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Ruby Devs ! Tests
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How do you
write tests?
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palkan
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Martin Fowler, Mocks Aren't Stubs
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palkan
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Classical
def search(q)
query = Query.build(q)
User.find_by_sql(query.to_sql)
end
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5
Classical
def search(q)
query = Query.build(q)
User.find_by_sql(query.to_sql)
end
user = create(:user, name: "Vova")
expect(search("name=Vova")).to eq([user])
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Mockist
5
def search(q)
query = Query.build(q)
User.find_by_sql(query.to_sql)
end
expect(Query)
.to receive(:build).with("name=x")
.and_return(double(to_sql: :cond))
expect(User).to receive(:find_by_sql).with(:cond)
.and_return(:users)
expected(search("user=x")).to eq :users
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To mock or not to mock?
Emily Samp @ RubyConf, 2021
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palkan
Classical
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Mockist
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palkan
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Mocklassicism
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False positive
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def search(q)
query = Query.build(q)
User.find_by_sql(query.to_sql)
end
expect(Query)
.to receive(:build).with("name=x")
.and_return(double(to_sql: :cond))
expect(User).to receive(:find_by_sql).with(:cond)
.and_return(:users)
expected(search("user=x")).to eq :users
module Query
- def self.build(query_str)
- query_hash = Hash[query.split("=")]
+ def self.build(query_hash)
# query has to sql
end
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How to avoid false positives?
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palkan
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How to put seams?
?
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palkan
github.com/palkan
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Keeping mocks
in line with real
objects
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Case study: anyway_config
class RubyConfConfig < Anyway::Config
attr_config :city, :date
coerce_types date: :date
end
github.com/palkan/anyway_config
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$ RUBYCONF_CITY Providence RUBYCONF_DATE 2022 11 15 \
ruby -r rubyconf_conf.rb -e "pp RubyConfConfig.new"
# "Providence" (type=env key=RUBYCONF_CITY),
date =>
# (type=env key=RUBYCONF_DATE)>
# "Providence" (type=env key=RUBYCONF_CITY),
date =>
# (type=env key=RUBYCONF_DATE)>
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ENV parser
class Anyway::Env
def fetch(prefix)
# Scans ENV and parses matching values
some_hash
end
def fetch_with_trace(prefix)
[fetch(prefix), traces[prefix]]
end
end
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ENV loader
class Anyway::Loaders::Env
def call(env_prefix:, **_options)
env = Anyway::Env.new
env.fetch_with_trace(env_prefix)
.then do |(data, trace)|
Tracing.current_trace&.merge!(trace)
data
end
end
end
•
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$ bundle exec rspec --tags env
Run options:
include {:env=>true}
Randomized with seed 26894
........
Finished in 0.00641 seconds (files took 0.27842 seconds to load)
8 examples, 0 failures
Coverage is at 100.0%.
Coverage report sent to Coveralls.
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ENV loader
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
subject { described_class.call(env_prefix: "TESTO") }
it "loads data from env" do
with_env(
"TESTO_A" => "x",
"TESTO_DATA__KEY" => "value"
) do
expect(subject)
.to eq({"a" => "x", "data" => { "key" => "value"}})
end
end
end
Aren't we testing ENV
parser here, not loader?
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palkan_tula
palkan
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
let(:env) { double("env") }
let(:data) { {"a" => "x", "data" => {"key" => "value"}} }
subject { described_class.call(env_prefix: "TESTO") }
before do
allow(::Anyway::Env).to receive(:new).and_return(env)
allow(env).to receive(:fetch_with_trace).and_return([data, nil])
end
it "loads data from Anyway::Env" do
expect(subject)
.to eq({"a" => "x", "data" => {"key" => "value"}})
end
end
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
let(:env) { double("env") }
let(:data) { {"a" => "x", "data" => {"key" => "value"}} }
subject { described_class.call(env_prefix: "TESTO") }
before do
allow(::Anyway::Env).to receive(:new).and_return(env)
allow(env).to receive(:fetch_with_trace).and_return([data, nil])
end
it "loads data from Anyway::Env" do
expect(subject)
.to eq({"a" => "x", "data" => {"key" => "value"}})
end
end
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Double-factoring
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palkan
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
let(:env) { double("env") }
let(:data) { {"a" => "x", "data" => {"key" => "value"}} }
subject { described_class.call(env_prefix: "TESTO") }
before do
allow(::Anyway::Env).to receive(:new).and_return(env)
allow(env).to receive(:fetch_with_trace).and_return([data
end
it "loads data from Anyway::Env" do
expect(subject)
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
let(:env) { double("env") }
let(:data) { {"a" => "x", "data" => {"key" => "value"}} }
subject { described_class.call(env_prefix: "TESTO") }
before do
allow(::Anyway::Env).to receive(:new).and_return(env)
allow(env).to receive(:fetch_with_trace).and_return([data
end
it "loads data from Anyway::Env" do
expect(subject)
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Double-factoring
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Case #1.
Undefined method
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palkan_tula
palkan
25
Refactor
class Anyway::Env
- def fetch(prefix)
+ def fetch(prefix, include_trace = false)
@@ ...
- def fetch_with_trace(prefix)
- [fetch(prefix), traces[prefix]]
- end
end
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describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
let(:env) { double("env") }
before do
allow(::Anyway::Env)
.to receive(:new).and_return(env)
allow(env)
.to receive(:fetch_with_trace)
.and_return([data, nil])
end
# ...
end
Refactor
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27
$ bundle exec rspec --tags env
Run options:
include {:env=>true}
Randomized with seed 26894
........
Finished in 0.00594 seconds (files took 0.21516 seconds to load)
8 examples, 0 failures
Coverage is at 100.0%.
Coverage report sent to Coveralls.
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$ RUBYCONF_CITY Providence RUBYCONF_DATE 2022 11 15 \
ruby -r rubyconf_conf.rb -e "pp RubyConfConfig.new"
# "Providence" (type=env key=RUBYCONF_CITY),
date =>
# (type=env key=RUBYCONF_DATE)>
anyway_config/lib/anyway/loaders/env.rb:11:in `call': undefined
method `fetch_with_trace' for # (NoMethodError)
env.fetch_with_trace(env_prefix).then do |(conf, trace)|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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palkan
Double trouble
— Tests are green ✅
— Coverage 100% #
— Code doesn't work ❌
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palkan
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github.com/rspec/rspec-mocks/issues/227
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palkan
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github.com/xaviershay/rspec-fire
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describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
- let(:env) { double("env") }
- let(:env) { instance_double("Anyway::Env") }
Refactor
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$ bundle exec rspec --tags env
1) Anyway::Loaders::Env loads data from Anyway::Env
Failure/Error: allow(env_double).to
receive(:fetch_with_trace).and_return([env, nil])
the Anyway::Env class does not implement the instance
method: fetch_with_trace
# ./spec/loaders/env_spec.rb:22:in `block (2 levels) in
'
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double
No strings attached
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verified double
35
double
No strings attached Method existence
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Case #2.
Incorrect method
signature
36
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palkan
37
Refactor
class Anyway::Env
- def fetch(prefix, include_trace = false)
+ def fetch(prefix, include_trace: false)
@@ ...
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palkan_tula
palkan
37
Refactor
class Anyway::Env
- def fetch(prefix, include_trace = false)
+ def fetch(prefix, include_trace: false)
@@ ...
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
let(:env) { instance_double("env") }
before do
expect(env)
.to receive(:fetch)
.with("TESTO", true)
.and_return([data, nil])
end
# ...
end
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$ bundle exec rspec --tags env
1) Anyway::Loaders::Env loads data from Anyway::Env
Failure/Error:
env.fetch(env_prefix, true)
ArgumentError:
Wrong number of arguments. Expected 1, got 2.
# ./lib/anyway/loaders/env.rb:11:in `call'
# ./lib/anyway/loaders/base.rb:10:in `call'
# ./spec/loaders/env_spec.rb:18:in
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class MethodSignatureVerifier
def initialize(signature, args=[])
# ...
end
def valid?
missing_kw_args.empty? &&
invalid_kw_args.empty? &&
valid_non_kw_args? &&
arbitrary_kw_args? &&
unlimited_args?
end
end
rspec/support/method_signature_verifier.rb
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rspec/support/method_signature_verifier.rb
class MethodSignature
def initialize(method)
# ...
classify_parameters
end
def classify_parameters
@method.parameters.each do |(type, name)|
# ...
end
end
end
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palkan
class MethodSignature
def initialize(method)
# ...
classify_parameters
end
def classify_parameters
@method.parameters.each do |(type, name)|
# ...
end
end
end
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rspec/support/method_signature_verifier.rb
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Method#parameters
method_obj = Anyway::Env.instance_method(:fetch)
method_obj.parameters
#=> [
[:req, :prefix],
[:key, :include_trace]
]
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42
double verified double
No strings attached Method existence
Method parameters
Method signature?
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Method signature
— Parameters shape
— Argument types
— Return value type
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palkan
44
Refactor
class Anyway::Env
+ Parsed = Struct.new(:data, :trace)
def fetch(prefix, include_trace: false)
@@ ...
- [data, trace]
+ Parsed.new(data, trace)
end
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palkan
44
Refactor
class Anyway::Env
+ Parsed = Struct.new(:data, :trace)
def fetch(prefix, include_trace: false)
@@ ...
- [data, trace]
+ Parsed.new(data, trace)
end
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
let(:env) { instance_double("env") }
before do
expect(env)
.to receive(:fetch)
.with("TESTO", include_trace: true)
.and_return([data, nil])
end
# ...
end
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$ bundle exec rspec --tags env
Run options:
include {:env=>true}
Randomized with seed 43108
........
Finished in 0.0234 seconds (files took 0.80197 seconds to load)
7 examples, 0 failures
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$ RUBYCONF_CITY Providence RUBYCONF_DATE 2022 11 15 \
ruby -r rubyconf_conf.rb -e "pp RubyConfConfig.new"
# "Providence" (type=env key=RUBYCONF_CITY),
date =>
# (type=env key=RUBYCONF_DATE)>
anyway_config/lib/anyway/tracing.rb:59:in `merge!': undefined
method `trace?' for nil:NilClass (NoMethodError)
from anyway_config/lib/anyway/loaders/env.rb:12:in `block
in call'
from :124:in `then'
from anyway_config/lib/anyway/loaders/env.rb:11:in `call'
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“Test doubles are sweet for isolating your unit
tests, but we lost something in the
translation from typed languages. Ruby
doesn't have a compiler that can verify the
contracts being mocked out are indeed legit.”
–rspec-fire's Readme
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Mocks vs.
types
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palkan
.rbs
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double verified double
No strings attached Method existence
Method parameters
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typed double
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double verified double
No strings attached Method existence
Method parameters
Method signature
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typed_double
— Intercept mocked calls
— Type check them—that's it!
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Interception
RSpec::Mocks::VerifyingMethodDouble.prepend(
Module.new do
def proxy_method_invoked(obj, *args, &block)
super.tap { TypedDouble.typecheck!(obj, *args) }
end
end
)
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palkan
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RBS::Test
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anyway_config.rbs
module Anyway
class Env
class Parsed
attr_reader data: Hash
attr_reader trace: Tracing::Trace?
end
def fetch: (String prefix, ?include_trace: bool) -> Parsed
end
end
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54
$ bundle exec rspec --tags env
1) Anyway::Loaders::Env loads data from Anyway::Env
Failure/Error: raise
RBS::Test::Tester::TypeError.new(errors) unless errors.empty?
RBS::Test::Tester::TypeError:
TypeError: [Anyway::Env#fetch] ReturnTypeError: expected
`::Anyway::Env::Parsed` but returns `[{"a"=>"x",
"data"=>{"key"=>"value"}}, nil]`
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What if... we don't
have types %
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On-the-fly type
signatures
generation
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Type generators
— rbs prototype / tapioca
— TypeProfiler
— Tracing → signatures &
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On-the-fly types
— Collect method calls made on real objects
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Tracking calls
TracePoint.trace(:call, :return) do |tp|
next unless trackable?(tp.defined_class, tp.method_id)
target, mid = tp.defined_class, tp.method_id
if tp.event == :call
method = tp.self.method(mid)
args = []
kwargs = {}
method.parameters.each do |(type, name)|
val = tp.binding.local_variable_get(name)
# ...
end
store[target][mid] << CallTrace.new(arguments: args, kwargs:)
elsif tp.event == :return
store[target][mid].last.return_value = tp.return_value
end
end
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Tracking calls
if tp.event == :call
method = tp.self.method(mid)
args = []
kwargs = {}
method.parameters.each do |(type, name)|
val = tp.binding.local_variable_get(name)
# ...
end
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On-the-fly types
— Collect method calls made on real objects
— Generate types from real call traces
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SignatureGenerator
class SignatureGenerator
def to_rbs = [header, method_sigs, footer].join("\n")
def args_sig(args)
args.transpose.map do |arg_values|
arg_values.map(&:class).uniq.map do
"::#{_1.name}"
end
end.join(", ")
end
end
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palkan
63
env.rbs
module Anyway
class Env
def initialize: (?type_cast: (::Module)) -> (void)
def fetch: (
::String,
?include_trace: (::FalseClass | ::TrueClass)
) -> ::Anyway::Env::Parsed
end
end
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On-the-fly types
— Collect method calls made on real objects
— Generate types from real call traces
— Identify tracing targets (mocked classes) &
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Mock
fixtures
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palkan
Fixturama
evilmartians.com/chronicles/a-fixture-based-approach-to-interface-testing-in-rails
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palkan
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Fixturama
github.com/nepalez/fixturama
# fixtures/stubs/notifier.yml
---
- class: Notifier
chain:
- create
arguments:
- :profileDeleted
- <%= profile_id %>
actions:
- return: true
- raise: ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
arguments:
- "Profile with id: 1 not found" # for error message
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palkan
YAML fixtures
— YAML != Ruby, hard to mock with non-
primitive types
— Existing mocks are not re-usable—a lot of
refactoring
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Mock context
mock_context "Anyway::Env" do
before do
env_double = instance_double("Anyway::Env")
allow(Anyway::Env).to receive(:new).and_return(env_double)
data = {"a" => "x", "data" => {"key" => "value"}}
allow(env_double)
.to receive(:fetch).with("TESTO", any_args)
.and_return([data, nil])
end
end
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Mock context
— Just a shared context
— Evaluated within a "scratch" example group
on initialization to collect information
about stubbed classes and methods
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palkan
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Mock context
def evaluate_context!(context_id, tracking)
Class.new(RSpec::Core::ExampleGroup) do
include_context(context_id)
specify("true") { expect(true).to be(true) }
after do
RSpec::Mocks.space.proxies.values.each do
tracking.register_from_proxy(_1)
end
end
end.run
end
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palkan
72
Refactor
describe Anyway::Loaders::Env do
- let(:env) { instance_double(Anyway::Env) }
+ include_mock_context "Anyway::Env"
@@ ...
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RSpec post-check
config.after(:suite) do
TypedDouble.infer_types_from_calls!(
CallsTracer.calls
)
passed = MocksTracer.calls.all do
TypedDouble.typecheck(_1)
end
unless passed
exit(RSpec.configuration.failure_exit_code)
end
end
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palkan
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Mocked objects
finder
Mocked calls
collector
Real calls
collector
Type checker
Types generator
after(:suite)
before(:suite) run time
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Case #3.
Non-matching
behaviour
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palkan_tula
palkan
76
Refactor
class Anyway::Env
def fetch(prefix, **)
+ return if prefix.empty?
@@ ...
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palkan_tula
palkan
76
Refactor
class Anyway::Env
def fetch(prefix, **)
+ return if prefix.empty?
@@ ...
mock_context "Anyway::Env" do
before do
# ...
allow(env_double)
.to receive(:fetch)
.with("", any_args)
.and_return(
Anyway::Env::Parsed.new({}, nil))
end
end
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palkan
77
env.rbs
module Anyway
class Env
def fetch: (
::String,
?include_trace: (::FalseClass | ::TrueClass)
) -> ::Anyway::Env::Parsed?
end
end
We cannot specify which
string causes the return
value to be nil
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palkan
Double contract
— Stubs represent contracts
— Tests using real objects MUST verify
contracts (unit, end-to-end)
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palkan
79
github.com/psyho/bogus
github.com/robwold/compact
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Stubs → Contracts
— Collect method stub expected arguments
— Check that a real call with the matching
arguments was made and its return type
matches the mocked one
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palkan
81
Stubs → Contracts
allow(env_double).to receive(:fetch)
.with("", any_args)
.and_return(Anyway::Env::Parsed.new({}))
Anyway::Env#fetch: ("", _) -> Anyway::Env::Parsed
verification pattern
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$ bundle exec rspec --tags env
Mocks contract verifications are missing:
No matching call found for:
Anyway::Env#fetch: ("", _) -> Anyway::Env::Parsed
Captured calls:
("", _) -> NilClass
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palkan
83
Mocked objects
finder
Mocked calls
collector
Real calls
collector
Type checker
Types generator
Call patterns
verifier
after(:suite)
before(:suite) run time
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Are we there
yet?
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palkan
Limitations
— TracePoint could affect performance
(~30 50% overhead)
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palkan
TP alternatives
— Module#prepend
— Source rewriting (Ruby Next ⏩)
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palkan
Limitations
— TracePoint could affect performance
— Parallel builds support is tricky
— Verification patterns for non-value objects
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To seam or not
to seam?
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palkan_tula
palkan
“Slow and reliable tests are in general
much better than fast tests that break
without reason (false positives) and don't
catch actual breakage (false negatives).”
–Jeremy Evans, Polished Ruby programming
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palkan
“If you track your test coverage, try for
100% coverage before integrations
tests. Then keep writing integration
tests until you sleep well at night.”
–Active Interactor's Readme
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palkan
Keep it real
— Integration tests are the best seams
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palkan_tula
palkan
Keep it close to real
— Integration tests are the best seams
— Know your doubles
92
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$ stree search ~/dev/double_query.txt spec/**/*.rb
spec/broadcast/redis_spec.rb:15 4: allow(Redis).to receive(:new) { redis_conn }
spec/broadcast/redis_spec.rb:38 6: allow(redis_conn).to receive(:publish)
spec/broadcast/nats_spec.rb:14 4: allow(NATS::Client).to receive(:new) { nats_conn }
spec/broadcast/redis_spec.rb:52 6: allow(redis_conn).to receive(:publish)
spec/broadcast/nats_spec.rb:15 4: allow(nats_conn).to receive(:connect)
spec/broadcast/http_spec.rb:48 6: allow(AnyCable.logger).to receive(:error)
spec/anycable_spec.rb:77 16: adapter = double("adapter", broadcast: nil)
spec/broadcast/http_spec.rb:86 8: allow(adapter).to receive(:sleep)
spec/broadcast/nats_spec.rb:38 6: allow(nats_conn).to receive(:publish)
spec/broadcast/http_spec.rb:87 8: allow(AnyCable.logger).to receive(:error)
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palkan_tula
palkan
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Syntax Tree Search
CallNode[
receiver: NilClass,
message: Ident[value: "double" | "instance_double"],
arguments: ArgParen[
arguments: Args[
parts: [StringLiteral | VarRef[value: Const], BareAssocHash]
]
]
] |
Command[
message: Ident[value: "double" | "instance_double"],
arguments: Args[
parts: [StringLiteral | VarRef[value: Const], BareAssocHash]
]
] |
# ...
bit.ly/stree-doubles
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palkan_tula
palkan
Keep it close to real
95
— Integration tests are the best seams
— Know your doubles
— Fixturize your doubles
— Embrace types
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palkan_tula
palkan
96
Mock Suey
github.com/test-prof/mock-suey
gem "mock-suey"
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Thanks!
@palkan
@palkan_tula
evilmartians.com
@evilmartians