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5G: An Advanced Introduction

Different 2G Systems D-AMPS – Digital AMPS • 1993 –
2009 • IS-54 & IS-136 • TDMA based technology ©3G4G cdmaOne • 1995 – 2001 • Championed by Qualcomm • IS-95 • CDMA based technology • Supplanted by CDMA2000 (3G) technology PDC – Personal Digital Cellular • 1993 – 2012 GSM – Global System for Mobile communications • Originally ‘Groupe Spécial Mobile’ • 1991 - present • First deployed in Finland, Dec. 1991 • Launched in UK, 1993 • Most popular 2G system in use worldwide • Uses mainly 900MHz or 1800MHz • Originally designed for voice only • SMS was commercially launched in 1995 • Data was supported using High-Speed, Circuit- Switched Data (HSCSD) giving max data rates of 57.6Kbps

GSM – Most popular 2Gsystem ©3G4G

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) ©3G4G

IMT-2000 Technologies IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD) TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD)
+ TD-SCDMA CDMA2000 UWC -136 (EDGE) DECT CDMA TDMA FDMA Paired Spectrum ©3G4G Unpaired Spectrum

Third Generation (3 ‘G’) Mobile System CDMA2000 EV-DO • Evolution
Data Optimized • Further evolved to • EV-DO Rev. A • EV-DO Rev. B Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) • Based on Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) • Uses FDD • Foundation of 3G systems worldwide, except some networks Time Division Synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) • Designed especially for China • Used by only 1 operator, ‘China Mobile’ • Based on Narrowband TDD ©3G4G

• Rel-99: DL = 384Kbps, UL = 384Kbps • Rel-5:
HSDPA (3.5G) – DL = 14Mbps, UL = 384Kbps • Rel-6: HSUPA (3.6G) – DL = 14Mbps, UL = 5.75Mbps • Rel-7: HSPA+ (3.7G) – DL = 28Mbps, UL = 11.52Mbps • Rel-8: HSPA+ (3.75G) – DL = 42Mbps, UL = 11.52Mbps • Rel-9: HSPA+ (3.8G) – DL = 84Mbps, UL = 23Mbps • Rel-10: HSPA+ (3.8G) – DL = 168Mbps, UL = 23Mbps • Rel-11: HSPA+ (3.85G) – DL = 672Mbps, UL = 70Mbps ©3G4G 3 ‘G’ Evolution

Fourth Generation (4 ‘G’) MobileSystem • 3G / UMTS →
IMT-2000 • HSPA/HSPA+ → Enhanced IMT-2000 • 4G / LTE → IMT-Advanced Notice the peak data rate ©3G4G

4G Claims Source: TechRepublic ©3G4G

IMT-Advanced and 4G Technologies ©3G4G

LTE: One Technology to Unify Them All LTE / LTE-A
(FDD – TDD) 3GPP 3GPP2 1xEV-DO: Enhanced Voice-DataOptimized CDMA ONE: Code Division Multiple Access One ©3G4G EDGE: eHRPD: GPRS: GSM: HSPA: HSPA+: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution Enhanced High Rate Packet Data General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobile Communications High Speed Packet Access High Speed Packet Access Plus OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access SCDMA: Synchronous CDMA TD: Time Division TD-SOFDMA TD Scalable OFDMA UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

4G Evolution 3.9G? 4G? 4G? 4G+? Advanced 4G? 4.5G? 4.5G?
4.9G? 5G? ©3G4G

5G → IMT-2020 ©3G4G

Focus area for different technologygenerations Data Speed / Throughput Connection
Density Latency / Delay Voice + SMS 2G Focus area 3G Focus area 4G Focus area 5G Focus area ©3G4G

Focus area for different technologygenerations Data Speed / Throughput Connection
Density Latency / Delay 2G, 3G, 4G ©3G4G 5G

Mobile Technology Evolution 1G Analog 2G Voice only, Limited coverage
and mobility. Example: AMPS Digital 3G Improved voice, security, coverage. SMS, data. Example GSM, CDMA Mobile Data 4G Higher data rates, smartphones, better voice. Example: HSPA / HSPA+ Mobile Broadband 5G High speed data, better smartphones. Example: LTE / LTE- A eMBB, mMTC, URLLC Even higher speeds, ultra-reliable, low latency, high connection density 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 ©3G4G

Comparison of 2G, 3G, 4G & 5Gtechnologies Speed Latency ConnectionDensity
Connection Speed, Latency & Density Comparison 2G 3G 4G 5G ©3G4G Example only. Not according to scale

Mobile Generation By Standards 2G 4G 5G 1G 3G 6G
NTT/HiCap AMPS/TACS NMT C-Nets RC-2000 GSM/GPRS/EGDE PDC IS-54/IS-136 IS-95 (cdmaOne) W-CDMA TD-SCDMA HSPA HSPA+ In some country CDMA2000 EVDO LTE In some country LTE LTE-Advanced LTE-A Pro UWC-136 5G X 5G NR+eLTE 6G X 6G X There is constant battle between standards, technology and marketing with regards to naming for different generations. Marketing generally wins! Based on Slides by Seizo Onoe, Chief Technology Architect at NTT DOCOMO, Inc. ©3G4G

4G vs 5G ©3G4G

5G Requirements Optimize for data rate Optimize for connection numbers
Optimize for delay ©3G4G Image Source: 5G-From Research to Standardisation - Bernard Barani European Commission, Globecom2014

5G (IMT-2020) Requirements eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband) – Capacity Enhancement
mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications) – Massive connectivity URLLC (Ultra-reliable and Low-latency communications)– High reliability, Low latency Gigabytes in a second Sensor Work and play in the cloud Industrial and vehicular automation Augmented/Virtual reality Mission critical broadband Self-driving car 3D video 4K screens Smart-city cameras Voice Sensor Network ITU-R IMT-2020 requirements Smart Homes ©3G4G

5G High Level Requirements and WishList 10 years battery life
©3G4G M2M Ultra low cost 100 x More devices than 4G >10 Gbps Peak data rates 100 Mbps Whenever needed 10000 x More traffic than 4G UR Ultra-Reliable < 1 ms Low latency on radio interface

Evolution of Speeds: Fixed, Wi-Fi &Mobile ©3G4G

©3G4G

©3G4G The Radio Spectrum is part of spectrum from 3Hz
to 3000GHz (3 THz)

Wi-Fi Spectrum around the world ©3G4G

Bandwidth in mobile networks The simplest way to understand bandwidth
is to think of them as pipes. The fatter the pipe, the more the bandwidth ©3G4G

Latency & Jitter ©3G4G Latency is generally defined as the
time it takes for a source to send a packet of data to a receiver. In simple terms, half of Ping time. This is also referred to as one way latency. Sometimes the term Round trip latency or round trip time (RTT) is also used to define latency. This is the same as ping time. Jitter is defined as the variation in the delay (or latency) of received packets. It is also referred to as ‘delay jitter’.

Explaining Latency vs Bandwidth A B C 1 ©3G4G 2
Bandwidth is often referred to as a measure of capacity. While Latency is a measure of delay.

TDD v/s FDD Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Simpler to implement
Simultaneous downlink and uplink transmission No need for synchronisation hence simpler implementation Needs paired spectrum UL/DL ratio is fixed. Time Division Duplex (TDD) Implementation is complex Only uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) at any time Need for synchronisation within the whole network No need for paired spectrum Number of UL/DL ratio is changeable Transmitter Transmitter UE UE ©3G4G

UK: Frequency Allocation for mobile – July2017 Source: Ofcom ©3G4G

UK: 2100MHz (2.1GHz) ©3G4G

UK: 2600 MHz (2.6GHz) ©3G4G

UK: 1800 MHz ©3G4G

UK: 2.3 and 3.4 GHz spectrum auctionResults Source: Ofcom ©3G4G

Importance of Frequency selection 2.1GHz 900MHz Higher frequency means faster
decay Lower frequency means more number of users ina given cell Higher frequency gets reflected from wallsand have poor penetration Lower frequency gets attenuated from wallsbut still penetrates ©3G4G

5G Spectrum ©3G4G

5G: Multiple Layers for multiple needs Coverage Layer Sub-1GHz Capacity
Layer 1GHz – 6GHz High Throughput Layers 6GHz – 100GHz ©3G4G

Types of Small Cells Rural ©3G4G

Mobile Towers or Macrocells

Examples of Small Cells ©3G4G

End-to-end (E2E) Latency ©3G4G End-to-end (E2E) latency: the time that
takes to transfer a given piece of information from a source to a destination, measured at the communication interface, from the moment it is transmitted by the source to the moment it is successfully received at the destination.

5G Latency Requirements - IndustryTargets ©3G4G NGMN 5G Requirements •5G
E2E Latency (eMBB) = 10ms (i.e. RTT from UE-Application-UE) •5G E2E Latency (URLLC) = 1ms (i.e. RTT from UE-Application-UE – or just UE-UE) In both cases, the values are defined as capabilities that should be supported by the 5G System. GSMA 5G Requirements •5G E2E Latency = 1ms (again, defined as a capability target, not as a universal requirement) ITU-R IMT-2020 Requirements •eMBB User Plane Latency (one-way) = 4ms [radio network contribution] •URLLC User Plane Latency (one-way) = 1ms [radio network contribution] •Control Plane Latency = 20ms (10ms target) [UE transition from Idle to Active via network] Low Latency Use Case Requirements (various sources) •Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality: 7-12ms •Tactile Internet (e.g. Remote Surgery, Remote Diagnosis, Remote Sales): < 10ms •Vehicle-to-Vehicle (Co-operative Driving, Platooning, Collision Avoidance): < 10ms •Manufacturing & Robotic Control / Safety Systems: 1-10ms Source: Andy Sutton

State of market, trials, etc. ©3G4G • June 2018: Vodafone
to kick off UK 5G trials in seven UK cities ahead of 2020 launch • June 2018: EE confirms October 2018 UK launch date for first 5G live trials • June 2018: Elisa claims "first in world to launch commercial 5G" • May 2018: Three Middle East Operators launch 'World's First' 5G Networks – Ooredoo, Qatar, STC, Saudi Arabia and Etisalat, UAE • May 2018: Verizon CEO: 5G coming end of 2018; expect competition on capability, not price • March 2018: KT, South Korea announces launch of 5G Network in 2019 • Feb 2018: T-Mobile USA announces that they will launch 5G in 12 cities by end of 2018 using 600 MHz • Jan 2018: AT&T to Launch Mobile 5G in 2018

NGMN 5G Use CasesExample Broadband access in dense areas PERVASIVE
VIDEO Broadband access everywhere 50+ MBPS EVERYWHERE 50 Higher user mobility HIGH SPEED TRAIN Massive Internet of Things SENSOR NETWORKS Extreme real-time communications TACTILE INTERNET Lifeline communications NATURAL DISASTER Ultra-reliable communications E-HEALTH SERVICES Broadcast-like services BROADCAST SERVICES 5G use case families and related examples ©3G4G

NGMN: 5G Families, Categories & UseCases • 3D Connectivity: Aircrafts
High user mobility Massive Internet of Things Broadband access everywhere • HD video/photo sharing in stadium/open-airgathering • 50 Mbps everywhere • Ultra-low cost networks • High speed train • Moving Hot Spots • Remote computing • Smart wearables (clothes) • Sensor networks • Mobile video surveillance Broadband access in a crowd Mobile broadband in vehicles Airplanes connectivity Massive low-cost/long-range/low-power MTC Broadband MTC 50+Mbps everywhere Ultra low-cost broadband access for low ARPU areas • Pervasive video • Operator cloud services • Dense urban cloud services • Smart Office Broadband access in dense area Indoor ultra-high broadband access ©3G4G Broadband access in dense area Families Categories Use cases

NGMN: 5G Families, Categories & UseCases Extreme real time connection
Broadband access in dense area • Tactile internet Lifeline communication Resilience and traffic surge • Natural disaster • eHealth: Extreme Life Critical • Public safety • 3D Connectivity: Drones • News and information • Broadcast like services: Local, Regional, National Ultra-reliable communication Ultra-high availability & reliability Broadcast like services Broadcast like services • Automatic traffic control-driving • Collaborative robots • Remote object manipulation – Remote surgery Ultra-high reliability & Ultra low latency Families ©3G4G Categories Use cases

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA): 5G-to-the-Home mmWave Distribution Fiber distribution point
Feeder route mmWave cmWave and mmWave radios (possibly with Massive MIMO) Using mmWave spectrum each 5G base station can reach tens of households, each fitted with an antenna One access antenna per household (indoor or outdoor) and Wi- Fi distribution inside the home Source:Nokia ©3G4G

5.8 GHz FWA installation Example Source: Plum Consulting Whitepaper onFWA
©3G4G

Cellular V2X Concept Backend Vulnerable road users LTE/5G P2N LTE/5G
V2P LTE/5G V2N LTE/5G V2V LTE/5G V2V LTE/5G V2N LTE/5G V2I Traffic lights, roadside infrastructure Parking NB-IoT Edge Cloud Local Sensors Local Sensors Local Sensors V2X – Vehicle to Everything V2I – Vehicle to Infrastructure V2P – Vehicle to Pedestrian V2V – Vehicle to Vehicle V2N – Vehicle to Network P2N – Pedestrian to Network ©3G4G

5G Connected Car: In-vehicle infotainment Cloud 5G 5G 5G 5G
A dense city center deployment of 5G deliver mobile broadband and infotainment services to customers using public transport Source:Nokia ©3G4G

5G Connected Stadiums 5G Pit stop view Drive/car view 5G
Aerial/top view VIP With 5G, CSPs can offer multiple camera views and virtual reality to thousands at a major sporting event VRsets Tickets Tablets Walk on the track Source:Nokia ©3G4G

5G Autonomous Driving: Platooning 5G is the most promising enabler
of truck platooning in which long convoys of trucks are automatically governed and require only a single driver in the lead vehicle Cloud 5G 5G 5G 5G 5G Source:Nokia ©3G4G

Summary of 5G Use Cases Video Monitoring MobileCloud Computing Industrial
Automation Vehicle to Infrastructure Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) Health CareMonitoring Remote Surgery PublicSafety Wearables Social Networking Video Calling VirtualMeetings Fixed Wireless UHD Video Smart Home / SmartCities Extreme Mobile Broadband (eMBB) ©3G4G Massive Scale Communication (mMTC) Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Service (URLLC) Human to Human Human to Machine Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality Machine to Machine Source: 5G Americas

2G / 3G Mobile NetworkArchitecture Circuit Switched (CS) Core Radio
Access Network (RAN) Core Network (CN) Air Interface Packet Switched (PS) Core Base Station Controller BaseStation Transmitter / Receiver Data (IP) Network Voice (PSTN) Network Base Station User Equipment (UE) Base Station Controller Backhaul ©3G4G Core Network • Connects to voice and data networks • Provides Security and Authentication • Billing / Charging • Roaming Backhaul • Connects access network with core network • Example: Fiber, microwave, satellite, mesh, etc. Access Network • Connects devices over the air • Allows mobility and handovers

4G Mobile Network Architecture Circuit Switched (CS) Core Air Interface
Packet Switched (PS) Core BaseStation Controller BaseStation Transmitter / Receiver Data (IP) Network Voice (PSTN) Network Base Station User Equipment (UE) BaseStation Controller Backhaul Evolution Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Data (IP) Network eNB UE Evolved Packet System (EPS) Long Term Evolution (LTE) of Radio Interface System Architecture Evolution (SAE) ©3G4G Radio Access Network (RAN) Core Network (CN)

EPC before CUPS(Control and User Plane Separation of EPC nodes)
Data (IP) Network MME UE S-GW P-GW EPC S1- MME S1-U S1 1 SGi HSS S6a PCRF TDF SGi Gx S5/S8 eNB ©3G4G

EPC after CUPS Data (IP) Network UE TDF-U SGi P-GW-U
Sxb P-GW-C Gx PCRF Sxc S5/S8-U S5/S8-C TDF-C S-GW-U S-GW-C S11 MME S6a HSS Sxa EPC S1- MME S1- U SGi eNB ©3G4G

High Level Principles for CUPSArchitecture ©3G4G • The CP function
terminates the Control Plane protocols: GTP-C, Diameter (Gx, Gy, Gz). • A CP function can interface multiple UP functions, and a UP function can be shared by multiple CP functions. • An UE is served by a single SGW-CP but multiple SGW-UPs can be selected for different PDN connections. A user plane data packet may traverse multiple UP functions. • The CP function controls the processing of the packets in the UP function by provisioning a set of rules in Sx sessions • A legacy SGW, PGW and TDF can be replaced by a split node without effecting connected legacy nodes.

Advantages of CUPS Architecture ©3G4G • Reducing Latency on application
service, e.g. by selecting User plane nodes which are closer to the RAN or more appropriate for the intended UE usage type without increasing the number of control plane nodes. • Supporting Increase of Data Traffic, by enabling to add user plane nodes without changing the number of SGW-C, PGW-C and TDF-C in the network. • Locating and Scaling the CP and UP resources of the EPC nodes independently. • Independent evolution of the CP and UP functions. • Enabling Software Defined Networking to deliver user plane data more efficiently.

5G Mobile Network Architecture Air Interface New & Evolution Evolved
Packet Core (EPC) Data (IP) Network eNB UE Evolved Packet System (EPS) 5G Core (5GC) Data (IP) Network gNB UE 5G System (5GS) New Radio orNext- Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ©3G4G Radio Access Network (RAN) Core Network (CN) 5G System is defined as 3GPP system consisting of 5G Access Network (AN), 5G Core Network and UE. The 5G System provides data connectivity and services. 3GPP TS 23.501: System Architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2 3GPP TS 23.502: Procedures for the 5G System; Stage 2

Control plane function group 5G System (5GS) – Actual Data
Network (DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFE UDM AF UDR FE UDC ©3G4G N1 N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf Naf AF Application Function AMF Access and Mobility management Function AUSF Authentication Server Function DN DataNetwork FE Front End NEF Network ExposureFunction NRF NF Repository Function NSSF Network Slice Selection Function PCF Policy Control Function (R)AN (Radio) AccessNetwork SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy SMF Session Management Function UDM Unified Data Management UDR Unified Data Repository UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Function UE User Equipment UPF User Plane Function

NFV: Moving Hardware into Software ©3G4G

The Networks are also changing physically Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) Hardware
©3G4G

Network Slicing CN Slice #2 NF1 NF2 CN Slice #3
NF1 NF3 CN Slice #4 NF1 NF2 NF3 CN Slice #5 NF1 CN Slice #6 NF1 NF2 Slice pairing function between RAN/fixed access and CN RAN Slice #2 RAN Slice #3 RAN Slice #4 Fixed Access Slice #1 Fixed Access Slice#2 Device A Device B Device C Device D Device E RAN RAN Slice #1 ©3G4G CN CN Slice#1 NF1 NF2 NF3 Same physical Infrastructure, different logical functions

Network Slicing Example RAN Slice #1 RAN Slice #2 RAN
Slice #3 RAN Slice #4 Fixed Access Slice#1 Fixed Access Slice#2 Smart Phone MVNO UE IoT Device CN MBB Slice • Video StreamingSupport • MMS Support • Voice Calls and Features • Service Continuity • Charging Support • Data Path Optimization • …. • Small Data Optimization • BatteryConservation • Charging Support • …. CN IoT Slice • MVNO Operator FeatureSet • MBB Support • Operator Specific Charging • …. CN MVNO Slice ©3G4G

Edge Computing: computing and storageresources next to theuser ✓ Content&
Logic Content& Logic Edge Cloud/Compute Core Peering Internet Low latency applications Autonomous Devices • Drones • Self-Driving Cars • Robotics Immersive Experiences Natural Interfaces • Interactive Environments • Virtual Reality • Augmented Reality • Voice Control • Motion Control • Eye- Tracking [Ultra Latency < 20 ms] Edge Computing….and more: Fog/Device Computing Reduced latency through Edge Computing ©3G4G network latency Edge Computing benefits • (Ultra-) low latency: disruptive improvement of customer experience • Reduction of backhaul/core network traffic: cloud services (e.g., big data) near to user • In-network data processing Some issues to be fully addressed, incl. Resource limitation, more complexity inefficient application execution, service continuity and mobility 4G/5G WiFi

5G New Radio (NR) A new 5G-specific radio communication system
called New Radio (NR) has been defined with no backward compatibility with the existing LTE and LTE- Advanced systems. ©3G4G

5G New Radio (NR) ©3G4G

eNB, ng-eNB, gNB ©3G4G • eNodeB (eNB) – LTE access
network from 3GPP Rel-8 up to 3GPP Rel-14 • Next generation eNodeB (ng-eNB) – LTE access network from 3GPP Rel- 15 onwards • node providing E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, and connected via the NG interface to the 5GC. • Next generation NodeB (gNB) – 5G access network from 3GPP Rel-15 onwards. • node providing NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, and connected via the NG interface to the 5GC.

Next Generation Radio Access Network(NG-RAN) An NG-RAN node is either:
• a gNB, providing NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE; or • an ng-eNB, providing E- UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE. ©3G4G

5G NR (New Radio) RadioFrame ©3G4G • The 5G NR
Radio Frame is in units of 10ms • Subframes are defined in units of 1ms • Slots are defines as 14 OFDM Symbols and their time interval depends on sub-carrier spacing Source: NTT Docomo

XYZ Source: Qualcomm

5G Numerology? In the context of 3GPP 5G standardization contributions,
the term numerology refers to the configuration of waveform parameters, and different numerologies are considered as OFDM-based sub-frames having different parameters such as subcarrier spacing/symbol time, CP size, etc. Source: ZTE ©3G4G

Subcarrier Spacing ©3G4G • The NR subcarrier spacing is defined
as 15 x 2n kHz, where n can take positive values at the moment • n = 0, 15 x 20 = 15 kHz • n = 1, 15 x 21 = 30 kHz • n = 2, 15 x 22 = 60 kHz • n = 3, 15 x 23 = 120 kHz • n = 4, 15 x 24 = 240 kHz • In future n can take both positive and negative values • n = -1, 15 x 2-1 = 7.5 kHz • n = -2, 15 x 2-2 = 3.75 kHz → same as LTE NB-IoT subcarrier spacing

Massive MIMO: Wide Beams to NarrowBeams 3-sector wide beams, each
covering 120⁰ ©3G4G 20 beams Massive-MIMO system covering 120⁰ cell sector Source: 5G NR Beam Management and Beam Scheduling, ManoharanRamalingam Nokia has a system with 128 antennas all working together to form 32 beams and wants to schedule up to four beams in a specified amount of time. The number of possible ways to schedule four of 32 beams mathematically adds up to more than 30,000 options. Source: 3 Ways Nokia is Using Machine Learning in 5G Networks, IEEE Spectrum, June 2018

Massive MIMO: Theory and Practice Source: Dr. Chih-Lin I. ©3G4G

PHY SDAP PDCP RLC MAC RRC NAS PHY SDAP PDCP
RLC MAC RRC NAS UE gNB AMF C-plane U-plane C-plane C-plane U-plane Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 ©3G4G

Mobile Towers in Real Life Source: Ofcom

Mobile Towers in Real Life BBU + RU Source: National
Instruments

Macrocell Connections & Terminology BBU + Router RRU / RRH
Fronthaul (CPRI) Service Provider Datacenter Backhaul ©3G4G

Centralized RAN (C-RAN) / BBU Hostelling RRU / RRH Fronthaul
(CPRI) Service Provider Datacenter Backhaul BBU Hostel ©3G4G

Cloud RAN (C-RAN) RRU / RRH Fronthaul (CPRI) Service Provider
Datacenter Backhaul Cloud Datacenter ©3G4G

5G Split Point Options PDCP Low- RLC High- MAC Low-
MA C High- PHY Low-PHY PDCP Low- RLC High- MAC Low- MA C High- PHY Low-PHY Option5 Option4 Option6 Option7 Option2 Option1 RRC RRC RF RF Option8 Data Data High- RLC High- RLC Option3 ©3G4G Further details: 3GPP TR 38.801

Mapping of CU and DU functions according to the split
points CU – Central Unit DU – Distributed Unit RU – Remote Unit RRH – Remote Radio Head NGC – Next-generation Core ©3G4G

Evolving from single-node in 4G to split function architecture in
5G Source: ITU-T GSTR-TN5G Transport network support of IMT-2020/5G UP L1' RRU BBU EPC S1 CPRI CN CU DU RRU F1 NG eCPRI/CPRI/ NGFI L1",L2-RT L2-NRT,L3 ©3G4G UP core CP/UP 4G 5G Xn X2

AMF UPF 5GC AMF UPF NG-C NG-U NG-C NG-U ©3G4G
Central Unit (CU) Higher Layer Split (HLS) Distributed Unit (DU) Lower Layer Split (LLS) Remote Radio Head (RRH)

2G – 4G Reference Point NetworkArchitecture BSC BTS MSC Voice
(PSTN) Network SGSN Data (IP) Network RNC Node B eNodeB MME GGSN Access Network Core Network Air Interface MS UE UE BSS RNS P-GW S-GW 2G 2.5G 3G 4G EPC ©3G4G

5GS Reference PointRepresentation ©3G4G

5GS Service Based Architecture(SBA) ©3G4G

SBA Terminology Source: Georg Mayer NF – Network Function SBI
– Service Based Interface SBA – Service Based Architecture ©3G4G

Core Network Architecture Evolution in 5G • Functional entities •
Single Core • Dedicated protocols • Service Based (SBA/SBI/NAPS) • Virtualization & Slicing • Softwarization/ Cloudification • Application Programming Interfaces • Harmonized protocols (HTTP …) • Exposure to 3rdParties • Backward & Forward Compatibility 5G ©3G4G Source: Georg Mayer

Control plane function group 5GS Service Based Architecture(SBA) gNodeB (NG-RAN)
5G UE User plane function ©3G4G

Control plane function group 5GS Service Based Architecture(SBA) gNodeB (NG-RAN)
5G UE User plane function UPF N3 ©3G4G

User Plane Function (UPF) • The U-plane function (UPF) in
the 5G core network provides functions specific to U-plane processing the same as S-GW-U and P-GW-U in CUPS. • See section 6.2.3 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of UPF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

User Plane Function (UPF) ©3G4G • Section 6.2.3 of TS
23.501 - The User plane function (UPF) includes the following functionality. Some or all of the UPF functionalities may be supported in a single instance of a UPF: • Anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility (when applicable). • External PDU Session point of interconnect to Data Network. • Packet routing & forwarding (e.g. support of Uplink classifier to route traffic flows to an instance of a data network, support of Branching point to support multi-homed PDU session). • Packet inspection (e.g. Application detection based on service data flow template and the optional PFDs received from the SMF in addition). • User Plane part of policy rule enforcement, e.g. Gating, Redirection, Traffic steering). • Lawful intercept (UP collection). • Traffic usage reporting. • QoS handling for user plane, e.g. UL/DL rate enforcement, Reflective QoS marking in DL. • Uplink Traffic verification (SDF to QoS Flow mapping). • Transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink. • Downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. • Sending and forwarding of one or more "end marker" to the source NG-RAN node. • ARP proxying as specified in IETF RFC 1027 and / or IPv6 Neighbour Solicitation Proxying as specified in IETF RFC 4861 functionality for the Ethernet PDUs. The UPF responds to the ARP and / or the IPv6 Neighbour Solicitation Request by providing the MAC address corresponding to the IP address sent in the request. NOTE:Not all of the UPF functionalities are required to be supported in an instance of user plane function of a Network Slice.

User plane function UPF Control plane function group 5GS Service
Based Architecture(SBA) Data Network (DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE N3 ©3G4G N6

Control plane function group 5GS Service Based Architecture(SBA) 5G UE
SMF N4 User plane function UPF Data Network (DN) ©3G4G gNodeB (NG-RAN) N3 N6

Session Management Function (SMF) • The control plane functionality has
been slightly re-organized in 5G core network. Instead of MME, S-GW-C & P-GW-C in EPC, the functionality has been divided between Session Management Function (SMF) and Access & Mobility managementFunction. • There can be multiple SMFs associated with the UE. One for each slice. • See section 6.2.2 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of SMF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Session Management Function (SMF) ©3G4G • Section 6.2.2 of TS
23.501 - The Session Management function (SMF) includes the following functionality. Some or all of the SMF functionalities may be supported in a single instance of a SMF: • Session Management e.g. Session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node. • UE IP address allocation & management (including optional Authorization). • DHCPv4 (server and client) and DHCPv6 (server and client) functions. • ARP proxying as specified in IETF RFC 1027 [53] and / or IPv6 Neighbour Solicitation Proxying as specified in IETF RFC 4861 [54] functionality for the Ethernet PDUs. The SMF responds to the ARP and / or the IPv6 Neighbour Solicitation Request by providing the MAC address corresponding to the IP address sent in the request. • Selection and control of UP function, including controlling the UPF to proxy ARP or IPv6 Neighbour Discovery, or to forward all ARP/IPv6 Neighbour Solicitation traffic to the SMF,for Ethernet PDU Sessions. • Configures traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination. • Termination of interfaces towards Policy control functions. • Lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI System). • Charging data collection and support of charging interfaces. • Control and coordination of charging data collection at UPF. • Termination of SM parts of NAS messages. • Downlink Data Notification. • Initiator of AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN. • Determine SSC mode of a session.

Session Management Function (SMF) ©3G4G • Roaming functionality: • Handle
local enforcement to apply QoS SLAs (VPLMN). • Charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN). • Lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI System). • Support for interaction with external DN for transport of signalling for PDU Session authorization/authentication by external DN. NOTE:Not all of the functionalities are required to be supported in a instance of a Network Slice. In addition to the functionalities of the SMF described above, the SMF may include policy related functionalities as described in clause 6.2.2 in TS 23.503.

Control plane function group 5GS Service Based Architecture(SBA) Data Network
(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF N1 ©3G4G N2 N3 N6 N4

Access & Mobility management Function(AMF) • AMF is a single
node to manage all UE related functions. • The EPC functionality of MME, S-GW-C & P-GW-C has been reallocated so that all access and mobility functionality is done by AMF • See section 6.2.1 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of AMF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Access & Mobility management Function(AMF) ©3G4G Section 6.2.1 of TS
23.501 - The Access and Mobility Management function (AMF) includes the following functionality. Some or all of the AMF functionalities may be supported in a single instance of an AMF: • Termination of RAN CP interface (N2). • Termination of NAS (N1), NAS ciphering and integrity protection. • Registration management. • Connection management. • Reachability management. • Mobility Management. • Lawful intercept (for AMF events and interface to LI System). • Provide transport for SM messages between UE and SMF. • Transparent proxy for routing SM messages. • Access Authentication. • Access Authorization. • Provide transport for SMS messages between UE and SMSF. • Security Anchor Functionality (SEAF). It interacts with the AUSF and the UE, receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE authentication process. In case of USIM based authentication, the AMF retrieves the security material from the AUSF. • Security Context Management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. • Location Services management for regulatory services. • Provide transport for Location Services messages between UE and LMF as well as between RAN and LMF. • EPS Bearer ID allocation for interworking with EPS. NOTE 1: Regardless of the number of Network functions, there is only one NAS interface instance per access network between the UE and the CN, terminated at one of the Network functions that implements at least NAS security and Mobility Management.

Access & Mobility management Function(AMF) ©3G4G In addition to the
functionalities of the AMF described above, the AMF may include the following functionality to support non-3GPP access networks: • Support of N2 interface with N3IWF. Over this interface, some information (e.g. 3GPP cell Identification) and procedures (e.g. Hand-Over related) defined over 3GPP access may not apply, and non-3GPP access specific information may be applied that do not apply to 3GPP accesses. • Support of NAS signalling with a UE over N3IWF. Some procedures supported by NAS signalling over 3GPP access may be not applicable to untrusted non-3GPP (e.g. Paging) access. • Support of authentication of UEs connected over N3IWF. • Management of mobility, authentication, and separate security context state(s) of a UE connected via non-3GPP access or connected via 3GPP and non- 3GPP accesses simultaneously. • Support as described in clause 5.3.2.3 a co-ordinated RM management context valid over 3GPP and Non 3GPP accesses. •Support as described in clause 5.3.3.4 dedicated CM management contexts for the UE for connectivity over non-3GPP access. NOTE 2: Not all of the functionalities are required to be supported in an instance of a Network Slice. In addition to the functionalities of the AMF described above, the AMF may include policy related functionalities as described in clause 6.2.8 in TS 23.503

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF N1 ©3G4G N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf

Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) • NSSF supports the following
functionality: • Selecting the set of Network Slice instances serving the UE, • Determining the Allowed NSSAI (Network Slice Selection Assistance Information) and, if needed, the mapping to the Subscribed S-NSSAIs, • Determining the AMF Set to be used to serve the UE, or, based on configuration, a list of candidate AMF(s), possibly by querying the NRF. CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) ©3G4G Section 6.2.14 of TS
23.501 - The Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) supports the followingfunctionality: • Selecting the set of Network Slice instances serving the UE, • Determining the Allowed NSSAI and, if needed, the mapping to the Subscribed S-NSSAIs, • Determining the AMF Set to be used to serve the UE, or, based on configuration, a list of candidate AMF(s), possibly by querying the NRF.

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF N1 ©3G4G N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef

Network Exposure Function (NEF) • A Network Exposure Function (NEF)
having a function similar to the Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) in EPC. • See section 6.2.5 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of NEF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Network Exposure Function (NEF) ©3G4G Section 6.2.5 of TS 23.501
- The Network Exposure Function (NEF) supports the following independent functionality: • Exposure of capabilities and events: 3GPP NFs expose capabilities and events to other NFs via NEF. NF exposed capabilities and events may be securely exposed for e.g. 3rd party, Application Functions, Edge Computing as described in clause 5.13. NEF stores/retrieves information as structured data using a standardized interface (Nudr) to the Unified Data Repository (UDR). NOTE:The NEF can access the UDR located in the same PLMN as the NEF. • Secure provision of information from external application to 3GPP network: It provides a means for the Application Functions to securely provide information to 3GPP network, e.g. Expected UE Behaviour. In that case the NEF may authenticate and authorize and assist in throttling the Application Functions. • Translation of internal-external information: It translates between information exchanged with the AF and information exchanged with the internal network function. For example, it translates between an AF-Service-Identifier and internal 5G Core information such as DNN, S-NSSAI, as described in clause 5.6.7. In particular, NEF handles masking of network and user sensitive information to external AF's according to the network policy. • The Network Exposure Function receives information from other network functions (based on exposed capabilities of other network functions). NEF stores the received information as structured data using a standardized interface to a Unified Data Repository (UDR) (interface to be defined by 3GPP). The stored information can be accessed and "re-exposed" by the NEF to other network functions and Application Functions, and used for other purposes such as analytics. • A NEF may also support a PFD Function: The PFD Function in the NEF may store and retrieve PFD(s) in the UDR and shall provide PFD(s) to the SMF on the request of SMF (pull mode) or on the request of PFD management from NEF (push mode), as described in TS 23.503. A specific NEF instance may support one or more of the functionalities described above and consequently an individual NEF may support a subset of the APIs specified for capability exposure. NOTE:The NEF can access the UDR located in the same PLMN as the NEF.

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF N1 ©3G4G N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf

Network Repository Function (NRF) • Different Network Functions (NFs) are
connected together via a uniform interface called a service-based interface. In addition, an individual NF consists of smaller unit functions called NF services, and an NF service in a certain NF can directly access an NF service in another NF without having to pass through another node. A Network Repository Function (NRF) provides a discovery function for NF services. • See section 6.2.6 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of NRF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Network Repository Function (NRF) ©3G4G Section 6.2.6 of TS 23.501
- The NF Repository Function (NRF) supports the followingfunctionality: • Supports service discovery function. Receive NF Discovery Request from NF instance, and provides the information of the discovered NF instances (be discovered) to the NF instance. • Maintains the NF profile of available NF instances and their supported services. NF profile of NF instance maintained in an NRF includes the followinginformation: • NF instance ID • NF type • PLMN ID • Network Slice related Identifier(s) e.g. S-NSSAI, NSI ID • FQDN or IP address of NF • NF capacity information • NF Specific Service authorization information • Names of supported services • Endpoint information of instance(s) of each supported service • Identification of stored data/information NOTE 1: This is only applicable for a UDR profile. See applicable input parameters for Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister service operation in TS 23.502 clause 5.2.7.2.2. This information applicability to other NF profiles is implementation specific. • Other service parameter, e.g., DNN, notification endpoint for each type of notification that the NF service is interested in receiving. NOTE 2: It is expected service authorization information is usually provided by OA&M system, and it can also be included in the NF profile in case that e.g. an NF instance has an exceptional service authorization information.

Network Repository Function (NRF) ©3G4G In the context of Network
Slicing, based on network implementation, multiple NRFs can be deployed at different levels (see clause 5.15.5): - PLMN level (the NRF is configured with information for the whole PLMN), - shared-slice level (the NRF is configured with information belonging to a set of Network Slices), -slice-specific level (the NRF is configured with information belonging to an S-NSSAI). NOTE 3: Whether NRF is an enhancement of DNS server is to be determined during Stage 3. In the context of roaming, multiple NRFs may be deployed in the different networks (see clause 4.2.4): - the NRF(s) in the Visited PLMN (known as the vNRF) configured with information for the visited PLMN. - the NRF(s) in the Home PLMN (known as the hNRF) configured with information for the home PLMN, referenced by the vNRF via the N27 interface

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF UDM UDR FE N1 ©3G4G N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm

Unified Data Repository (UDR) • UDR is a facility where
user data can be accessed stored and managed in a common way. • See section 6.2.11 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of UDR CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Unified Data Repository (UDR) ©3G4G Section 6.2.11 of TS 23.501
- The Unified Data Repository (UDR) supports the following functionality: • Storage and retrieval of subscription data by the UDM. • Storage and retrieval of policy data by the PCF. • Storage and retrieval of structured data for exposure, and application data (including Packet Flow Descriptions (PFDs) for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs), by the NEF. The Unified Data Repository is located in the same PLMN as the NF service consumers storing in and retrieving data from it using Nudr. Nudr is an intra- PLMN interface. NOTE 1: Deployments can choose to collocate UDR with UDSF. Section 6.2.12 of TS 23.501 - The UDSF (Unstructured Data Storage Function) is an optional function that supports the following functionality: •Storage and retrieval of information as unstructured data by any NF. NOTE:Deployments can choose to collocate UDSF with UDR.

Front End (FE) • Front End (FE) is a core
network functional entity or service layer entity or provisioning entity that can access user data stored in a unique repository. • Front End Identifier is defined as a name that uniquely identifies an FE within the set of all FEs accessing an UDR. CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Unified Data Management (UDM) • Unified Data Management (UDM), is
analogous to the Home Subscriber Server (HSS) in EPC architecture and introduces the concept of User Data Convergence (UDC) that separates the User Data Repository (UDR) storing and managing subscriber information from the front end processing subscriber information. • See section 6.2.7 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of UDM CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Unified Data Management(UDM) ©3G4G Section 6.2.7 of TS 23.501 -
The Unified Data Management (UDM) includes support for the following functionality: • Generation of 3GPP AKA Authentication Credentials. • User Identification Handling (e.g. storage and management of SUPI for each subscriber in the 5G system). • Access authorization based on subscription data (e.g. roaming restrictions). • UE's Serving NF Registration Management (e.g. storing serving AMF for UE, storing serving SMF for UE's PDU Session). • Support to service/session continuity e.g. by keeping SMF/DNN assignment of ongoing sessions. • MT-SMS delivery support. • Lawful Intercept Functionality (especially in outbound roaming case where UDM is the only point of contact for LI). • Subscription management. • SMS management. To provide this functionality, the UDM uses subscription data (including authentication data) that may be stored in UDR, in which case a UDM implements the application logic and does not require an internal user data storage and then several different UDMs may serve the same user in different transactions. NOTE1: NOTE2: The interaction between UDM and HSS is implementation specific. The UDM is located in the HPLMN of the subscribers it serves, and access the information of the UDR located in the same PLMN.

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE UDM UDR FE N1 ©3G4G N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf

Authentication Server Function (AUSF) • The front-end section includes new
specifications for an Authentication Server Function (AUSF) dedicated to authentication processing • See section 6.2.8 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of AUSF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Authentication Server Function (AUSF) ©3G4G Section 6.2.8 of TS 23.501
- The AUSF supports the following functionality: • Supports Authentication Server Function (AUSF) as specified by SA WG3.

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFE UDM UDR FE N1 ©3G4G N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf

Policy Control Function (PCF) • The front-end section includes new
specifications for a Policy Control Function (PCF) corresponding to the Policy and Charging Rule control Function (PCRF) in EPC. • See section 6.2.4 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of PCF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Policy Control Function (PCF) ©3G4G Section 6.2.4 of TS 23.501
- The Policy Control Function (PCF) includes the following functionality: • Supports unified policy framework to govern network behaviour. • Provides policy rules to Control Plane function(s) to enforce them. • Accesses subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a Unified Data Repository (UDR). NOTE:The PCF accesses the UDR located in the same PLMN as the PCF. The details of the PCF functionality are defined in clause 6.2.1 of TS 23.503.

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFE UDM UDR FE UDC ©3G4G N1 N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf

User Data Convergence (UDC) • User data convergence is an
optional concept to ensure data consistency and simplify creation of new services by providing easy access to the user data, as well as to ensure the consistency of storage and data models and to have minimum impact on traffic mechanisms, reference points and protocols of network elements. • See 3GPP TS 23.335: User Data Convergence (UDC); Technical realization and information flows; Stage 2 for more details CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

UDC Reference Architecture • Standardization of the Data Model for
the Ud interface between Front- Ends and the UDR is out of the scope of 3GPP. ©3G4G

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFE UDM AF UDR FE UDC ©3G4G N1 N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf Naf

Application Function (AF) • The Application Function (AF) fulfils the
role of an application server. It interacts with the 3GPP Core Network in order to provide services • See section 6.2.10 of TS 23.501 for more details on functionality of AF CUPS Architecture ©3G4G

Application Function (AF) ©3G4G Section 6.2.10 of TS 23.501 -
The Application Function (AF) interacts with the 3GPP Core Network in order to provide services, for example to support the following: • Application influence on traffic routing (see clause 5.6.7), • Accessing Network Exposure Function (see clause 5.20), • Interacting with the Policy framework for policy control (see clause 5.14), Based on operator deployment, Application Functions considered to be trusted by the operator can be allowed to interact directly with relevant Network Functions. Application Functions not allowed by the operator to access directly the Network Functions shall use the external exposure framework (see clause 7.4) via the NEF to interact with relevant Network Functions. The functionality and purpose of Application Functions are only defined in this specification with respect to their interaction with the 3GPP Core Network.

(DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFE UDM AF UDR FE UDC ©3G4G N1 N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf Naf AF Application Function AMF Access and Mobility management Function AUSF Authentication Server Function DN DataNetwork FE Front End NEF Network ExposureFunction NRF NF Repository Function NSSF Network Slice Selection Function PCF Policy Control Function (R)AN (Radio) AccessNetwork SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy SMF Session Management Function UDM Unified Data Management UDR Unified Data Repository UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Function UE User Equipment UPF User Plane Function

5GS Service Based Architecture(SBA) Data Network (DN) gNodeB (NG-RAN) 5G
UE UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFE UDM AF UDR FE UDC UPF SMF UPF eMBB Slice ©3G4G URLLC Slice

5GS Reference PointArchitecture ©3G4G

5GS using NetworkSlicing Source: 3GPP ©3G4G

Option 1: SA LTE connected to EPC -Legacy Option 1
EPC S1-C S1-U eNB ©3G4G

Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC • Only option for
greenfield 5G operators • Full support for new 5G applications and services including: • Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) • Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) • Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) • Needs multiple spectrum to provide all above cases and also to provide ubiquitous 5G coverage 3GPP SA Option 2 gNB 5GC NG-C NG-U ©3G4G

Option 3: Non-Standalone (NSA) NR, LTE assisted, EPCconnected • Leverages
existing 4G deployments • Capable of creating 5G hotspots quickly • No overloading of EPC with 5G signaling • New 5G applications and services creation possible Difference between 3/3A/3X • In option 3, there is no connection from gNB to EPC – eNB hardware upgrade is probably required • In option 3A, gNB has S1-U interface to EPC but no X2. New services can be handled by NR and X2 backhaul is easy to meet • Option 3X is a combination of 3 & 3A. S1-U is available from gNB and X2 interface is available too eNB 3GPP NSA / “LTE Assisted” Option 3 / 3A / 3X a.k.a. EN-DC EPC S1-C S1-U gNB S1-U X2-C ©3G4G X2-U

Option 7: NSA LTE assisted NR connected to5GC 3GPP NSA
/ “NR Assisted” Option 7 / 7A / 7X • In this case ng-eNB is the master and gNB is secondary node. • Next Generation CN (NGCN) has replaced EPC • Evolved eNB and gNB connect via Xn interface • 5G driven by capacity needs, rather than just coverage • New 5G applications and services creation possible Difference between Option 7 / 7A / 7X • In option 7, there is no interface between gNB and 5GC. Information flows via Xn • In option 7A, there is no Xn interface and gNB is connected to 5GC via NG-U interface • Option 7X is a combination of option 7 & 7A ng-eNB NG-C NG-U gNB NG-U Xn-C Xn-U 5GC ©3G4G

Evolution Architecture: Non-Standalone (NSA) • Next Generation CN (NGCN) has
replaced EPC • 5G driven by capacity needs, rather than just coverage • New 5G applications and services creation possible Difference between Option 4 & 4A • In Option 4, there is no direct connectivity between ng-eNB and 5GC. All information flows via Xn interface • In Option 4A, there is no Xn interface between ng-eNB and gNB. ng-eNB is connected to 5GC via NG-U interface. ng-eNB NG-C NG-U gNB NG-U Xn-C Xn-U 3GPP NSA / “NR Assisted” Option 4 / 4A a.k.a. NE-DC 5GC ©3G4G

5G Deployment Options and MigrationStrategy EPC 5GC (NGCN) eNB EPC
Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to EPC Option 4: NSA NR assistedLTE connected to 5GC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option 5 Option 3 ↗ Option3 ↘ Option2 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC gNB ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB gNB ©3G4G

Further Reading ©3G4G • 3GPP 5G Specifications – 3G4G •
5G Resources – 3G4G • 5G – The 3G4G Blog • Rel-15 announcement on Standalone NR – 3GPP, June 2018 • Working towards full 5G in Rel-16 – 3GPP Webinar, July 2018 • Submission of initial 5G description for IMT-2020 – 3GPP, Jan 2018 • NGMN Overview on 5G RAN Functional Decomposition, Feb 2018 • Andy Sutton: 5G Network Architecture, Design and Optimisation – 3G4G Blog, Jan 2018 • 5G NR Resources, Qualcomm • UK5G Innovation Network

Further Reading – Magazines &Whitepapers ©3G4G • NGMN 5G Whitepaper,
Feb. 2015 – This paper lays the foundation on the 5G vision. • 5G Americas: 5G Services & Use Cases, Nov. 2017 – Even though this is US centric, it looks at lots of verticals for the application of 5G • Nokia: Translating 5G use cases into viable business cases, April 2017 • 5G Americas: LTE to 5G – Cellular and Broadband Innovation, August 2017 • GSMA: The 5G era: Age of boundless connectivity and intelligent automation, Feb 2017 • Special Issue on 5G – Journal of ICT Standardization. Articles contributed by 3GPP colleagues, delegates & chairs. • GTI 5G Network Architecture White Paper, Feb 2018 • Deloitte/DCMS: The impacts of mobile broadband and 5G, June 2018 • NTT Docomo: 5G RAN Standardization Trends, Jan 2018

5G Spectrum

©3G4G

©3G4G Electromagnetic Spectrum covers Electromagnetic Waves with frequencies ranging from
below 1 hertz to above 1025 hertz

to 3000GHz (3 THz)

5G is only looking at frequencies from 450 MHz to
52.6 GHz ©3G4G 3GPP has divided 5G frequencies in 2 parts: • Frequency Range 1 (FR1): 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz • Frequency Range 2 (FR2): 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz

52.6 GHz 3GPP has divided 5G frequencies in 2 parts: • Frequency Range 1 (FR1): 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz • Frequency Range 2 (FR2): 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz Technically mmWave starts from 30 GHz but people refer to all frequencies in FR2 as mmWave ©3G4G

0 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50
GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz FR1: 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz Non-mmWave 5G mmWave 5G ©3G4G

Popular Frequency bands for different Technologies 0 10 GHz 20
GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 2G, 3G,4G Non millimeter wave 5G Millimeter wave 5G 0 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 5GHz Wi-Fi 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. WiGig – 60GHzWi-Fi Up to 6GHz802.11ax 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6GHz) 802.11be EHT (1 GHz – 7.125 GHz) 802.11ad / 802.11ay (57.24 GHz – 70.20GHz) ©3G4G

Wi-Fi Spectrum around the world ©3G4G

Summary: Popular Frequency bands for differentTechnologies 0 10 GHz 20
GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz Millimeter wave 5G 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. 5GHzWi-Fi WiGig – 60GHzWi-Fi Up to 6GHz802.11ax 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6GHz) 802.11be EHT (1 GHz – 7.125 GHz) 802.11ad / 802.11ay (57.24 GHz – 70.20GHz) 2G 2G/4G 3G 4G Non-mmWave5G non-mmWave 5G 10 GHz ©3G4G 0 GHz

Summary of Spectrum Band Names Note: Not according to scale
UHF SHF 75GHz 110GHz 300GHz EHF VHF millimetre wave (mmWave / mmW) centimetre wave(cmWave) Microwaves IEEE Bands L S C X Ku K Ka V W ITU-R Bands E E 86GHz 30MHz 300MHz 1GHz 2GHz 3GHz 4GHz 8GHz 12GHz 18GHz 27GHz 30GHz 40GHz 57GHz 71-76, 81-86GHz V 57-66GHz ITU Band Designation Important Bands to remember: • C band: 3.4 – 4.2, 4.5 – 4.8, 5.85 – 7.075 GHz • Ku band: 12 – 18 GHz • K band: 18 – 26.5 GHz • Ka band: 26.5 – 40 GHz • mmWave start from 30 GHz 3.4-4.2, 4.5-4.8, 5.85-7.075GHz C ©3G4G For more details, see: Rec. ITU-R V.431-7 D Waveguide Bands 110 - 170GHz Q 33 - 50 GHz

Importance of Frequencyselection 2.1GHz 900MHz Higher frequency means faster decay
Lower frequency means more number of users ina given cell Higher frequency gets reflected from wallsand have poor penetration Lower frequency gets attenuated from wallsbut still penetrates ©3G4G

5G: Multiple Layers for multiple needs Coverage Layer Sub-1GHz ©3G4G
Capacity Layer 1GHz – 7.125GHz High Throughput Layers 24.25GHz – 52.6GHz

5G Needs Different FrequencyBands Coverage Layer Sub-1GHz Capacity Layer 1GHz
– 7.125GHz High Throughput Layers 24.25GHz – 52.6GHz Non-mmWave 5G ©3G4G mmWave 5G Non-mmWave 5G

5G Frequency Study / AgreementProcess World Radio Conference (WRC) •
Every 4 years • Last one was WRC-15 • Next one is WRC-19 WRC-15 • Spectrum agreed for IMT under 6 GHz • Agreed study of spectrum for IMT above 6GHz • Results discussed in WRC-19 (28 Oct – 22 Nov) ITU-R ITU-R Study Groups ITU-R SG5 (Terrestrial Services) WRC-19 Studies Discussion ©3G4G

5G Spectrum ©3G4G ITU WRC- 15 Report from NTT Docomo
Technical Journal

600MHz (2x35MHz) 24.25-24.45GHz 24.75-25.25GHz 27.5-28.35GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 3.4–3.8GHz
26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Source: Qualcomm Licensed Unlicensed/shared Existing band New 5Gband ©3G4G Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study

©3G4G 600MHz (2x35MHz) 24.25-24.45GHz 24.75-25.25GHz 27.5-28.35GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 24.5-27.5GHz 3.4–3.8GHz
26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Licensed Unlicensed/shared Existing band New 5Gband Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study Sour N c o e n : - Q m u m a W l c a o v m e m 5 G C3 . o4 – v3 e. 8 G raH z geLayer

26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Licensed Unlicensed/shared New 5Gband Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study Sour N c o e n : - Q m u m a W l c a o v m e m 5 G Capacity Layer Existingband ©3G4G

26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Source: Qualcomm Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study mmWave 5G High-Throughput Layer Licensed Unlicensed/shared New 5Gband Existingband ©3G4G

Summary: Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands Picture Source: Deutsche Telekom /
T-Mobile USA 26/28 GHz – most popular band 3.5 GHz – most popular band 700 MHz – most popular band ©3G4G

5G Bands Defined by3GPP New Bands in 5G, not in
LTE ©3G4G

5G needs large amounts ofbandwidth? ©3G4G

Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected toEPC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option 3 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option 2 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB en-gNB O p t i o n N4 : oN S nA -N SR taa s ns i s dt e ad lL oT E ne5G Netwc o on n re kc st e ,d Rt o e5 lG eC ase-15,g aN lB l5G networks today (SRIT) ©3G4G

Refarming the existing frequencybands • T-Mobile USA launching 5G in
600 MHz • 600 MHz used for 4G at present 4G 5G Min 1.4 MHz Max 20 MHz ©3G4G Min 5 MHz Max 20 MHz

Refarming the existing frequencybands • Sprint USA launching 5G in
2.5 GHz • 2.5 GHz used for 4G at present 4G 5G Min 1.4 MHz Max 20 MHz Min 10 MHz Max 100 MHz ©3G4G

5G needs large amounts ofbandwidth? 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.4 5.0
24.25 27.5 29.5 37 40 26.5 n78 n79 n77 n258 n260 n261 28.35 n257 Bandwidth 900 MHz 500 MHz 600 MHz 3000 MHz (3 GHz) 3250 MHz (3.25 GHz) 3000 MHz (3 GHz) 850 MHz ©3G4G • 3GPP defines new NR (New Radio) bands in FR1 and FR2 in 3GPP Rel.15 NR • FR1: 450 MHz – 6 GHz • Upper range is changing to 7.125 GHz • FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz

5G needs large amounts ofbandwidth? ©3G4G

5G Spectrum Plans / Allocation – SouthKorea Further Reading: Operator
Watch Blog ©3G4G

South Korea: Both non-mmWave & mmWave5G 0 10 GHz 20
GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz FR1: 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz Non-mmWave 5G mmWave 5G ©3G4G

5G Spectrum Plans / Allocation –Japan Further Reading: Operator Watch
Blog ©3G4G

Japan: Both non-mmWave & mmWave5G 0 10 GHz 20 GHz
30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz FR1: 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz Non-mmWave 5G mmWave 5G ©3G4G

5G Spectrum Plans / Allocation –Italy Source ©3G4G

Italy: Both non-mmWave & mmWave 5G 0 10 GHz 20

UK mobile spectrum holdings (present) Source: Ofcom Total amount of
spectrum with MNOs = 919.9 MHz ©3G4G

UK: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz
30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz FR1: 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz Non-mmWave 5G ©3G4G mmWave 5G

USA: Mix of mmWave & non-mmWave 0 10 GHz 20

Switzerland: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

Finland: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

Australia: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

5G SpectrumChallenge f1 f2 f3 f4 LTE Carrier Aggregation 4G
/ LTE f1 f2 f3 f4 Dual Connectivity (DC) 5G NSA f5 • In theory f6 LTE Carrier Aggregation 5G NR Carrier Aggregation ©3G4G While LTE-A supported up to 5 Component Carriers (CC), each with a max of 20 MHz for Carrier Aggregation, LTE-A Pro supports 32 CCs 5G NR supports up to 16 CCs of max 400 MHz

5G SpectrumChallenge f1 f2 f3 f4 LTE Carrier Aggregation 4G
/ LTE f2 f4 Dual Connectivity (DC) 5G NSA f5 • In practice f6 LTE Carrier Aggregation 5G NR Carrier Aggregation ©3G4G While LTE-A supported up to 5 Component Carriers (CC), each with a max of 20 MHz for Carrier Aggregation, LTE-A Pro supports 32 CCs 5G NR supports up to 16 CCs of max 400 MHz

5G Spectrum Challenge –Interference • With so many different bands
in use, there is a small possibility of interference between them • A recent whitepaper from Keysight points out that the 5G Uplink transmission in 3.5 GHz band might significantly interfere with 4G in the 1.8 GHz band in downlink direction. Maybe bad news, especially in Europe, where these are heavily used ©3G4G

Popular mmWave Frequency bands for differentTechnologies 0 10 GHz 20
GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz Millimeter wave5G 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. 5GHzWi-Fi WiGig – 60GHzWi-Fi Up to 6GHz802.11ax 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6GHz) 802.11be EHT (1 GHz – 7.125 GHz) 802.11ad / 802.11ay (57.24 GHz – 70.20GHz) 2G 2G/4G 3G 4G Non-mmWave5G non-mmWave 5G 10 GHz 0 GHz mmWave Various Satellite Based Services (including Satellite Broadband) ©3G4G

Satellite Services using frequencies above 10GHz ©3G4G • Satellite TV
is deployed into Ku-band between 8 GHz and 12 GHz (predominantly between 11.7 and 12.7 GHz, which is what most of us watch at home), and in Ka- band at 18.3–18.8 GHz and 19.7–20.2 GHz. • The Ka-band allocation (18.3–18.8 GHz + 19.7–20.2 GHz) is used for superhigh- definition and ultra-high definition TV. • V-band and W-band are used heavily for Military, Commercial, and Automotive Radar • Satellite Operator Avanti uses Ka band extensively (up to 31 GHz) for providing connectivity to Defence aircrafts, Enterprises, Consumer Broadband and Cellular Backhaul • Many of the new LEO satellite constellations like OneWeb, O3b, etc. have proposed to use mmWave spectrum as all other spectrum bands are congested and large chunks of contiguous spectrum are not otherwise available Further Reading on this topic: ‘5G and Satellite Spectrum, Standards, and Scale’ by Geoff Varrall

mmWave use for Mobile Backhaul • Mobile backhaul makes extensive
use of frequencies above 10 GHz • V-Band and E-Band are used extensively today, with D-Band and W- Band primed for future use. Further Reading: • ETSI White Paper No. 25: Microwave and Millimetre wave for 5G Transport • GSMA Mobile backhaul options: Spectrum analysis and recommendations ©3G4G

Summary ©3G4G • There are three types of 5G bands;
Coverage Layer, Capacity Layer and High Throughput Layer that is needed for an ideal 5G rollout • In terms of frequency, there is non-mmWave 5G and mmWave 5G. • Most of the initial rollouts is mainly non-mmWave 5G • mmWave 5G will only be available in Urban and Dense-urban areas, not everywhere • 5G could be rolled out in existing frequency bands by re-farming the spectrum • While in theory 5G needs large amounts of bandwidth, there is no reason why 5G can’t be rolled out with small bandwidths • mmWave spectrum is already in use today and it will be complemented by 5G rollouts in that spectrum as well soon.

Non millimeter-Wave (mmWave) 5G @3g4gUK

©3G4G

©3G4G Electromagnetic Spectrum covers Electromagnetic Waves with frequencies ranging from
below 1 hertz to above 1025 hertz

to 3000GHz (3 THz)

52.6 GHz ©3G4G

52.6 GHz ©3G4G 3GPP has devided 5G frequencies in 2 parts: • Frequency Range 1 (FR1): 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz • Frequency Range 2 (FR2): 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz

Technically mmWave starts from 30 GHz ©3G4G

0 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50
GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz FR1: 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz Non-mmWave 5G mmWave 5G ©3G4G

GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 2G, 3G,4G 0 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz) ©3G4G

GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 2G, 3G,4G Non millimeter wave5G Millimeter wave 5G 0 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz) ©3G4G

GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 2G, 3G,4G Non millimeter wave5G Millimeter wave 5G 0 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz Up to 6GHz802.11ax 5GHz Wi-Fi 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz) 802.11be EHT (1 GHz – 7.125 GHz) ©3G4G

GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 2G, 3G,4G Non millimeter wave5G Millimeter wave 5G 0 10 GHz 20 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz 5GHz Wi-Fi 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. WiGig – 60GHzWi-Fi Up to 6GHz802.11ax 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz) 802.11be EHT (1 GHz – 7.125 GHz) 802.11ad / 802.11ay (57.24 GHz – 70.20GHz) ©3G4G

Summary: Popular Frequency bands for differentTechnologies 0 10 GHz 20
GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz Millimeter wave 5G 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. 5GHzWi-Fi WiGig – 60GHzWi-Fi Up to 6GHz802.11ax 5G FR1 (450 MHz – 7.125 GHz) 5G FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz) 802.11be EHT (1 GHz – 7.125 GHz) 802.11ad / 802.11ay (57.24 GHz – 70.20GHz) 2G 2G/4G 3G 4G Non-mmWave5G non-mmWave 5G 10 GHz ©3G4G 0 GHz

5G Needs Different Frequency Bands Coverage Layer Sub-1GHz Capacity Layer
1GHz – 7.125GHz High Throughput Layers 24.25GHz – 52.6GHz ©3G4G

5G Needs Different Frequency Bands Coverage Layer Sub-1GHz Capacity Layer
1GHz – 7.125GHz High Throughput Layers 24.25GHz – 52.6GHz Non-mmWave 5G ©3G4G mmWave 5G Non-mmWave 5G

decay Lower frequency means more number of users ina given cell Higher frequency gets reflected from wallsand have poor penetration Lower frequency gets attenuated from wallsbut still penetrates ©3G4G

26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Source: Qualcomm Licensed Unlicensed/shared Existing band New 5Gband ©3G4G Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study

©3G4G 600MHz (2x35MHz) 24.25-24.45GHz 24.75-25.25GHz 27.5-28.35GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 24.5-27.5GHz 3.4–3.8GHz
26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Licensed Unlicensed/shared Existing band New 5Gband Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study Sour N c o e n : - Q m u m a W l c a o v m e m 5 G C3 . o4 – v3 e. 8 G raH z geLayer

26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Licensed Unlicensed/shared New 5Gband Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study Sour N c o e n : - Q m u m a W l c a o v m e m 5 G 26GHz Capacity Layer Existingband ©3G4G

26GHz 3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz 3.6–3.8GHz 3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz 4.4–4.9GHz 26.5-28.5GHz 3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz 3.6–4.2GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 47.2-48.2GHz 5.9–6.4GHz 5.9–7.1GHz 600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz 37-37.6GHz 37.6-40GHz 24.25-27.5GHz 26.5-27.5GHz 3.55- 3.7- 3.7GHz 4.2GHz 3.55-3.7GHz 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) 700MHz (2x30MHz) Most Popular 5G FrequencyBands <1GHz 3GHz 4GHz 5GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz 3.45- 2.5GHz (LTE B41)3.55GHz Source: Qualcomm Licensed Unlicensed/shared New 5Gband Red highlights frequencies not approved for ITU study mmWave 5G High-Throughput Layer Existingband ©3G4G

UK: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz
30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 70 GHz 80 GHz 90 GHz 100 GHz FR1: 450 MHz – 7.125 GHz FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz Non-mmWave 5G ©3G4G mmWave 5G

USA: Mix of mmWave &non-mmWave 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

Switzerland: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

Italy: Both non-mmWave & mmWave 5G 0 10 GHz 20

Finland: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

South Korea: Both non-mmWave & mmWave5G 0 10 GHz 20

Japan: Both non-mmWave & mmWave5G 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

Australia: Only non-mmWave 5G rightnow 0 10 GHz 20 GHz

In Summary: Most 5G Deployments Today are Non-mmWave 5G ©3G4G
And mmWave 5G will Only be Available in Dense Areas, not Everywhere

5G Terminology (Updated – Feb2019) @3g4gUK

ITU-R IMT-2020 requirements 10 years battery life ©3G4G M2M Ultra
low cost 100 x More devices than 4G >10 Gbps Peak data rates 100 Mbps Whenever needed 10000 x More traffic than 4G Ultra Reliable (UR) 99.999% < 1 ms Low latency on radio interface 1,000,000 devices per km2

5G and IMT-2020 Submission 1: SRIT Component RIT: NR Component
RIT: E-UTRA/LTE Submission 2: NR RIT ©3G4G RIT = Radio Interface Technology SRIT = Set of Radio Interface Technologies

Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected toEPC Option 4: NSA NR assistedLTE connected to5GC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option3 ↘ Option2 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC gNB ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB en-gNB ©3G4G

Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to EPC Option 4: NSA NR assistedLTE connected to5GC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option3 ↘ Option2 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC gNB ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB gNB Today – 4G Networks ©3G4G

Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected toEPC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option 3 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option 2 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB en-gNB O p t i o n N4 : oN S nA -N SR taa s ns i s dt e ad lL oT E ne5G Netwc o on n re kc st e ,d Rt o e5 lG eC ase-15,g aN lB l5G networks today (SRIT) ©3G4G

Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to EPC Option 4: NSA NR assistedLTE connected to5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option3 ↘ Option2 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC gNB ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB gNB Future – Standalone 5G ©3G4G Networks, after Release-16 5GC is finalized (RIT) Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to5GC

5G Deployment Options and MigrationStrategy EPC 5GC (NGCN) EPC SA
(Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to EPC Option 4: NSA NR assistedLTE connected to5GC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option3 ↘ Option2 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC gNB ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB gNB Way out ineNtBhefuture, probably 20 O 2 p t 4 i o n o 1 n :S w AL a TE rd co s nnected to EPC (SRIT & RIT) ©3G4G

eNB & gNB ©3G4G • eNodeB (eNB) – LTE access
network from 3GPP Rel-8 up to 3GPP Rel-15. For an eNB to connect to a 5G network (Standalone or Non-Standalone), it would have to be 3GPP Release-15 or above. • An eNB only supports legacy E-UTRAN interfaces (S1, X2, etc.) and does not support next-generation interfaces (NG, Xn, etc.). • Next generation nodeB (gNB) – 5G access network from 3GPP Rel-15 onwards. • node providing NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, and connected via the NG interface to the 5GC. • gNB does not support legacy E-UTRAN interfaces

5G Today ©3G4G

Option 3 or EN-DC is the first 5GDeployment EPC 5GC
(NGCN) eNB EPC Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected toEPC Option 4: NSA NR assistedLTE connected to5GC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option3 ↘ Option2 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC gNB ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB en-gNB ©3G4G

Option 3: NSA LTE assisted NR, connected toEPC • en-gNB:
node providing NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, and acting as Secondary Node in EN- DC. • In simple English, it’s a gNB that supports legacy E-UTRAN interface MME/S-GW MME/S-GW EPC E-UTRAN S1-U X2 X2- U eNB eNB en-gNB en-gNB ©3G4G Based on: 3GPP TS 37.340 V15.4.0 (2018-12) Figure 4.1.2-1: EN-DC OverallArchitecture

5G Deployment Options in Future EPC 5GC (NGCN) eNB EPC
Option 1: SA LTE connected toEPC SA (Standalone) NSA (Non-Standalone) [Dual Connectivity] ng-eNB gNB 5GC Option 2: SA NR connected to5GC Option 5: SA LTE connected to5GC Option 3: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to EPC Option 4: NSA NR assistedLTE connected to5GC Option 7: NSA LTE assistedNR connected to 5GC Migration Strategy Option 1 ↗ Option2 ↘ Option3 Option 3 ↗ Option7 ↘ Option5 Option 3 ↗ Option3 ↘ Option2 Option 3 ↗ Option4 ↘ Option2 [EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC] 5GC 5GC gNB ng-eNB 5GC gNB ng-eNB EPC eNB gNB ©3G4G

5G System (5GS) – Simplified 5G System is defined as
3GPP system consisting of 5G Access Network (AN), 5G Core Network and UE. The 5G System provides data connectivity and services. 3GPP TS 23.501: System Architecture for the 5G System; Stage 2 3GPP TS 23.502: Procedures for the 5G System; Stage 2 NG-RAN Data Network (DN) Access Network Core Network Air Interface ©3G4G 5GC

Control plane function group 5G System (5GS) – Actual Data
Network (DN) ng-eNB and/or gNB (NG-RAN) 5G UE User plane function UPF AMF SMF NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFE UDM AF UDR FE UDC ©3G4G N1 N2 N3 N6 N4 Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf Naf AF Application Function AMF Access and Mobility management Function AUSF Authentication Server Function DN DataNetwork FE Front End NEF Network ExposureFunction NRF NF Repository Function NSSF Network Slice Selection Function PCF Policy Control Function (R)AN (Radio) AccessNetwork SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy SMF Session Management Function UDM Unified Data Management UDR Unified Data Repository UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Function UE User Equipment UPF User Plane Function

5G New Radio (NR) A new 5G-specific radio communication system
called New Radio (NR) has been defined with no backward compatibility with the existing LTE and LTE- Advanced systems. ©3G4G

Next Generation Radio Access Network(NG-RAN) AMF/UPF AMF/UPF 5GC NG-RAN NG
Xn Xn ng-eNB ng-eNB gNB gNB ©3G4G Based on: 3GPP TS 38.300 V15.4.0 (2018-12) Figure 4.1-1: Overall Architecture An NG-RAN node is either: • a gNB, providing NR user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE; or • an ng-eNB, providing E- UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE.

Top 10 Misconceptions About 5G @3g4gUK

Misconception #1: 5G will be revolution, notEvolution ©3G4G • The
initial 5G will be very similar to 4G, just a bit faster in most places • In other places there will be islands of very fast coverage • But the initial 5G will just be an evolution – the revolution part will come after a few years • We will look at some of these points while discussing other misconceptions

Misconception #2: 5G requires millimetre waves(mmWave) Coverage Layer Sub-1GHz Capacity
Layer 1GHz – 6GHz High Throughput Layers 6GHz – 100GHz ©3G4G

Misconception #2: 5G requires millimetre waves(mmWave) Picture Source: Deutsche Telekom
/ T-Mobile USA 26/28 GHz – most popular band 3.5 GHz – most popular band 700 MHz – most popular band ©3G4G

Misconception #3: 5G needs newspectrum ©3G4G You can roll out
5G in new spectrum but no one is stopping you from using an existing spectrum / band

Misconception #3: 5G needs newspectrum • T-Mobile USA launching 5G
in 600 MHz • 600 MHz used for 4G at present 4G 5G Min 1.4 MHz Max 20 MHz ©3G4G Min 5 MHz Max 20 MHz

Misconception #3: 5G needs newspectrum • Sprint USA launching 5G
in 2.5 GHz • 2.5 GHz used for 4G at present 4G 5G Min 1.4 MHz Max 20 MHz Min 10 MHz Max 100 MHz ©3G4G

Misconception #4: 5G needs large amounts ofbandwidth • 3GPP defines
new NR (New Radio) bands in FR1 and FR2 in 3GPP Rel.15 NR • FR1: 450 MHz – 6 GHz • FR2: 24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.4 5.0 24.25 27.5 29.5 37 40 26.5 n78 n79 n77 n258 n260 n261 28.35 n257 Bandwidth 900 MHz 500 MHz 600 MHz 3000 MHz (3 GHz) 3250 MHz (3.25 GHz) 3000 MHz (3 GHz) 850 MHz ©3G4G

Misconception #5: 5G will give super-highspeeds f1 f2 f3 f4
Carrier Aggregation 4G / LTE f1 f2 f3 f4 Dual Connectivity (DC) 5G NSA f5 ©3G4G • In theory

Misconception #5: 5G will give super-highspeeds f1 f2 f3 f4
Carrier Aggregation 4G / LTE f2 f4 Dual Connectivity (DC) 5G NSA f5 ©3G4G • In practice

Misconception #5: 5G will give super-highspeeds • With so many
different bands in use, there is a small possibility of interference between them • A recent whitepaper from Keysight points out that the 5G Uplink transmission in 3.5 GHz band might significantly interfere with 4G in the 1.8 GHz band in downlink direction. Maybe bad news, especially in Europe, where these are heavily used ©3G4G

Misconception #5: 5G will give super-highspeeds Qualcomm has a good
blog on real-user experience with standalone 5G NR - Link ©3G4G

Misconception #5: 5G will give super-highspeeds 400 – 1500 Mbps
(100 MHz bandwidth) 100 – 300 Mbps (40 MHz bandwidth) 10 – 50 Mbps (10 MHz bandwidth) Picture Source: Deutsche Telekom / T-Mobile USA ©3G4G • This is our view of rough real-world speeds

Misconception #6: 5G networks will have less than 1mslatency ©3G4G
Latency is generally defined as the time it takes for a source to send a packet of data to a receiver. In simple terms, half of Ping time. This is also referred to as one way latency. Sometimes the term Round trip latency or round trip time (RTT) is also used to define latency. This is the same as ping time.

In 3GPP and ITU, control-plane latency and user-plane latency is discussed for a particular technology Control-plane latency is defined as the transition time from idle state to connected state. The user-plane latency, also known as transport delay, is defined as the one- way transit time between a packet being available at the IP layer of the origin and the availability of this packet at IP layer of the destination.

End-to-end (E2E) latency: the time that takes to transfer a given piece of information from a source to a destination, measured at the communication interface, from the moment it is transmitted by the source to the moment it is successfully received at the destination.

Source: Prof. Andy Sutton

Misconception #6: 5G networks will have less than 1mslatency Qualcomm
has a good blog on real-user experience with standalone 5G NR - Link ©3G4G

Misconception #6: 5G networks will have less than 1mslatency Verizon
5G Speed Test (10 ms) - link Vodacom Lesotho Commercial 5G (9 ms) - link Telstra 5G Test (6 ms) - link ©3G4G

Misconception #8: 5G needs MassiveMIMO Picture Source: Deutsche Telekom /
T-Mobile USA Massive MIMO (128x128) or (256x256) 4T4R / 8T8R / 64T64R (Massive MIMO) 2x2 MIMO generally ©3G4G

Misconception #8: 5G needs MassiveMIMO Picture: Sprint shows off 64T64R
active antennas (Massive MIMO) ©3G4G ↑ Source Tweet Source Tweet →

Misconception #8: 5G needs MassiveMIMO ©3G4G • 5G Massive MIMO
will introduce its own challenges. Mainly: • The antennas will be heavier, meaning that the existing poles may not be able to bear the load. Upgrade would be required • It can work for some sites but may not be economical for all sites • Power upgrade would be required too as the new active antennas would consume more power • Since each site serves multiple sectors and frequencies, it is quite possible that backhaul upgrades would be necessary as well. Existing backhaul may not be able to cope with massive increase in data traffic

Misconception #9: 5G is needed for AutonomousCars • Autonomous cars
require sensors to work autonomously • Connectivity is a bonus, not must have. • Interesting news and discussions links: • Tesla’s ‘enhanced autopilot’, full self-driving update • Quora discussion on Tesla’s autonomous driving hardware • Tesla’s Lack Of LIDAR For Autopilot Is Legit & Provides Competitive Edge, Research Hints ©3G4G

Misconception #10: 5G is dangerous forhealth ©3G4G • Every new
generation of mobile technology gives rise to many news and research items suggesting that this new technology is dangerous to health. • For example, back in 2004, Stewart Report looked at all the health concerns and reported that there is no real evidence of health risk. It however also said: “A recent paper has suggested possible effects on brain functioning form the use of 3G or third generation mobile phones. Populations are not homogenous and people can vary in their susceptibility to environmental and other challenges. It was considered that children might be more vulnerable to any effects arising from the use of mobile phones because of their developing nervous system, the greater absorption of energy in the tissues of the head and a longer lifetime exposure.”

Misconception #10: 5G is dangerous forhealth ©3G4G Numerous articles have
been written mentioning that there is no real evidence of any health issues because of mobile phones. • The Observer: Mobile phones and cancer – the full picture • The Argus: New superfast internet won't kill you: expert calms 5G safety fears • Forbes: Is 5G a CIA plot? Finally: • RADIATION HAZARDS - A dabbler’s perspective by Jess H. Brewer

Misconception #10: 5G is dangerous forhealth ©3G4G • International Commission
on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP): An independent organization provides scientific advice and guidance on the health and environmental effects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) to protect people and the environment from detrimental NIR exposure. • NIR refers to electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet, light, infrared, and radiowaves, and mechanical waves such as infra- and ultrasound. In daily life, common sources of NIR include the sun, household electrical appliances, mobile phones, Wi-Fi, and microwave ovens.

Misconception #10: 5G is dangerous forhealth ©3G4G • As mentioned
earlier, the coverage layer 5G and capacity layer 5G (sub- 6GHz) have similar properties. With regards to mmWave frequencies, ICNIRP have set safety margins far higher than those for below 6GHz • ICNIRP also provided a Health risk assessment literature with an interesting list of research references. Here is the conclusion regarding Cancer: “Studies of exposure to environmental radiofrequency EMF fields, for example from radio and television transmitters, have not provided evidence of an increased cancer risk either in children or in adults. Studies of cancer in relation to occupational radiofrequency EMF exposure have suffered substantial methodological limitations and do not provide sufficient information for the assessment of carcinogenicity of radiofrequency EMF fields. Taken together, the epidemiological studies do not provide evidence of a carcinogenic effect of radiofrequency EMF exposure at levels encountered in the general population. In summary, no effects of radiofrequency EMF on cancer have been substantiated.”

Misconception #10: 5G is dangerous forhealth ©3G4G • In Summary:
• There is no research or proof that can conclusively blame any brain issues or cancer on current mobile technologies • The power levels in new mmWave 5G is designed to be much lower than that used for current mobile cellular systems. This means that the risk is even further removed.

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