Gnana

Energy Management for Engineers

Transcript

1. Energy Management Dept. CEB
2. CONTENT  Energy Scenario  Energy Security  Energy Management  Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation  Energy Management in CEB  Loss Reduction • Technical Loss Reduction • Non-Technical Loss Reduction • Commercial Loss Reduction  Energy Auditing & Conservation  Energy Awareness
3. WHAT IS ENERGY ? Energy Is the Ability to Do Work Energy can be found in a number of different forms. It can be thermal energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, light (radiant energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear energy During the day, the sun gives out light and heat energy The food we eat contains energy. We use that energy to work and play
4. TYPES OF ENERGY
5. WHERE ENERGY COMES FROM Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only be changed from one form to another. The law of Energy
6. ENERGY LOSSES • Fossil Fuel • Hydro • Solar Primary Energy • Refined Fossil Fuels • Electricity Secondary Energy • Motive Power • Lighting • Heating Services
7. ENERGY LOSSES & WASTE • Whenever energy is transferred from ONE FORM to another, only part of the INPUT energy is usefully transferred as OUTPUT energy in the form that is wanted. • In most cases the wasted energy is usually heat and so most energy chains end with heat. Electricity Light Sound Heat
8. Power plant loss 62% Energy per bulb 36% Transmission loss 2% Energy of coal 100% Energy as light 2% Heat energy loss 34% ENERGY LOSS
9. More than 90% of the Energy is Wasted ENERGY LOSS
10. ENERGY WASTE Fuel 100% 14%
11. NATURAL RESOURCES Global Fossil Fuel Production and Forecast
12. GLOBAL WARMING • Burning of fossil fuels releases CO2 • Release of CO2 acts as a blanket • Radiation heat coming from sun is not reflecting. It is absorbed by green house gases, mainly CO2 • Accumulation of heat causes temperature rise
14. ISSUES OF ENERGY WASTE Green House Effect - Global warming Depletion of energy sources such as fossil fuel Depletion of usable water sources Environmental pollution Low living conditions Extinction of species The End of Mankind…
15. ENERGY SECURITY The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the imported energy sources for its economic growth. “The Continuous availability of energy in varied forms in sufficient quantities at reasonable prices” World Energy Assessment – UNDP 1999 Any disruption in energy supplies would be harmful to the country’s economic growth, human survival and well being.
16. ENERGY MANAGEMENT The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental effect. The objectives of Energy Management includes;  Achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization, throughout the organization  To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production, quality & comfort  To minimize environmental effects
17. ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Energy Manager and Energy Management Team Energy Metering Data Collection and Analysis Implementation Monitoring & Review
18. ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN CEB Loss reduction  Technical losses  Non-technical losses  Commercial losses Energy Conservation  Energy Efficiency  Energy Awareness Demand side management
19. TECHNICAL LOSS REDUCTION  Substation Improvement Program  Low Voltage Surge Protection  MV Feeder Capacitor Installation  Feeder Loss reduction Conductor Insulation at special places Crimping  Meter Testing  Preventive Maintenance Program  Research & Development
20. SUBSTATION IMPROVEMENT  Selection of substations from different areas.  Inspection of substations. Visual inspection Thermal Inspection Load measurements Earth measurements  Improvement suggestions and recommendations will be reported and discussed with Area Engineer.  Minor improvements will be done by Energy Management unit.  Major improvements and rehabilitation will be done by AMU or DMU.
21. SUBSTATION IMPROVEMENT Rubber Factory – Bulk Supply substation Thermal Loss detection Using Fluke Ti 10 Thermal camera
22. Ukuwelakanda Rubber Factory – Bulk Supply substation Thermal Loss detection Using Fluke Ti 10 Thermal camera Ceylon Busicuits, Homagama - 1000 kVA Transformer Any idea about the loss ???
23. Thermal Image of an Electric Iron – 1000 W Energy Consumption = 1 kW x 24 h x 30 days = 720 kWh / Month
24. Ukuwelakanda Rubber Factory – Bulk Supply substation Thermal Loss detection Fuse Set
25. After rehabilitation
27. NIPM From Transformer To Load
28. NIPM The thief caught on camera ???
29. LV SURGE PROTECTION
30.  Up-draughts of warm air  Down-draughts of cold air + + + + + + - - - - - -  Negative charge at cloud base  Positive charge at cloud top  Positive charge on ground + + + + FORMATION OF LIGHTNING
31.  Charge build-up continues up to 100+ millions of Volts + + + + + + - - - - - -  Ionization of air occurs  Leaders carry charge down, intensifying electric field + - + - + - + - + - + - - - - - - - - + + + + FORMATION OF LIGHTNING
32.  Upward streamers form + + + + + + - - - - - -  Leader meets streamer forming a conduction path + - + - + - + - + - + - + + + + - - - - - - - + + + + FORMATION OF LIGHTNING
33. - + + + - - - - + + + + - - + + + + + + + - - - - - - + - + - + - + - + - + -  Upward streamers form  Leader meets streamer forming a conduction path  Potential is equalised by the return stroke - FORMATION OF LIGHTNING
34.  Leaders  Return stroke  Streamers LIGHTNING STRIKE
35.  Only 10% of lightning occurs between clouds and ground.  Currents can be as high as 200kA. Rate of rise is more important than the value.  A multi stroke flash may continue for as long as 1s.  Average lightning current are 10-20kA.  75% of lightning events have more than one common stroke. Generally 3 or 4 but up to 10 possible. SUMMARY
36. Ld Building is 40m high Inductance of downconductor is 1uH/m H 10 40 uH 40 m 40 m / uH 1 L 6 d       Direct Effects BUILDING POTENTIAL RISE
37. BUILDING POTENTIAL RISE Ld Lightning peak current, Ip = 50kA Risetime = 1us Ip s / A 10 50 10 1 10 50 dt dI 9 6 3 p       Direct Effects
38. Ld Ip Building potential rise,    MV 2 10 50 10 40 dt dI L V 9 6 p d p       Vp BUILDING POTENTIAL RISE Direct Effects
39. - 0V - 0.5MV - 1.5MV - 1.0MV - 2.0MV  Potential gradient exists from the bottom to the top of the building  Each floor has a different voltage BUILDING POTENTIAL RISE
40. 0V - 5kV -  A potential difference exists between the ground and the wall TOUCH POTENTIALS
41. 0V -  A potential difference exists between the ground and the wall  Someone who is touching both the ground and the wall is subject to this, hence it is called a ‘touch’ potential 5kV - TOUCH POTENTIALS
42. R Ip Ve Earth resistance, R = 10 Lightning peak current, Ip = 50kA Earth potential rise, kV 500 10 kA 50 R I V e p e      EARTH POTENTIAL RISE  Earth resistance
43. R Ip Ve Earth resistance, R = 1 Lightning peak current, Ip = 50kA Earth potential rise, kV 50 1 kA 50 R I V e p e       Even with a good earthing system (low resistance) earth potential rise is very large EARTH POTENTIAL RISE
44. 1kV - 0V -  Lightning current disperses out through the earth creating potential differences along the ground STEP POTENTIALS
45. 1kV - 0V -  Lightning current disperses out through the earth creating potential differences along the ground  Someone stepping over some distance will be subject to this, hence it is called a ‘step’ potential STEP POTENTIALS
46.  Voltage surge induced on power line  Voltage propagates down the line  Flashover occurs  Current surge flows  INDUCED SURGES
47. ARRESTER LEAD LENGTH Effective Lead length The lead length that is Electrically parallel with the protected equipment and conducts the surge current during a Lightning
48. LOW VOLTAGE SURGE PROTECTION  Identifying affected areas  Meter Burn CT Burn Conductor damages Transformer damages / Burn Surrounding damages  Analyzing the level of protection required  Design of protection system  Implementation of protection system  Monitoring of protection system
50. EARTHING  Why the Earth Resistance must be low? The Ohm’s Law V = I x R Advantages  Limits the system-to-ground or system-to-frame voltage to values safe for personnel.  Provides a relatively stable system with a minimum of transient over voltages.  Permits any system fault to ground to be quickly isolated. Transformer Neutral < 25 Ω Surge Arrester < 10 Ω
51. EARTHING  The earth shell nearest the electrode offers the greatest resistance.  An electrode driven into earth of uniform resistivity radiates current in all directions. Nature of an Earth Electrode 1. Resistance of the electrode itself and connections to it. 2. Contact resistance between the electrode and the adjacent soil. 3. Resistance of the surrounding earth. Sphere of Influence
52. EARTHING Fall-of-potential method  the electrode should be isolated from the electrical system being protected.  Doubling the rod length reduces resistance by 40 %.  Doubling the rod’s diameter reduces the resistance about 10 %.  Two parallel rods will reduce 40 %. Three rods will reduce 60 %. If four rods, 66 %.
53. EARTHING How to Improve Earth Resistance  Lengthen the earth electrode in the earth.  Use multiple rods.  Treat the soil. h h Critical soil cylinder Main earth volume r h
54. EARTHING Exothermic Welding kit What else required ?
55. Exothermic welding 4000 °C
56. Poor Contact Impurities Bad practices Low quality products
57. C Clamps - Compression Any problem?
58. Burndy – Battery Operated 12 T tool
59. CAPACITOR INSTALLATION Common Questions: What are VARs? Why do we care about VARs? Most plant loads (motors, transformers, etc.) are INDUCTIVE and require a magnetic field to operate. The magnetic field is necessary, but produces NO USEFUL WORK. The utility must supply the power to produce the magnetic field and the power to produce USEFUL work. The ACTIVE component produces the USEFUL work. The REACTIVE component produces the magnetic field.
60.  Non-power factor corrected fluorescent and high intensity discharge lighting fixture ballasts (40%-80% pf)  Arc welders (50%-70% pf)  Solenoids (20%-50% pf)  Induction heating equipment (60%-90% pf)  Lifting magnets (20%-50% pf)  Small “dry-pack” transformers (30%-95% pf)  Induction motors (55%-90% pf) Induction motors are generally the principal cause of low power factor because there are so many in use, and they are usually not fully loaded. CAPACITOR INSTALLATION
61. Mug Capacity of equipment Beer Stuff that you want Foam (Head) Stuff which prevents you from maximizing the amount of beer that you get AN ANALOGY THAT MOST CAN UNDERSTAND
62. IMPACT OF CAPACITORS Load Load Load 2000 kW 1000 kVAR 1000 kW 800 kVAR 2500 kW 1600 kVAR 5500 kW 3400 kVAR 6466 kVA TF 1 TF 2 TF 3 Main TF 6500 kVA Main Transformer Is at 99.5% capacity Lets add a capacitor bank of 3400 kVAR 3400 kVAR
63. IMPACT OF CAPACITORS Load Load Load 2000 kW 1000 kVAR 1000 kW 800 kVAR 2500 kW 1600 kVAR 5500 kW 3400 kVAR 5500 kVA TF 1 TF 2 TF 3 Main TF 6500 kVA Main Transformer Is at 85% capacity Now the main transformer is at 85% capacity 3400 kVAR
64. PF CORRECTION CAPACITORS Advantages for consumer:  One off investment for capacitor, no ongoing costs  Reduced electricity costs:  Total demand reduced  No penalty charges (In future)  Reduced distribution losses  Increased voltage level at load end, improved motor performance
65. Advantages for utility:  Reduced total current in the system.  increased plant capacity,  Reduce I2R line losses.  Reduce voltage drop along the feeder.  Free up the capacity at the source end.  Free up feeder capacity. PF CORRECTION CAPACITORS
67. FEEDER LOSS REDUCTION  Identifying feeders with higher tripping and other issues  Insulation of conductors where special way leaves available Bo trees Old trees with cultural importance Conservation areas  Preventive maintenance Way leaves programs Insulator washing Rehabilitation of old conductors  New construction standards Crimping Line Earthing
68. NON-TECHNICAL LOSS REDUCTION  Electricity theft prevention  Revenue collection efficiency  Reduction of losses due to Human errors Meter reading errors Calculation errors Bill errors  Supply agreement errors – Some consumers have higher loads over the contract demand If the demand is over 42 kVA, the consumer shall be charged for maximum demand.
69. ELECTRICITY THEFT PREVENTION “CEB’s investigation unit, has recorded an income of around Rs. 12.1 million from raids carried out in the month of December 2011” “A total of 25 deaths have been reported island wide this year due to illegal tapping of power. Over 6 billion loss to CEB due to power piracy”  Educate meter readers to identify electricity theft  Educate general public to stop electricity theft  Follow standards and correct installation practices  Lab seals  Meter cubical  Fuse cut-out  Rehabilitation of old meter installations  Meter enclosure  Breaker/Fuse before Meter  Meter tampering
70. ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY SOURCE Hydro 34% Thermal 58% Other 8%
71. ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY SOURCE
72. SHARE OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION Domestic 39% Religious 0.1% Industrial 36% Commercial 23% Street Lighting 2%
73. DAILY LOAD CURVE – SRI LANKA
74. ELECTRICAL LOAD MANAGEMENT Strategies to manage peak load demand:  Shift non-critical / non-continuous process loads to off-peak time.  Shed non-essential loads during peak time.  Operate in-house generation or diesel generator (dg) sets during peak time.  Operate AC units during off-peak times and utilize cool thermal storage.  Install power factor correction equipment.
75. ENERGY AUDIT  Verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis and action plan to reduce energy consumption.  Translation of conservation ideas into realities, by evolving technically feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a specified time.
76. TYPES OF ENERGY AUDITS Preliminary Energy Audit ( Walk-Through Energy Audit)  Identify the energy consumption pattern in the organization  Estimate the scope for saving  Identify the most likely and the easiest areas for attention (e.g.- unnecessary lighting, higher temperature setting, leakages)  Identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost) improvements/ savings  Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement  Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
77. Detailed Energy Audit  Provide technical solution options and economic analysis for the organization to decide implementation and priority.  Detailed evaluation of energy use pattern  By processes and equipment  Measurement of energy use parameters  Review of equipment operating characteristics  Evaluation of efficiencies  Identify DSM options and measures  Recommendation for implementation
78. BENEFITS OF AN ENERGY AUDIT  Energy savings  Quality improvements  Productivity improvements  Fewer breakdowns  Reduced maintenance  Better safety and protection  A process for repeatable improvements
79. ENERGY AUDITING EQUIPMENT  Power Quality Analyzer (Fluke 435 Three Phase Power Quality Analyzer)  Volts/Amps/Hertz  Dips and Swells  Harmonics  Power & Energy (W, VA, VAR, PF)  Unbalance
80. Lux Meter (Sanwa Illuminance Meter LX2)  Measure the Illuminance level Thermometer (THWD – 10W)  For temperature measurement Thermal Imager (Fluke Ti10)  IR fusion technology (infrared and visual images)  Input for accessing the health of the equipment and for preventive maintenance
81. STATE TIMBER CORPORATION –CONTROL PANEL
82. ENERGY AUDIT – REGION 3 HEADQUARTERS Energy Cost per person = 806,589.20/250 = Rs. 3226. 00 /Month 2011 July 32009 158 758,274.60 August 34107 148 790,475.80 September 31386 153 741,938.40 October 34368 161 806,589.20 November 30826 154 731,924.40 December 30416 145 716,320.40 How much is your Electricity Bill ???
83. ENERGY WASTE OF THE BUILDING  Higher energy consumption and wastage.  Improper design of lighting, air conditioning and wiring system.  Unbalanced loading of three phases.  Inefficient use of natural resources (daylight, natural ventilation).  Lack of knowledge of employees about energy conservation.
84. DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT Monthly electricity comparison of different floors from months April to August
85. ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS Energy consumption C&C Branch Energy consumption 1st Floor Energy consumption Ground Floor Energy consumption 3rd Floor
86. ENERGY INTENSITY OF THE PREMISES Floors Energy Intensity kWh /sq. meters .Month Energy Intensity kWh /person. Month Ground Floor 10.74 101.95 First Floor 12.73 132.11 Second Floor 9.04 103.33 Third Floor 13.98 177.93 Average Energy Intensity 11.62 128.83
87. Activity Current progress Recreate a detailed wiring diagram of entire building by tracing the existing wiring system 3rd and 2nd floor wiring diagrams Fixing of energy meters on main distribution breakers to analyze load pattern of each floor, pump house, lift, canteen and auditorium separately Energy meters are fixed in the control room. All the meters are online Design the lighting arrangement according to the partition plan and required lighting levels Lighting arrangement completed according to the new design Application of solar control window films and extending partitions to avoid cool air leakage Partitions extended and solar films installed Conduct workshops to make employees aware about Energy Conservation. 4 programs done ACTION PLAN
88. 2F/ E-8 2F/ D-8 2F/ C-8 2F/ B-8 2F/ A-7 M1 M1 M1 M1 M M 2F/ B-12 S L L 2F/ B-13 2F/ B-11 2F/ A-11 L 2F/ B-12 L 2F/ A-10 L L 2F/ A-8 L 2F/ A-9 2F/ B-10 L L 2F/ B-9 L A1 B B M1 R1 M1 R1 2F/ E-14 L 2F/ D-13 L 2F/ C-13 L 2F/ E-13 L 2F/ D-12 L 2F/ C-12 L 2F/ E-12 L 2F/ D-11 L 2F/ C-11 L 2F/ E-11 L L 2F/ D-10 L 2F/ C-10 2F/ E-10 L 2F/ D-9 L 2F/ C-9 L 2F/ E-9 L 2F/ B-4 2F/ A-3 2F/ B-6 2F/ A-5 2F/ B-7 2F/ A-6 L L L L 2F/ B-5 2F/ A-4 L L L L S 2F/ A-2 L L 2F/ B-3 L 2F/ A-1 L D.B. 2F/ B-2 L L R 2F/ B-1 L B B L B1 B1 2F/ B-4 2F/ D-4 2F/ C-4 2F/ E-6 2F/ D-6 2F/ C-6 2F/ E-7 2F/ D-7 2F/ C-7 L L L K.K.S. L L 2F/ E-5 2F/ D-5 2F/ C-5 L L L L L L C.C. L 2F/ D-3 L 2F/ C-3 L 2F/ E-3 L 2F/ D-2 L 2F/ C-2 L 2F/ E-2 L 2F/ D-1 L 2F/ C-1 L 2F/ E-1 L L L 2F/ C&C - 6 M1 M1 M1 M1 M M 2F/ C&C - 10 S L L 2F/ C&C - 20 2F/ C&C - 19 L 2F/ C&C - 9 L L 2F/ C&C - 7 L 2F/ C&C - 8 L L A1 B B M1 R1 M1 R1 L L L L L L L L L 2F/ C-10 L L L 2F/ C&C - 4 2F/ C&C - 5 L L L L 2F/ C&C - 12 2F/ C&C - 3 L L L L S 2F/ C&C - 11 D.B. L R 2F/ B-1 B B L B1 B1 2F/ C-4 2F/ C-7 L L K.K.S. L L L L L L L C.C. L L L 2F/ C-2 L L L L L 2F/ B-2 L 2F/ C&C - 1 L 2F/ C&C - 2 L L L 2F/ C&C - 13 2F/ C&C - 14 2F/ C&C - 15 2F/ C&C - 16 2F/ C&C - 17 2F/ C&C - 18 26 53 65 65 2nd Floor
90. h Using efficient equipment Using equipment efficiently Cutting down unnecessary usage Better housekeeping kW ENERGY CONSERVATION
91. ENERGY BALANCE IN A TYPICAL BUILDING Water pumping 0.32% Lighting 15.97% Lifts 2.17% Air Conditioning 77.54% Office Equipments & Others 4%
93. LIGHTING • Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources such as lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. • About 25% of electricity in Sri Lanka is used for lighting. • The peak demand at night occurs mostly due to lighting. • About 20-40% of electricity used in a building is for lighting. • About 10-15% of electricity used at home is for lighting.
94. SELECTION OF LIGHT SOURCE 100 W Incandescent 100 x 4 x 30 CFL 20 x 4 x 30 12 kWh Rs. 120 For Five bulbs Rs 600 2.5 kWh Rs. 25 For Five bulbs Rs 125 36 W 20 W Fluorescent 36 x 4 x 30 LED 7 x 4 x 30 7 W 5 kWh Rs. 50 For Five bulbs Rs 250 1 kWh Rs. 10 For Five bulbs Rs 50
95. LED TECHNOLOGY
96. NEW WAY TO SHOP LUMENS If you're replacing an inefficient 100W bulb, look for an energy-saving bulb that puts out about 1300 lumens. To replace a 60W equivalent, look for a bulb with about 800 lumens. So when you're looking for a new bulb, look for lumens—or how bright the bulb is. Now that's a pretty bright idea! Incandescent rating (W) Incandescent output (lm) CFL rating (W) CFL output (lm) 40 430 7 400 60 730 11 600 75 960 15 900 100 1380 20 1200
97. SELECTION OF LIGHT SOURCE Natural Light For unlimited supply Rs 0.00 0 W
98. Low light makes you Stressed More light makes you Sleepy
99. TASK LIGHTING Position and the height of the light is very important Reduce glare by using fixtures and correct design Daylight is the best
100. Use task lighting Clean the bulbs to get maximum light Use Star rated CFL bulbs Efficient design of lighting Use Reflectors and better luminaires Optimize the use of Daylight Use light colors for walls and floor tiles
101. More stars means more lumens for less power !!! More light with low electricity bill !!!
102. AIR CONDITIONING  The required level to achieve comfortable room condition is 26 °C and 55-60 % relative humidity (RH)  Window shades, trees block heat and sunlight
103. AIR CONDITIONING 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 16:35 17:35 18:35 19:35 20:35 21:35 22:35 23:35 0:35 1:35 2:35 3:35 4:35 5:35 6:35 7:35 8:35 9:35 10:35 11:35 12:35 13:35 14:35 Temperature °C Out Side Temperature (0C) Room Inside Temperature (0C)  Room temperature will be higher than the outside temperature in the morning  Purge fresh air for about 1 to 1.5 hours before start the Air Conditioners
104. Ceiling fans use around 75W 8 hours Per day Monthly Rs. 180 Pedestal fans use around 40W 8 hours per day Monthly Rs. 100 USING FANS
105. Natural Air 0 W Always free
106. Turn off the UPS after shutting down the computers Switch off Printers, Photo copiers and other equipment before you Leave Screen savers are not necessary for LCD screens Print on both sides Select energy star equipment USING COMPUTERS
107. USING COMPUTERS
108. LAPTOPS SAVE ENERGY ?  Laptops use only 25 watts when idle and about 60 watts in use  Desktops use about 100 watts in idle state and 145 watts in use The "sleep" mode on an Energy Star computer uses 2 watts or less Newer laptops have hard disk drives without moving parts, energy-efficient LED screens and low-voltage processors to reduce their power consumption
109. WHEN TO TURN OFF PERSONAL COMPUTERS  the monitor if you aren't going to use your PC for more than 20 minutes.  both the CPU and monitor if you're not going to use your PC for more than 2 hours.  Hibernation mode reduces power consumption even more by saving everything to the hard disk and completely shutting down.  Screen savers are not energy savers. Using a screen saver may in fact use more energy than not using one  Copy movies and songs to hard drive from cd/dvd before playing. Optical cd drive consume more energy.
110. ENERGY BALANCE OF A HOUSE Refrigerator 51% Lights 8% TV 13% Rice Cooker 12% Water Pump 4% Blender 1% Iron 4% Others 7%
111. Adjust the controller to correct level depending on the storage Keep things clean and in a proper way, so that the air will flow everywhere Keep only the things to be presevered by cooling Buy a refrigerator of suitable capacity USING REFRIGERATOR
112. Cover the items that has water to prevent moisture Don’t open door frequently, never keep it open for long time Keeping metal containers, hot foods will consume more electricity USING REFRIGERATOR
113. Keep the refrigerator at least 10 inches away from walls Defrost items in the freezer by putting them in the chiller for around 12 hours before taking out Never keep it under direct sunlight or near to heat sources USING REFRIGERATOR
114. Check the door Seals and clean them regularly. USING REFRIGERATOR
115. COOKING & BOILING Hot plate use around 4000W 1 hour Per day Monthly Rs 1200 Pressure cooker use less gas, cooks quickly and save energy by 60% Rice cooker use around 600W 1 hour per day Monthly Rs 180 Electric kettle use 1500W 1 hour Per day Monthly Rs 225
116. WATCHING TV Black & white TV use around 40W 4 hours Per day Monthly Rs. 48 Color TV use around 100W 4 hour per day Monthly Rs. 120 Switch off other lights when watching TV Don’t put TV in Stand-by mode when not in use Avoid watching unnecessary programs
117. IRONING Iron all your clothes at once Keep the iron on a piece of asbestos or in vertical position when heated Keep aluminum foil on the iron board so that the temperature get reflected and both sides of the material get iron once. Start from the rough clothes and iron the lighter materials last by reducing the iron temperature Set the correct temperature level and use steam for better efficiency
118. Buy a washing machine with suitable capacity Select the appropriate water level and wash mode Don’t use the blender at under load or overload Use the drier only when necessary, dry clothes under sunlight Wash all the clothes at once But don’t use at under load or overload Set the correct speed and timing depending on the quantity Don’t use continuously, switch off the motor frequently OTHER APPLIANCES
119. REFERENCES  “Energy Management Handbook” by Wayne C. Turner & Steve Doty.  “Achieving Sustainability in Energy Sector” by SEA.  www.arresterfacts.com  “Getting Down to Earth” by Megger Company.  EPRI documents on Capacitors.  Last but not least the mighty Internet.