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J SCOTT CHRISTIANSON
Trulaske International Week 2021
Balkanization and Borders in
Cyberspace
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J SCOTT CHRISTIANSON
Trulaske International Week 2021
Balkanization and Borders in
Cyberspace
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Agenda
The Digital Globe
The Digital Firmament
Borders, Crossings and Customs
A Post-National Internet ?
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No content
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TECHNOLOGY GEOPOLITICS SOCIETY
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TECHNOLOGY
GEOPOLITICS
SOCIETY
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TECHNOLOGY
GEOPOLITICS
SOCIETY
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No content
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The Digital Firmament
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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The Digital Firmament
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament: Outages
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament: Outages
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The Digital Firmament: Outages
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The Digital Firmament: Outages
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The Digital Firmament: Outages
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The Digital Firmament: Outages
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The Digital Firmament: Experience and Access
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The Digital Firmament: Experience and Access
Pre-covid, the World Economic
Forum estimated that a 10
percent increase in broadband
is associated with a 1.4 percent
increase in GDP growth.
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The Digital Firmament: Experience and Access
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament
8
JAN
2021
SOURCES: THE U.N.; LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES; GSMA INTELLIGENCE; ITU; GWI; EUROSTAT; CNNIC; APJII; SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS’ SELF-SERVICE ADVERTISING TOOLS; COMPANY
EARNINGS REPORTS; MEDIASCOPE. *ADVISORIES: INTERNET USER NUMBERS NO LONGER INCLUDE DATA SOURCED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS, SO VALUES ARE NOT COMPARABLE
TO DATA PUBLISHED IN PREVIOUS REPORTS. SOCIAL MEDIA USER NUMBERS MAY NOT REPRESENT UNIQUE INDIVIDUALS. COMPARABILITY ADVISORY: SOURCE AND BASE CHANGES.
URBANISATION: vs. POPULATION: vs. POPULATION: vs. POPULATION:
TOTAL
POPULATION
UNIQUE MOBILE
PHONE USERS
INTERNET
USERS*
ACTIVE SOCIAL
MEDIA USERS*
7.83 5.22 4.66 4.20
BILLION BILLION BILLION BILLION
56.4% 66.6% 59.5% 53.6%
DIGITAL AROUND THE WORLD
ESSENTIAL HEADLINES FOR MOBILE, INTERNET, AND SOCIAL MEDIA USE
INTERNET USER NUMBERS NO LONGER INCLUDE DATA SOURCED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS, SO VALUES ARE NOT COMPARABLE WITH PREVIOUS REPORTS
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The Digital Firmament
OCEANIA
SOUTH-EASTERN
ASIA
SOUTHERN
ASIA
EASTERN
ASIA
CENTRAL
ASIA
WESTERN
ASIA
SOUTHERN
AFRICA
EASTERN
AFRICA
MIDDLE
AFRICA
WESTERN
AFRICA
NORTHERN
AFRICA
EASTERN
EUROPE
SOUTHERN
EUROPE
NORTHERN
EUROPE
WESTERN
EUROPE
SOUTHERN
AMERICA
CARIBBEAN
CENTRAL
AMERICA
NORTHERN
AMERICA
26
JAN
2021
SOURCES: KEPIOS (JAN 2021) BASED ON EXTRAPOLATIONS OF DATA PUBLISHED BY: THE ITU; LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES; GWI; GSMA INTELLIGENCE; EUROSTAT; APJII; CNNIC; THE U.N.
ADVISORIES: INTERNET USER NUMBERS NO LONGER INCLUDE DATA SOURCED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS. FIGURES ARE NOT COMPARABLE WITH DATA PUBLISHED IN PREVIOUS
REPORTS. NOTES: PERCENTAGES REPRESENT SHARE OF TOTAL POPULATION. REGIONS BASED ON THE UNITED NATIONS GEOSCHEME.
71%
69%
68%
42%
57%
74%
62%
24%
26%
42%
56%
82%
86%
93%
96%
72%
62%
67%
90%
NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS IN EACH REGION COMPARED TO TOTAL POPULATION
INTERNET USERS vs. TOTAL POPULATION BY REGION
! INTERNET USER NUMBERS NO LONGER INCLUDE DATA SOURCED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS, SO VALUES ARE NOT COMPARABLE WITH PREVIOUS REPORTS
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The Digital Firmament
OCEANIA
SOUTH-EASTERN
ASIA
SOUTHERN
ASIA
EASTERN
ASIA
CENTRAL
ASIA
WESTERN
ASIA
SOUTHERN
AFRICA
EASTERN
AFRICA
MIDDLE
AFRICA
WESTERN
AFRICA
NORTHERN
AFRICA
EASTERN
EUROPE
SOUTHERN
EUROPE
NORTHERN
EUROPE
WESTERN
EUROPE
SOUTHERN
AMERICA
CARIBBEAN
CENTRAL
AMERICA
NORTHERN
AMERICA
31
JAN
2021
SOURCES: KEPIOS (JAN 2021) BASED ON EXTRAPOLATIONS OF DATA PUBLISHED BY: THE ITU; LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES; GWI; GSMA INTELLIGENCE; EUROSTAT; APJII; CNNIC; THE U.N.
ADVISORIES: INTERNET USER NUMBERS NO LONGER INCLUDE DATA SOURCED FROM SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS. FIGURES ARE NOT COMPARABLE WITH DATA PUBLISHED IN PREVIOUS
REPORTS. NOTES: FIGURES REPRESENT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE (IN MILLIONS) WHO DO NOT USE THE INTERNET. REGIONS BASED ON THE UNITED NATIONS GEOSCHEME.
12
208
543
1,128
32
74
26
341
135
238
110
54
21
14
5
121
17
60
35
THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE (IN MILLIONS) IN EACH REGION WHO ARE NOT CONNECTED TO THE INTERNET
THE ‘NEXT BILLION’: UNCONNECTED AUDIENCES
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The Digital Firmament
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Navigating the Digital World
HARD BORDERS
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Navigating the Digital World
HARD BORDERS
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The Digital Firmament
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The Digital Firmament
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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Navigating the Digital World
NETWORK DISCOVERY
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Navigating the Digital World
NETWORK DISCOVERY
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Navigating the Digital World
NETWORK DISCOVERY
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The Digital Firmament
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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Navigating the Digital World
BORDER CROSSINGS
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The Digital Firmament
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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Navigating the Digital World
BORDER CROSSINGS
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Navigating the Digital World
Navigating the Digital World
BORDER CLOSINGS
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Navigating the Digital World
BORDER CLOSINGS
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Navigating the Digital World
BORDER INSPECTIONS
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Navigating the Digital World
BORDER INSPECTIONS
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Navigating the Digital World
BORDER INSPECTIONS
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Navigating the Digital World
BORDER INSPECTIONS
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How Free is Your Internet?
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Post-National Internet
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The Digital Firmament
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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Post-National Internet
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The Digital Firmament
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
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No content
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Post-National Internet