From AGN Unification Anna Ho Journal Club | 18 January 2019 1 Image Credit: Cosmovision (led by Dr. Wolfgang Steffen of the Instituto de Astronomia, UNAM, Ensenada, Mexico) for A. Marscher; NRAO/AUI/NSF
TO UNIDENTIFIED RADIO SOURCES (1900-1970) “the close correlation between the radio structure and the star with the jet is suggestive and intriguing” - Maarten Schmidt (1963) HST image, credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA
radio sources Spectrum of NGC 1068 Active optical sources 1) Seyfert (1943): small fraction of galaxies have bright nuclei with broad emission lines 2) BL Lac: highly variable star
affair” (Hβ) 4959, 5007 AA (OIII) 4860 AA Pinning down radio sources Schmidt (1963): discovery of quasars (3C 273) Macleod (1968): discovery of radio source coincident with BL Lac Spectrum of NGC 1068 Active optical sources 1) Seyfert (1943): small fraction of galaxies have bright nuclei with broad emission lines 2) BL Lac: highly variable star
TO UNIDENTIFIED RADIO SOURCES (1900-1970) “relativistic plasma can thus be collimated into two relativistic beams” - Blandford & Rees (1974) III. THE IDEA OF RELATIVISTIC JETS (1974)
lobes of a jet • Active nucleus (engine) • Duration 106-107 years • < 10 pc • Surrounding “cloud” • High pressure (so, cloud size << galaxy size) Model ingredients:
TO UNIDENTIFIED RADIO SOURCES (1900-1970) “This scheme attributes the observed differences…to projection” - Orr & Browne (1982) III. THE IDEA OF RELATIVISTIC JETS (1974) IV. RADIO UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1982)
of observational classes engine viewing angle w.r.t. jet axis BL Lac flat-spectrum quasar steep-spectrum quasar on-axis off-axis presence of a relativistic jet no radio quiet yes radio loud
TO UNIDENTIFIED RADIO SOURCES (1900-1970) “I would like to summarize for you…some things that might happen to the jets as they wend their way through the galaxy.” - Phinney (1982) III. THE IDEA OF RELATIVISTIC JETS (1974) IV. RADIO UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1984) V. RADIO UNIFICATION: JET VELOCITY (1982-1995)
& Riley (1974) Differences due to jet deceleration Model ingredients • Relativistic jets on pc scale • FR I decelerate on kpc scale • Declaration due to entrainment FR I (bright jet) 3C 31 (Laing 1996) FR II (bright disk) 3C 353 (Swain 1998)
of observational classes engine viewing angle w.r.t. jet axis steep-spectrum quasar on-axis off-axis presence of a relativistic jet no radio quiet yes radio loud successful jet choked (“dirty”) jet FR I FR II BL Lac flat-spectrum quasar
angle w.r.t. jet axis steep-spectrum quasar on-axis off-axis radio unification scheme presence of a relativistic jet no radio quiet yes radio loud successful jet choked (“dirty”) jet FR I FR II BL Lac flat-spectrum quasar
TO UNIDENTIFIED RADIO SOURCES (1900-1970) III. THE IDEA OF RELATIVISTIC JETS (1974) IV. RADIO UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1984) V. RADIO UNIFICATION: JET VELOCITY (1982-1995) VI. OPTICAL UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1985) “…the appearance of these figures is surprising. They look like the spectra of a Seyfert Type 1 object!” - Antonucci & Miller (1985)
of observational classes engine viewing angle w.r.t. dusty torus Seyfert I Seyfert II on-axis off-axis viewing angle w.r.t. jet axis BL Lac flat-spectrum quasar steep-spectrum quasar on-axis off-axis radio unification scheme presence of a relativistic jet no radio quiet yes radio loud successful jet choked (“dirty”) jet FR I FR II
of observational classes engine viewing angle w.r.t. dusty torus Seyfert I Seyfert II on-axis off-axis optical unification scheme viewing angle w.r.t. jet axis BL Lac flat-spectrum quasar steep-spectrum quasar on-axis off-axis radio unification scheme presence of a relativistic jet no radio quiet yes radio loud successful jet choked (“dirty”) jet FR I FR II
TO UNIDENTIFIED RADIO SOURCES (1900-1970) III. THE IDEA OF RELATIVISTIC JETS (1974) IV. RADIO UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1984) V. RADIO UNIFICATION: JET VELOCITY (1982-1995) VI. OPTICAL UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1985) “[These IR sources] represent a class of extremely luminous galaxies, emitting as much energy as the most extreme Seyfert galaxies” - Houck et al. (1985) VII. IR UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1989)
12071-0444 Model ingredients (Sanders 1989) • Insight: most quasars have similar IR properties • Dusty torus re-radiates emission from accretion disk Urry (2003) ULIRG
TO UNIDENTIFIED RADIO SOURCES (1900-1970) III. THE IDEA OF RELATIVISTIC JETS (1974) IV. RADIO UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1984) V. RADIO UNIFICATION: JET VELOCITY (1982-1995) VI. OPTICAL UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1985) VII. IR UNIFICATION: VIEWING ANGLE (1989) VIII. CONNECTION TO STELLAR EXPLOSIONS “…we demonstrate that the central engine responsible for long gamma-ray bursts can also trigger a SN Ic-BL” -Barnes et al. (2017)
Jet —> radio loud • Jet —> radio loud • Radio loud prefer elliptical galaxies, radio quiet prefer spiral galaxies • GRBs and Ic-BL SNe prefer dwarf starburst galaxies, regular Ic SN prefer disk galaxies
Jet —> radio loud • Jet —> radio loud • No jet —> radio-quiet • No jet —> spherical engines? superluminous SN? • Radio loud prefer elliptical galaxies, radio quiet prefer spiral galaxies • GRBs and Ic-BL SNe prefer dwarf starburst galaxies, regular Ic SN prefer disk galaxies
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