[RubyConf 2018] Ruby Next: Make old Rubies quack like a new one

by Vladimir Dementyev

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palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Ruby Next Vladimir Dementyev Evil Martians

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 2 Ruby

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Features & challenges 3

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Challenges for Ruby developers 4

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 5 Ruby Next

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Make old Rubies quack like a new one 6

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby -v  2.5.3p105  $ ruby -e "  case {hello: 'RubyConf'}  in hello: hello if hello =~ /Rails/  puts 'My name is David'  in hello: 'RubyConf'  puts 'My name is Vova'  end"  -e:3: syntax error, unexpected in, expecting when in hello: if hello =~ /Rails/ 7 tl;dr

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby -v  2.5.3p105  $ ruby -ruby-next -e "  case {hello: 'RubyConf'}  in hello: hello if hello =~ /Rails/  puts 'My name is David'  in hello: 'RubyConf'  puts 'My name is Vova'  end"  My name is Vova 8 tl;dr

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 9 About me

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Evil Martian 10

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 evilmartians.com 11

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 12 evilmartians.com What's next ?

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Ruby and !Ruby developer 13

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 github.com/palkan 14

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Gems author 15

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 rubygems.org/proﬁles/palkan 16

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 I have to write Ruby code compatible with older versions 17

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 18 2.3 — 2019-03-31 2.4 — 2020-03-31 ⏳ Ruby EOL

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 spec.require_ruby_version = " >= 2.5.0" 19

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 I want to use 2.7 features 20

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Not everyone is a gem maintainer 21

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2019/ruby/ 22

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 “30% reported that they're not about to switch” 23

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Performance Why upgrade? 24

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Performance New features Why upgrade? 25

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 26 Story time

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Jan 2018, Ruby 2.5 27

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 28 #yield_self

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module Kernel def yield_self yield self end end 29 Metaprogramming for good

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 30 #then

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module YieldSelfThen refine Kernel do unless nil.respond_to?(:yield_self) def yield_self yield self end end alias then yield_self end end 31 Metaprogramming for good

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Reﬁnements 32

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Introduced in 2.0 Has been experimental until 2.1 Getting better with every release Won't go away in 3.0 History 33

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Lexically scoped monkey-patch 34

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Reﬁnements changed the way method lookup work 35

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 def send(mid, *args) # iterate through the ancestors chain # (included/prepended modules and classes) k = self.class iter = self.class.ancestors.each loop do if k.instance_methods(false).include?(mid) return k.instance_method(mid) .bind_call(self, *args) end k = iter.next end end 36 Regular lookup

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 def send(mid, *args) k = self.class iter = self.class.ancestors.each loop do meth = + # lookup refinements in the execution context + if context.refinements_for(k)&.include?(mid) + context.refinements_for(k)[mid] - if k.instance_methods(false).include?(mid) + elsif k.instance_methods(false).include?(mid) k.instance_method(mid) end return meth.bind_call(self, *args) if meth k = iter.next end end 37 Reﬁned lookup

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 “Reﬁnements... Not fun.” — Ruby Implementation developer 38

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 JRuby vs reﬁnements 39 15 issues were closed in 2019

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Define refinement via refine Activate refinement via using 40

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module YieldSelfThen refine Kernel do unless nil.respond_to?(:yield_self) def yield_self yield self end end alias then yield_self end end 41 Deﬁne

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 using YieldSelfThen p Gem ::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION).then { |v| v.segments[0 ..1].join(".") } # => "2.5" 42 Activate

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 # succ.rb  using YieldSelfThen    p ARGV[0].then { |i| i.to_i + 1 }   # prec.rb  p ARGV[0].then { |i| i.to_i - 1 }   $ ruby succ.rb 2  3   $ ruby prec.rb 3  undefined method `then' for "3":String 43 Lexical

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Safe monkey-patch 44

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 We can use reﬁnements to safely “backport” new APIs 45

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Ruby gets new APIs with every minor release 46

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 47 Kernel#yield_self Thread#fetch Hash#transform_keys Hash#slice 2.5

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 48 Kernel#then Proc# >>/# << Enumerable#filter Array#union/#difference 2.6

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 49 2.7 Enumerable#tally Enumerable#filter_map Time#ceil/#floor UnboundMethod#bind_call

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 rubyreferences.github.io/rubychanges/ 50

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 One reﬁnement to rule them all 51 Ruby Next 2018

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 # stats.rb using RubyNext Dir["**/*"].filter_map do |path| next if path =~ %r{[$/]m?spec} File.extname(path) end.tally.sort_by(&:last).reverse_each do |(ext, count)| puts " #{count}\t #{ext}" end 52

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby -ruby-next stats.rb 67 .rb 50 5 .md 2 .lock 1 .txt 1 .mspec 1 .gemspec 1 .gemfile 1 .bat 1 .dict 54

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 55 Only contains undeﬁned or modiﬁed methods => no-op in Ruby 2.7 using RubyNext

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 That's what Ruby Next could be but... 56

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Ruby 2.7 adds a lot of new syntax features 57

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Pattern matching: case i; in ... end Numbered params: -> { _1 + _2 } Ruby 2.7 58

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Method reference: d.then(JSON.:parse) Args forwarding: def foo( ...) bar( ...) Ruby 2.7 59

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 We cannot reﬁne syntax 60

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Let's transpile it! 61

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Polyﬁlls (universal reﬁnement) Transpiler RubyNext 2019 62

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Transpiling 63

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Transpiling 64 transpiler Ruby 2.7 source code Ruby 2.5 source code

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Ruby Next is Babel for Ruby? 65

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 RubyNext is PostCSS for Ruby? 66

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Transpiling 67 source code new old source code AST new old AST

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 69 Ripper Source to AST

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby -r ripper -e "pp Ripper.sexp(File.read('beach.rb'))" [:program, [[:def, [:@ident, "beach", [1, 4]], [:paren, [:params, [:rest_param, [:@ident, "temperature", [1, 11]]], ], [:bodystmt, [[:case, [:var_ref, [:@ident, "temperature", [2, 7]]], [:in, [:aryptn, nil, [[:binary, [:symbol_literal, [:symbol, [:@ident, "celcius", [3, 6]]]], 70

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Since 1.9 Version-speciﬁc Ripper 71

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby -v  2.5.3p105 $ ruby -r ripper -e "pp Ripper.sexp(File.read('beach.rb'))" nil 72

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 preval 73 github.com/kddeisz/preval

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 74 Ripper RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree Source to AST

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby -e "pp RubyVM ::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file('beach.rb')" (SCOPE@1:0-14:3 body: (DEFN@1:0-14:3 mid: :beach body: (SCOPE@1:0-14:3 tbl: [:temperature] args: ... body: (CASE3@2:2-13:5 (LVAR@2:7-2:18 :temperature) (IN@3:2-12:16 (ARYPTN@3:5-3:28 const: nil pre: (LIST@3:5-3:28 75

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 New in 2.6 MRI-speciﬁc Version-speciﬁc RubyVM ::AbstractSyntaxTree 76

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 77 Ripper RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree Parser Source to AST

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ gem install parser $ ruby-parse ./beach.rb (def :beach (args (restarg :temperature)) (case-match (lvar :temperature) (in-pattern (array-pattern (match-alt (sym :celcius) (sym :c)) (begin (irange (int 20) (int 45)))) nil 78

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Written in pure Ruby Version-independent Bullet-proofed (e.g., by RuboCop) Parser 79

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 80 Parser Born at Evil Martians

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 81 Unparser $ gem install unparser   $ ruby -r parser/current -r unparser -e "  p Unparser.unparse(  Parser ::CurrentRuby.parse('%i[a a b c].tally'))  " "[:a, :a, :b, :c].tally"

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 82 Unparser $ gem install unparser   $ ruby -r parser/current -r unparser -e "  p Unparser.unparse(  Parser ::CurrentRuby.parse('%i[a a b c].tally'))  " "[:a, :a, :b, :c].tally"

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 83 <<"A #{b}C" #{ <<"A #{b}C" A #{b}C } str A #{b}C   # => "\nstr\n" Parser is not ideal (dstr (begin (dstr (str "A") (begin (send nil :b)))) (str "\n") (str "str\n") (str "A") (begin (send nil :b)))) " #{"A #{b}"}\nstr\nA #{b}" # => undefined local variable or method `b'

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Parser is good enough for now 84

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Parse Ruby code using edge parser Replace unsupported AST nodes with equivalents for the target version Generate new source code with unparser Ruby Next 85

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module Rewriters class MethodReference < Base def on_meth_ref(node) receiver, mid = *node.children node.updated( # (meth-ref :send, # (const nil :C) :m) [ # receiver, # -> :method, # s(:sym, mid) # (send ] # (const nil :C) :method ) # (sym :m) end end end 87

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module Rewriters class PatternMatching < Base def on_case_match(node) # ~500 LOC end end end 88

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 if ... else if ... else ... end #deconstruct & #deconstruct_keys Type and structure checks “Pattern matching” in <2.7 89

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 90 def fizzbuzz(num) rems = [num % 3, num % 5] if rems == [0, 0]  'FizzBuzz' elsif rems[0] == 0  'Fizz'  elsif rems[1] == 1  'Buzz' else  raise "NoMatchingPattern"  end  end def fizzbuzz(num) case [num % 3, num % 5] in [0, 0] then 'FizzBuzz' in [0, _] then 'Fizz' in [_, 0] then 'Buzz' end end 2.7 2.5 ad-hoc rewrite

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 91 def fizzbuzz(num) vals = [num % 3, num % 5]  .deconstruct raise TypeError unless Array === vals if (0 === vals[0]) &&  (0 === vals[1])   'FizzBuzz' elsif (0 === vals[0])  && (_ == vals[1] || true)  'Fizz'  elsif (_ == vals[0] || true)  && (1 === vals[1])  'Buzz' else  raise "NoMatchingPattern"  end  end def fizzbuzz(num) case [num % 3, num % 5] in [0, 0] then 'FizzBuzz' in [0, _] then 'Fizz' in [_, 0] then 'Buzz' end end 2.7 2.5 transpile

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ gem install ruby-next $ ruby-next nextify ./beach.rb -o stdout def beach(*temperature)  __matchee __ = temperature  if (((( __matchee_arr __ = __matchee __.deconstruct) || true) && ((Array === __matchee_arr __) || Kernel.raise(TypeError, __matchee __.inspect))) && ((2 == __matchee_arr __.size) && (((:celcius === __matchee_arr __[0]) || (:c === __matchee_arr __[0])) && ((20 ..45) === __matchee_arr __[1]))))  :favorable  else  if (((:kelvin === __matchee_arr __[0]) || (:k === __matchee_arr __[0])) && ((293 ..318) === __matchee_arr __[1]))  :scientifically_favorable  else  if (((:fahrenheit === __matchee_arr __[0]) || (:f === __matchee_arr __[0])) && ((68 ..113) === __matchee_arr __[1]))  :favorable_in_us  else  :avoid_beach  end  end  end  end 92

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 93 def beach(*temperature)  __matchee __ = temperature  if (((( __matchee_arr __ = __matchee __.deconstruct) || true) && ((Array === __matchee_arr __) || Kernel.raise(TypeError, __matchee __.inspect))) && ((2 == __matchee_arr __.size) && (((:celcius === __matchee_arr __[0]) || (:c === __matchee_arr __[0])) && ((20 ..45) === __matchee_arr __[1]))))  :favorable  else  if (((:kelvin === __matchee_arr __[0]) || (:k === __matchee_arr __[0])) && ((293 ..318) === __matchee_arr __[1]))  :scientifically_favorable  else  if (((:fahrenheit === __matchee_arr __[0]) || (:f === __matchee_arr __[0])) && ((68 ..113) === __matchee_arr __[1]))  :favorable_in_us  else  :avoid_beach  end  end  end  end def beach(*temperature) case temperature in :celcius | :c, (20 ..45) :favorable in :kelvin | :k, (293 ..318) :scientifically_favorable in :fahrenheit | :f, (68 ..113) :favorable_in_us else :avoid_beach end end For humans For machines

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Transpiling vs. performance 94

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 def beach(*temperature) case temperature in :celcius | :c, (20 ..45) :favorable in :kelvin | :k, (293 ..318) :scientifically_favorable in :fahrenheit | :f, (68 ..113) :favorable_in_us else :avoid_beach end end $ ruby benchmark/pattern_matching_array.rb Comparison:  transpiled: 2165271.2 i/s   baseline: 1004383.8 i/s - 2.16x slower 95

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 case JSON.parse(ARGV[0], symbolize_names: true) in {name: "Alice", children: [{name: "Bob", age: age}]} p "Bob age is #{age}" in _ "No Alice" end $ ruby benchmark/pattern_matching_mixed.rb Comparison:  transpiled: 314105.5 i/s  baseline: 273998.7 i/s - 1.15x slower 96

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 How to integrate a transpiler into an interpreted language? 97

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Gems: transpile at “build”/ release time Apps/Scripts: transpile at runtime 98

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Hijack Kernel#require & co Reimplement require mechanism Runtime 99

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module Kernel module_function alias_method :require_without_ruby_next, :require def require(path) RubyNext.require(path) rescue => e warn "Failed to require ' #{path}': #{e.message}" require_without_ruby_next(path) end end 100 Kernel#require *Don't try this at home

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $LOAD_PATH: where to search for “features” $LOADED_FEATURES: required ﬁles Two pillars of require 101

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module RubyNext module_function def require(path) realpath = resolve_feature_path(path) return false if $LOADED_FEATURES.include?(realpath) File.read(realpath) .then(&Language.:transform).then do |source| TOPLEVEL_BINDING.eval source, path $LOADED_FEATURES << path true end end end 102 RubyNext.require

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 module RubyNext module_function def resolve_feature_path(path) path = " #{path}.rb" if File.extname(path).empty? return path if Pathname.new(path).absolute? $LOAD_PATH.find do |lp| lpath = File.join(lp, path) return lpath if File.file?(lpath) end end end 104

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby -ruby-next -e "  case {eta: ARGV[0].to_i}  in eta: (0 ...10)  puts 'The end is near'  in eta: x if x > 10  puts 'Boooring'  end" 8  The end is near 108 -ruby-next

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 ruby -ruby-next == ruby -r uby-next 109

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 110

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Runtime mode is meant for tests and playgrounds 111

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 112 # test_helper.rb require 'ruby-next/runtime' Runtime in tests

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 113 # boot.rb require 'bootsnap/setup' require 'ruby-next/bootsnap' Runtime future

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Add transpiled ﬁles to releases No additional runtime deps* Nextify Gems 114 * polyﬁlls might still be required

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 $ ruby-next nextify ./lib -V  Generated: ./lib/.rbnext/rubanok/rule.rb  Generated: ./lib/.rbnext/rubanok/dsl/matching.rb 115

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 116 # lib/my_gem.rb require "ruby-next/language/setup" RubyNext ::Language.setup_gem_load_path

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 117 def setup_gem_load_path lib_dir = File.dirname(caller_locations(1, 1).first.path) current_index = $LOAD_PATH.index(lib_dir) next_dir = File.join(lib_dir, ".rbnext") if File.exist?(next_dir) $LOAD_PATH.insert current_index, next_dir current_index += 1 end end setup_gem_load_path

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 github.com/ruby-next/ruby-next 118

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Supported features 119 github.com/ruby-next/ruby-next/blob/master/SUPPORTED_FEATURES.md

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Compatibility matters 120

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 ruby/spec ruby/ruby/test/* Ruby Next tests 121

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 What's next? 122

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Make old all Rubies quack like a new one 123

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 JRuby TrufﬂeRuby mruby Opal Artichoke Prism Other Rubies 124

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 The role of Ruby Next? 125

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Performance New features Why upgrade? 126

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Performance Experimental features Why upgrade? 127

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 128 Experimental

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Experimental 129

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Experimental 130

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Expelliarmus 131

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 We need an experiment 132

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 133 |> 2019-06-13 — 2019-08-29

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 134 .: 2018-12-31 — 2019-11-12

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Do we have a process? 135

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Example: TC39 136

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 “will require feedback from ... users” ☝ 137

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Babel 138 https://scotch.io/tutorials/javascript-transpilers-what-they-are-why-we-need-them

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 The best way to taste new features is to start using them every day 139

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Don't wait for Christmas to give new Ruby a try 140

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142 palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Start using RubyNext 141

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palkan_tula palkan RubyConf 2019 Thank you! Vladimir Dementyev @ruby-next Evil Martians @palkan @palkan_tula evilmartians.com @evilmartians