Machine Learning for Developers

Voxxed Days Zurich, February 23rd, 2017

Have you always wanted to add predictive capabilities or voice recognition to your application, but haven’t been able to find the time or the right technology to get started? Everybody wants to build smart apps, but only a few are Data Scientists. This session will help you understand machine learning terminology & challenges, implement a machine learning model, add predictive capabilities to your app, and provide your customer with voice UX.

Transcript

1. Machine Learning
   for Developers
   Danilo Poccia
   @danilop danilop
   AWS Technical Evangelist
   

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2. Credit: Gerry Cranham/Fox Photos/Getty Images
   http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/galleries/The-history-of-the-Tube-in-pictures-150-years-of-London-Underground/1939-ticket-examin/
   

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3. 1939 London Underground
   Credit: Gerry Cranham/Fox Photos/Getty Images
   http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/galleries/The-history-of-the-Tube-in-pictures-150-years-of-London-Underground/1939-ticket-examin/
   

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4. Batch
   Reports
   Real-Time
   Alerts
   Prediction
   Forecasts
   

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5. Predictions
   

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6. Data Predictions
   

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7. Data Model Predictions
   

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8. Model
   

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9. http://www.thehudsonvalley.com/articles/60-years-ago-today-local-technology-demonstrated-artificial-intelligence-for-the-first-time
   1959 Arthur Samuel
   

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10. Machine Learning
    

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11. Machine Learning
    Supervised
    Learning
    Inferring a model
    from labeled
    training data
    

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12. Machine Learning
    Supervised
    Learning
    Unsupervised
    Learning
    Inferring a model
    from labeled
    training data
    Inferring a model
    to describe hidden
    structure from
    unlabeled data
    

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13. Reinforcement
    Learning
    Perform a certain
    goal in a
    dynamic
    environment
    

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14. Driving a vehicle
    Playing a game
    against an opponent
    

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15. Clustering
    

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16. Clustering
    

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17. Topic Modeling
    Discovering abstract “topics”
    that occur in a collection of documents
    Try that with your own emails ;-)
    

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18. Regression “How many bikes will
    be rented tomorrow?”
    Happy, Sad, Angry,
    Confused, Disgusted,
    Surprised, Calm,
    Unknown
    Binary
    Classification
    Multi-Class
    Classification
    “Is this email spam?”
    “What is the
    sentiment of this
    tweet, or of this social
    media comment?”
    1, 0, 100K
    Yes, No
    True, False
    %
    

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19. Training the Model
    Minimizing the Error
    

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20. Validation
    

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21. Labeled Data
    

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22. Labeled Data
    70%
    30%
    Training
    Validation
    

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23. Be Careful of Overfitting
    

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24. Be Careful of Overfitting
    

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25. Be Careful of Overfitting
    

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26. Better Fitting
    

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27. Better Fitting
    

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28. Different Models ⇒ Different Predictions
    

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29. Adding a “cost” for using
larger
    parameters in the model
    L1, L2,
    Neural Network Dropouts
    Regularization
    

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30. Large numbers can have a bigger impact
    in a mathematical model
    Feature Scaling
    So they are all in the same range,
    For example between 0 and 1
    Normalization
    

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31. Model Parameters
    “Hyperparameters”
    

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32. Labeled Data
    70%
    15%
    Training
    Validation
    15% Test
    Try Different
    Hyperparameters
    

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33. Labeled Data
    Cross Validation
    

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34. Neural
    Networks
    

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35. 1943 Warren McCulloch, Walter Pitts
    Threshold
    Logic
    Units
    

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36. 1962 Frank Rosenblatt
    Perceptron
    

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37. https://github.com/cdipaolo/goml/tree/master/perceptron
    weights activation function
    input output
    

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38. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network
    Multiple Layers
    Backpropagation
    

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39. Microprocessor Transistor Counts 1971-2011
    Intel E7 CPU
    4-24 cores
    NVIDIA K80 GPU
    2,496 cores
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_law
    

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40. LeCun, Gradient-Based
    Learning Applied to Document
    Recognition,1998
    Hinton, A Fast Learning
    Algorithm for Deep Belief
    Nets, 2006
    Bengio, Learning Deep
    Architectures for AI, 2009
    Advances in Research 1998-2009
    

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41. Image
    Processing
    

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42. Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    Convolution Matrix
    

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43. Convolution Matrix
    Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    

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44. Convolution Matrix
    0 0 0
    0 1 0
    0 0 0
    Identity
    Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    

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45. Convolution Matrix
    1 0 -1
    2 0 -2
    1 0 -1
    Left Edges
    Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    

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46. Convolution Matrix
    -1 0 1
    -2 0 2
    -1 0 1
    Right Edges
    Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    

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47. Convolution Matrix
    1 2 1
    0 0 0
    -1 -2 -1
    Top Edges
    Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    

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48. Convolution Matrix
    -1 -2 -1
    0 0 0
    1 2 1
    Bottom Edges
    Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    

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49. Convolution Matrix
    0.6 -0.6 1.2
    -1.4 1.2 -1.6
    0.8 -1.4 1.6
    Random Values
    Photo by David Iliff. License: CC-BY-SA 3.0
    https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg
    

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50. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network
    

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51. ImageNet Classification Error Over Time
    0
    5
    10
    15
    20
    25
    30
    2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
    Classification Error
    CNNs
    

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52. 2012 ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
    

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53. SuperVision: 8 layers, 60M parameters
    0
    

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54. 2013 Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks
    

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57. How Do Neural Networks Learn?
    ?
    More generic and can be reused
    as feature extractor for other visual tasks
    Specific
    to task
    Cat
    Dog
    0
    

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58. output
    input
    state
    output
    input
    state(t)
    memory
    Feedforward
    Neural Networks
    (no cycle)
    Recurrent
    Neural Networks
    (directed cycle)
    What About Memory?
    

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59. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_short-term_memory
    Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
    How much
    goes into
    memory
    How much
    is used
    in computing
    the output
    How much
    remains in
    memory
    

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60. http://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo/
    Lots of Parameters
    Network Architectures
    defined by Hyperparameters
    Dropout Layers
    for Regularization
    

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61. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
    Generator
    Neural
    Network
    Discriminator
    Neural
    Network
    Real or
    Generated?
    Real
    Picture
    Generated
    Picture
    

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62. 2014
    Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
    

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63. 2016
    Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
    

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64. How much can you improve?
    Bayes Limit Vs Human Performance
    Training better than Validation?
    Learning Bias
    Data Leakage
    Do you have all the Data?
    Building a Model
    

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65. Artificial Intelligence & Deep Learning At Amazon
    Thousands Of Employees Across The Company Focused on AI
    Discovery &
    Search
    Fulfilment &
    Logistics
    Add ML-powered
    features to existing products
    Echo &
    Alexa
    

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67. Create Great Content:
    ASK is how you connect
    to your consumer
    THE ALEXA ECOSYSTEM
    Supported by two powerful frameworks
    A L E X A
    V O I C E
    S E R V I C E
    Unparalleled Distribution:
    AVS allows your content
    to be everywhere
    Lives In The Cloud
    Automated Speech
    Recognition (ASR)
    Natural Language
    Understanding (NLU)
    Always Learning
    A L E X A
    S K I L L S
    K I T
    

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68. UNDER THE HOOD OF ASK
    A closer look at how the Alexa Skills Kit process a request and returns an appropriate
    response
    You Pass Back a Textual
    or Audio Response
    You Pass Back a Graphical Response
    Alexa Converts Text-to-Speech
    (TTS) & Renders Graphical
    Component
    Respond to Intent
    through Text & Visual
    Alexa sends Customer
    Intent to Your Service
    User Makes
    a Request
    Alexa Identifies Skill &
    Recognizes Intent Through
    ASR & NLU
    Your Service
    processes
    Request
    Audio Stream is
    sent up to Alexa
    

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69. Artificial Intelligence on AWS
    P2 Deep Learning
    AMI and template
    Investment in
    Apache MXNet
    

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70. Elastic GPUs On EC2
    P2
    M4 D2 X1 G2
    T2 R4 I3 C5
    General Purpose
    GPU
    General Purpose
    Dense storage Large memory
    Graphics
    intensive
    Memory intensive High I/O
    Compute intensive
    Burstable
    Lightsail
    Simple VPS
    F1
    FPGAs
    Instance Families
    

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71. Up to
    40 thousand parallel processing cores
    70 teraflops (single precision)
    over 23 teraflops (double precision)
    Instance Size GPUs GPU Peer
    to Peer
    vCPUs Memory
    (GiB)
    Network
    Bandwidth*
    p2.xlarge 1 - 4 61 1.25Gbps
    p2.8xlarge 8 Y 32 488 10Gbps
    p2.16xlarge 16 Y 64 732 20Gbps
    *In a placement group
    Amazon EC2 P2 Instances
    

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72. Elastic GPUs For EC2: GPU Acceleration For Graphics Workloads
    1GiB
    GPU Memory
    2 GiB
    4 GiB
    8 GiB
    Current
    Generation
    EC2
    Instance
    

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73. F1 Instances: Bringing Hardware Acceleration To All
    FPGA Images Available In AWS Marketplace
    F1 Instance
    With your custom logic
    running on an FPGA
    Develop, simulate, debug
    & compile your code
    Package as
    FPGA Images
    

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74. Apache MXNet
    

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75. Deep Learning Frameworks
    MXNet, Caffe, Tensorflow,
    Theano, Torch, CNTK and Keras
    Pre-installed components to
    speed productivity, such as
    Nvidia drivers, CUDA, cuDNN,
    Intel MKL-DNN with MXNet,
    Anaconda, Python 2 and 3
    AWS Integration
    Deep Learning AMI
    

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76. Apache Spark MLlib
    

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77. Amazon AI
    Bringing Powerful Artificial Intelligence To All Developers
    

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78. Amazon Rekognition
    Image Recognition And Analysis
    Powered By Deep Learning
    1
    

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79. Amazon Rekognition: Images In,
    Categories and Facial Analysis Out
    Amazon
    Rekognition
    Car
    Outside
    Daytime
    Driving
    Objects
    & Scenes
    Female
    Smiling
    Sunglasses
    Faces
    

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80. Ground Truth Generation
    Training
    

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81. Deep Learning Process
    Conv 1 Conv 2 Conv n
    …
    …
    Feature Maps
    Labrador
    Dog
    Beach
    Outdoors
    Softmax
    Probability
    Fully
    Connected
    Layer
    

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82. 
    Amazon Rekognition
    
    

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83. Amazon Polly
    Text To Speech Powered By Deep Learning
    2
    

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84. Amazon Polly: Text In, Life-like Speech Out
    Amazon Polly
    “The temperature
    in WA is 75°F”
    “The temperature
    in Washington is 75 degrees
    Fahrenheit”
    

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85. TEXT
    Market grew by > 20%.
    WORDS
    PHONEMES
    {
    {
    {
    {
    {
    ˈtwɛn.ti
    pɚ.ˈsɛnt
    ˈmɑɹ.kət ˈgɹu baɪ ˈmoʊɹ
    ˈðæn
    PROSODY CONTOUR
    UNIT SELECTION AND ADAPTATION
    TEXT PROCESSING
    PROSODY MODIFICATION
    STREAMING
    Market grew by more
    than
    twenty
    percent
    Speech units
    inventory
    

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86. 
    Amazon Polly
    
    

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87. Amazon ALEXA
    (It’s what’s inside Alexa)
    3
    Natural Language Understanding (NLU) &
    Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Powered By Deep Learning
    

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88. Amazon Lex: Speech Recognition
    & Natural Language Understanding
    Amazon Lex
    Automatic Speech Recognition
    Natural Language Understanding
    “What’s the weather
    forecast?”
    Weather
    Forecast
    

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89. Amazon Lex: Speech Recognition
    & Natural Language Understanding
    Amazon Lex
    Automatic Speech Recognition
    Natural Language Understanding
    “What’s the weather
    forecast?”
    “It will be sunny
    and 25°C”
    Weather
    Forecast
    

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90. Lex Bot Structure
    Utterances
    Spoken or typed phrases that invoke your
    intent
    BookHotel
    Intents
    An Intent performs an action in response
    to natural language user input
    Slots
    Slots are input data required to fulfill the
    intent
    Fulfillment
    Fulfillment mechanism for your intent
    

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91. Hotel Booking
    City New York City
    Check In Nov 30th
    Check Out Dec 2nd
    Hotel Booking
    City New York City
    Check In
    Check Out
    “Book a Hotel”
    Book Hotel
    NYC
    “Book a Hotel in
    NYC”
    Automatic Speech
    Recognition
    Hotel Booking
    New York City
    Natural Language
    Understanding
    Intent/Slot
    Model
    Utterances
    “Your hotel is booked
    for Nov 30th”
    Polly
    Confirmation: “Your hotel is
    booked for Nov 30th”
    a
    in
    “Can I go ahead with
    the booking?”
    

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93. 
    Amazon Lex
    
    

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94. Amazon Machine Learning
    Create ML models without having to learn
    complex algorithms and technology
    4
    

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95. Train
    model
    Evaluate and
    optimize
    Retrieve
    predictions
    Building smart applications with Amazon ML
    1 2 3
    

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96. Train
    model
    Evaluate and
    optimize
    Retrieve
    predictions
    Building smart applications with Amazon ML
    Create a datasource object pointing to your data
    Explore and understand your data
    Transform data and train your model
    1 2 3
    

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97. Create a datasource object
    >>> import boto
    >>> ml = boto.connect_machinelearning()
    >>> ds = ml.create_data_source_from_s3(
    data_source_id = ’my_datasource',
    data_spec= {
    'DataLocationS3':'s3://bucket/input/',
    'DataSchemaLocationS3':'s3://bucket/input/.schema'},
    compute_statistics = True)
    

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98. Explore and understand your data
    

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99. Train your model
    >>> import boto
    >>> ml = boto.connect_machinelearning()
    >>> model = ml.create_ml_model(
    ml_model_id=’my_model',
    ml_model_type='REGRESSION',
    training_data_source_id='my_datasource')
    

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100. Train
     model
     Evaluate and
     optimize
     Retrieve
     predictions
     Building smart applications with Amazon ML
     Understand model quality
     Adjust model interpretation
     1 2 3
     

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101. Explore model quality
     

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102. Fine-tune model interpretation
     

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103. Fine-tune model interpretation
     

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104. Train
     model
     Evaluate and
     optimize
     Retrieve
     predictions
     Building smart applications with Amazon ML
     Batch predictions
     Real-time predictions
     1 2 3
     

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105. Batch predictions
     Asynchronous, large-volume prediction generation
     Request through service console or API
     Best for applications that deal with batches of data records
     >>> import boto
     >>> ml = boto.connect_machinelearning()
     >>> model = ml.create_batch_prediction(
     batch_prediction_id = 'my_batch_prediction’
     batch_prediction_data_source_id = ’my_datasource’
     ml_model_id = ’my_model',
     output_uri = 's3://examplebucket/output/’)
     

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106. Real-time predictions
     Synchronous, low-latency, high-throughput prediction generation
     Request through service API or server or mobile SDKs
     Best for interaction applications that deal with individual data
     records
     >>> import boto
     >>> ml = boto.connect_machinelearning()
     >>> ml.predict(
     ml_model_id=’my_model',
     predict_endpoint=’example_endpoint’,
     record={’key1':’value1’, ’key2':’value2’})
     {
     'Prediction': {
     'predictedValue': 13.284348,
     'details': {
     'Algorithm': 'SGD',
     'PredictiveModelType': 'REGRESSION’
     }
     }
     }
     

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107. 
     Bike Sharing
     
     

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109. All Users
     Casual Users
     Registered Users
     

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110. Your Skill
     (Lambda function)
     Amazon
     Machine Learning
     get real-time predictions
     invoke
     Weather
     Forecast
     Historical Data
     get forecast
     build & train model
     

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112. Nikola Tesla, 1926
     “When wireless is perfectly
     applied, the whole earth will be
     converted into a huge brain…”
     

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113. Let’s Build Smarter Apps
     Using
     Services
     Platforms
     Engines
     

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114. Machine Learning
     for Developers
     Danilo Poccia
     @danilop danilop
     AWS Technical Evangelist
     

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