
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T
Z
m
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B
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2
N
f
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3
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k
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3
N
H
c
G
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S
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I
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1
h
a
W
w
G
%
0
A
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w
B
U
S
S
I
c
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x
5
Z
X
J
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e
m
0
r
c
H
J
v
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B
n
b
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F
p
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C
5
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2
0
G
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w
B
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L
a
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f
d
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j
s
A
%
0
A
V
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k
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m
h
0
d
H
B
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8
v
b
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9
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4
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2
F
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3
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5
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2
0
v
a
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M
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B
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M
j
g
w
M
D
A
w
%
0
A
M
D
B
m
c
k
V
R
R
U
F
Z
L
z
A
w
N
T
I
4
M
D
A
w
M
D
A
x
Z
H
l
r
N
k
F
B
Q
Q
Y
7
A
F
R
J
I
h
F
p
b
n
N
0
Y
W
5
j
Z
V
9
1
%
0
A
c
m
w
G
O
w
B
U
S
S
I
j
a
H
R
0
c
H
M
6
L
y
9
s
a
X
R
h
L
m
1
5
L
n
N
h
b
G
V
z
Z
m
9
y
Y
2
U
u
Y
2
9
t
B
j
s
A
V
E
k
i
%
0
A
D
X
V
z
Z
X
J
u
Y
W
1
l
B
j
s
A
V
E
k
i
H
G
Z
s
e
W
V
y
a
H
p
t
K
3
B
y
b
2
R
A
Z
2
1
h
a
W
w
u
Y
2
Before

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COOKIE-LESS DOMAINS
H
o
s
t
:
a
s
s
e
t
s
.
x
i
n
m
i
n
l
a
b
s
.
c
o
m
R
e
f
e
r
e
r
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
x
i
n
m
i
n
l
a
b
s
.
c
o
m
After

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3. AS FAST RESOURCES AS POSSIBLE

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USE CDN

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4. OTHER

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JAVASCRIPT AT THE BOTTOM

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BACKEND PERFORMANCE TIPS

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http://www.speedawarenessmonth.com/when-8020-
becomes-2080/

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HOW
Don't guess! Don't guess! Don't guess!
Find out the bottleneck

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MONITOR
New Relic
Skylight

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MONITOR

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REPRODUCE
Simulate the environment (postgres, memcached, etc.)
Simulate the data

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REPRODUCE
New Relic (Developer Mode)
rack-mini-profiler

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REPRODUCE

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Users
Production
Database
Production
Production
Production
Production
Production
New Relic
Developer
Mode

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FIX

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BENCHMARK
rails-per est
ab / siege

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RAILS-PERFTEST
r
e
q
u
i
r
e '
t
e
s
t
_
h
e
l
p
e
r
'
r
e
q
u
i
r
e '
r
a
i
l
s
/
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
_
t
e
s
t
_
h
e
l
p
'
c
l
a
s
s H
o
m
e
p
a
g
e
T
e
s
t < A
c
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
p
a
t
c
h
:
:
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
T
e
s
t
# R
e
f
e
r t
o t
h
e d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n f
o
r a
l
l a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e o
p
t
i
o
n
s
# s
e
l
f
.
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
_
o
p
t
i
o
n
s = { r
u
n
s
: 5
,
# m
e
t
r
i
c
s
: [
:
w
a
l
l
_
t
i
m
e
, :
m
e
m
o
r
y
]
,
# o
u
t
p
u
t
: '
t
m
p
/
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
'
,
# f
o
r
m
a
t
s
: [
:
f
l
a
t
] }
t
e
s
t "
h
o
m
e
p
a
g
e
" d
o
g
e
t '
/
'
e
n
d
e
n
d

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RAILS-PERFTEST
B
r
o
w
s
i
n
g
T
e
s
t
#
t
e
s
t
_
h
o
m
e
p
a
g
e (
5
8 m
s w
a
r
m
u
p
)
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
_
t
i
m
e
: 6
3 m
s
m
e
m
o
r
y
: 8
3
2
.
1
3 K
B
o
b
j
e
c
t
s
: 7
,
8
8
2

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AB / SIEGE
Monitor with New Relic

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SUMMARIZE
Monitor
Find out bottleneck
Reproduce
Fix
Benchmark
Deploy
Monitor

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1. AS LESS REQUESTS AS POSSIBLE

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N+1 QUERY
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s = C
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
| %
>
<
%
= c
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
u
s
e
r
.
u
s
e
r
n
a
m
e %
> S
a
i
d
: <
%
= c
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
b
o
d
y %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before

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N+1 QUERY
App Server DB Server
SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" LIMIT 10
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 6 LIMIT 1
......
Before

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N+1 QUERY
Newrelic response time is 12.3ms
Before

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N+1 QUERY
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s = C
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
(
:
u
s
e
r
)
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
| %
>
<
%
= c
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
u
s
e
r
.
u
s
e
r
n
a
m
e %
> S
a
i
d
: <
%
= c
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
b
o
d
y %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
After

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N+1 QUERY
SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" LIMIT 10
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" IN (6, 64, 17,
56, 71, 2, 75, 73, 18, 19)
After

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N+1 QUERY
After

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N+1 QUERY
12.3ms vs 6.81ms -45%
3.88ms vs 0.621ms -84%

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N+1 QUERY
flyerhzm/bullet

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COUNTER CACHE
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
> h
a
s <
%
= p
o
s
t
.
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
.
s
i
z
e %
> c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
.
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before

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COUNTER CACHE
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."post_id" = 1
......
Before

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COUNTER CACHE
Before

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COUNTER CACHE
# m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
d
d
_
c
o
l
u
m
n :
p
o
s
t
s
, :
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
_
c
o
u
n
t
, :
i
n
t
e
g
e
r
P
o
s
t
.
a
l
l
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
|
P
o
s
t
.
r
e
s
e
t
_
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
s
(
p
o
s
t
.
i
d
, :
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
)
e
n
d
# m
o
d
e
l
c
l
a
s
s C
o
m
m
e
n
t < A
c
t
i
v
e
R
e
c
o
r
d
:
:
B
a
s
e
b
e
l
o
n
g
s
_
t
o :
p
o
s
t
, c
o
u
n
t
e
r
_
c
a
c
h
e
: t
r
u
e
e
n
d
After

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COUNTER CACHE
After

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COUNTER CACHE
12.3ms vs 7.04ms -43%
6.434ms vs 0.511ms -92%

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COUNTER CACHE
flyerhzm/bullet

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BONUS
magnusvk/counter_culture

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USE GROUP
# m
o
d
e
l
c
l
a
s
s C
o
m
m
e
n
t
b
e
l
o
n
g
s
_
t
o :
p
o
s
t
s
c
o
p
e :
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
, -
> { w
h
e
r
e
(
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
: t
r
u
e
) }
e
n
d
c
l
a
s
s P
o
s
t
h
a
s
_
m
a
n
y :
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
d
e
f a
v
e
r
a
g
e
_
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
.
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
(
:
r
a
t
i
n
g
)
e
n
d
e
n
d
Before

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USE GROUP
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
> a
v
e
r
a
g
e r
a
t
i
n
g i
s
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
_
r
a
t
i
n
g %
> s
t
a
r
s
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before

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USE GROUP
SELECT AVG("comments"."rating") FROM "comments" WHERE
"comments"."post_id" = 1 AND "comments"."approved" = "t"
......
Before

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USE GROUP
Before

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USE GROUP
# G
e
m
f
i
l
e
g
e
m '
e
a
g
e
r
_
g
r
o
u
p
'
# m
o
d
e
l
c
l
a
s
s P
o
s
t < A
c
t
i
v
e
R
e
c
o
r
d
:
:
B
a
s
e
h
a
s
_
m
a
n
y :
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
_
e
a
g
e
r
_
g
r
o
u
p :
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
_
r
a
t
i
n
g
, :
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
, :
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
, :
r
a
t
i
n
g
,
-
> { a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d }
e
n
d
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
e
a
g
e
r
_
g
r
o
u
p
(
:
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
_
r
a
t
i
n
g
)
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
After

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USE GROUP
SELECT AVG("comments"."rating") AS average_rating, post_id AS
post_id FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."approved" = "t"
AND "comments"."post_id" IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) GROUP BY
"comments"."post_id"
After

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USE GROUP
After

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USE GROUP
17.4ms vs 7.48ms -57%
6.62ms vs 1.55ms -77%

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USE GROUP
xinminlabs/eager_group

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BONUS
Postgresql Materialized View

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MULTI INSERTS
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
1
0
.
t
i
m
e
s d
o
P
o
s
t
.
c
r
e
a
t
e t
i
t
l
e
: F
a
k
e
r
:
:
L
o
r
e
m
.
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
,
b
o
d
y
: F
a
k
e
r
:
:
H
i
p
s
t
e
r
.
p
a
r
a
g
r
a
p
h
,
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
: r
a
n
d
(
1
0
0
) + 1
e
n
d
Before

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MULTI INSERTS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO "posts" ("title", "body", "user_id", "created_at",
"updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"
COMMIT
......
BEGIN
INSERT INTO "posts" ("title", "body", "user_id", "created_at",
"updated_at") VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5) RETURNING "id"
COMMIT
Before

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MULTI INSERTS
Before

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MULTI INSERTS
# G
e
m
f
i
l
e
g
e
m '
a
c
t
i
v
e
r
e
c
o
r
d
-
i
m
p
o
r
t
'
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
p
o
s
t
s = [
]
1
0
.
t
i
m
e
s d
o
p
o
s
t
s <
< P
o
s
t
.
n
e
w
(
t
i
t
l
e
: F
a
k
e
r
:
:
L
o
r
e
m
.
s
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
,
b
o
d
y
: F
a
k
e
r
:
:
H
i
p
s
t
e
r
.
p
a
r
a
g
r
a
p
h
,
u
s
e
r
_
i
d
: r
a
n
d
(
1
0
0
) + 1
)
e
n
d
P
o
s
t
.
i
m
p
o
r
t p
o
s
t
s
After

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MULTI INSERTS
Class Create Many Without Validations Or Callbacks (3.6ms)
INSERT INTO "posts" ("id","title","body","user_id") VALUES
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',31),
(nextval('public.posts_id_seq'),'title','body',9) RETURNING id
After

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MULTI INSERTS
After

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MULTI INSERTS
35.4ms vs 11.6ms -67%
19.39ms vs 2.39ms -88%

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MULTI INSERTS
zdennis/activerecord-import

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MULTI UPDATES
P
o
s
t
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
"
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t < ?
"
, 1
0
.
y
e
a
r
s
.
a
g
o
)
.
u
p
d
a
t
e
_
a
l
l
(
a
r
c
h
i
v
e
: t
r
u
e
)

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MULTI DELETES
P
o
s
t
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
"
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t < ?
"
, 1
0
.
y
e
a
r
s
.
a
g
o
)
.
d
e
s
t
r
o
y
_
a
l
l
P
o
s
t
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
"
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t < ?
"
, 1
0
.
y
e
a
r
s
.
a
g
o
)
.
d
e
l
e
t
e
_
a
l
l

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2. AS SMALL PAYLOADS AS POSSIBLE

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SELECT DATA YOU REALLY NEED
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before

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Before

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# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
s
e
l
e
c
t
(
'
t
i
t
l
e
'
)
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
After

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SELECT "posts"."title" FROM "posts" LIMIT 10
After

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After

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4.86ms vs 4.54ms -7%
0.563ms vs 0.421ms -25%

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3. AS FAST RESOURCES AS POSSIBLE

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USE CACHE
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
u
s
e
r
.
u
s
e
r
n
a
m
e %
> s
a
i
d <
%
= p
o
s
t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before

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USE CACHE
SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."id" = 50
......
Before

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USE CACHE
Before

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USE CACHE
# G
e
m
f
i
l
e
g
e
m '
d
a
l
l
i
'
# c
o
n
f
i
g
/
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
.
r
b
c
o
n
f
i
g
.
c
a
c
h
e
_
s
t
o
r
e = :
m
e
m
_
c
a
c
h
e
_
s
t
o
r
e
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
% c
a
c
h
e p
o
s
t d
o %
>
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
u
s
e
r
.
u
s
e
r
n
a
m
e %
> s
a
i
d <
%
= p
o
s
t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
After

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USE CACHE
App Servers Database
Memcached
Post #50 Cache Page
Post #97 Cache Page
......
Post #9 Cache Page
After

View Slide

USE CACHE
After

View Slide

USE CACHE
12.2ms vs 9.97ms -18%
8.11ms vs 5.79ms -29%

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BONUS
R
a
i
l
s
.
c
a
c
h
e
.
r
e
a
d
_
m
u
l
t
i
https://github.com/n8/multi_fetch_fragments
https://github.com/hooopo/second_level_cache

View Slide

USE ELASTICSEARCH FOR SEARCH

View Slide

USE REDIS

View Slide

USE SSD

View Slide

4. OTHER

View Slide

USE INDEX
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
o
r
d
e
r
(
'
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t d
e
s
c
'
)
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
# v
i
e
w
<
% @
p
o
s
t
s
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
o
s
t
| %
>
<
%
= p
o
s
t
.
t
i
t
l
e %
>
<
% e
n
d %
>
Before

View Slide

USE INDEX
S
E
L
E
C
T "
p
o
s
t
s
"
.
* F
R
O
M "
p
o
s
t
s
" O
R
D
E
R B
Y c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t d
e
s
c L
I
M
I
T 1
0
Before

View Slide

USE INDEX
Before

View Slide

USE INDEX
# m
i
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
f c
h
a
n
g
e
a
d
d
_
i
n
d
e
x :
p
o
s
t
s
, :
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
_
a
t
e
n
d
After

View Slide

USE INDEX
After

View Slide

USE INDEX
21.5ms vs 4.95ms -77%
17.3ms vs 0.595ms -97%

View Slide

USE INDEX
plentz/lol_dba

View Slide

OPTIMIZE JSON RENDERING
# c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
@
p
o
s
t
s = P
o
s
t
.
l
i
m
i
t
(
1
0
)
r
e
n
d
e
r j
s
o
n
: @
p
o
s
t
s
Before

View Slide

Before

View Slide

# G
e
m
f
i
l
e
g
e
m '
o
j
'
g
e
m '
o
j
_
m
i
m
i
c
_
j
s
o
n
'
After

View Slide

After

View Slide

6.28ms vs 5.76ms -8%
3.92ms vs 3.28ms -16%

View Slide

ohler55/oj

View Slide

MEMORY OPTIMIZE

View Slide

https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/20946
shave oﬀ 1,114 string objects on every request

View Slide

https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/21057
shave oﬀ 34,299 objects on every request

View Slide

FIND IN BATCH
P
e
r
s
o
n
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
"
a
g
e > 2
1
"
)
.
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
e
r
s
o
n
|
p
e
r
s
o
n
.
p
a
r
t
y
_
a
l
l
_
n
i
g
h
t
!
e
n
d
=>
P
e
r
s
o
n
.
w
h
e
r
e
(
"
a
g
e > 2
1
"
)
.
f
i
n
d
_
e
a
c
h d
o |
p
e
r
s
o
n
|
p
e
r
s
o
n
.
p
a
r
t
y
_
a
l
l
_
n
i
g
h
t
!
e
n
d

View Slide

FIND IN BATCH
Send multiple sql requests
But reduce memory usage

View Slide

NO TIP IS ALWAYS TRUE

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REVIEW
Frontend performance tuning does first
Backend performance tuning is important

View Slide

REVIEW
As less requests as possible
As small payloads as possible
As fast resources as possible
Other

View Slide

REVIEW
Monitor
Find out bottleneck
Reproduce
Fix
Benchmark
Deploy
Monitor

View Slide

DEMOS CODE
https://github.com/xinminlabs/rails-performance-tips-code

View Slide

THANK YOU
Richard Huang
@flyerhzm

View Slide

Rails Performance Tips

Rails Performance Tips

flyerhzm

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