機械翻訳とエンコーダデコーダモデル

次のサイトの2021年12月29日版の資料を参考にさせていただいております．
https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/10.pdf

Transcript

1. Speech and Language Processing. Draft of Dec 29, 2021. Copyright © 2021 Daniel Jurafsky & James H. Martin. All Rights Reserved. $IBQUFS
   
   .BDIJOF
   5SBOTMBUJPO
   BOE
   &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   .PEFMT #
   /BPLJ
   ,PKJNB
2.  -BOHVBHF
   %JWFSHFODFT
   BOE
   5ZQPMPHZ
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   .PEFM
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   XJUI
   3//T
    "UUFOUJPO
    #FBN
   4FBSDI
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   XJUI
   5SBOTGPSNFST
    4PNF
   QSBDUJDBM
   EFUBJMT
   PO
   CVJMEJOH
   .5
   TZTUFNT
    .5
   &WBMVBUJPO
    #JBT
   BOE
   &UIJDBM
   *TTVFT 5BCMF
3. ͋ΒΏΔࣗવݴޠʹ͓͚Δ౷ܭతීวੑʢྨࣅɾ૬ҧʣ 
   -BOHVBHF
   %JWFSHFODFT
   BOE
   5ZQPMPHZ 
   8PSE
   0SEFS
   5ZQPMPHZ 4 7 0ʹ͓͚Δޠॱ ӳޠ υΠπޠ 4 7 0 ೔ຊޠ ώϯσΟʔޠ 4 0 7 ΞΠϧϥϯυޠ 7 4 0 4
   ओޠ
   7
   ಈࢺ
   0
   ໨తޠ ྫʣ
   
   ӳޠɿ ೔ຊޠɿ )F
   TQFBLT
   +BQBOFTF ൴͸೔ຊޠΛ࿩͢ ໊ࢺͱܗ༰ࢺͷલޙؔ܎ ӳޠ ๺ژޠ "EK /PVO εϖΠϯޠ
   ݱ୅ϔϒϥΠޠ /PVO "EK "EK
   ܗ༰ࢺ
   /PVO
   ໊ࢺ ྫʣ
   
   ӳޠɿ εϖΠϯޠɿ HSFFO
   XJUDI CVSKB
   WFSEF 
   -BOHVBHF
   %JWFSHFODFT
   BOE
   5ZQPMPHZ
4. 
   -BOHVBHF
   %JWFSHFODFT
   BOE
   5ZQPMPHZ จ຺ʹΑͬͯ຋༁ޙͷద੾ͳ୯ޠ͕ҟͳΔ จ๏త੍໿
   w ୯਺ܗ
   PS
   ෳ਺ܗ
   w உੑ໊ࢺ
   PS
   ঁੑ໊ࢺ
   FUD ݴޠؒʹ͓͚Δ୯ޠͷҙຯ͕
   ଟ਺
   ର
   ଟ਺
   ͰॏͳΓ΍ζϨ͕͋Δ 
   -FYJDBM
   %JWFSHFODFT
5. 
   -BOHVBHF
   %JWFSHFODFT
   BOE
   5ZQPMPHZ -FYJDBM
   HBQʢޠኮతࠩҟʣ
   ͋ΔݴޠͰ͸ద੾ͳ୯ޠ͸ଘࡏ͢Δ͕ɼผݴޠͰ͸ଘࡏ͠ͳ͍
   ಈࢺͷൃୡͷҧ͍
   w 7FSCGSBNFE
   MBOHVBHFʢಈࢺ࿮෇͚ݴޠʣ

   
   ಈ͖ͷํ޲ΛಈࢺͰࣔ͢ݴޠ
   w 4BUFMMJUFGSBNFE
   MBOHVBHFʢӴੜ࿮෇͚ݴޠʣ

   
   ಈ͖ͷํ޲Λಈࢺʹ෇ਵ͢ΔલஔࢺͳͲଞͷ୯ޠͰࣔ͢ݴޠ 
   -FYJDBM
   %JWFSHFODFT
6. 
   -BOHVBHF
   %JWFSHFODFT
   BOE
   5ZQPMPHZ ݴޠͷಛ௃ͷج४ ·ͱ·Γʹ͓͚Δܗଶૉ਺
   ݽཱޠ
   
   
   ޠኮ͕จதͰมܗͤͣɼಠཱ͍ͯ͠Δ
   ๊߹ޠ
   
   
   จΛߏ੒͢Δ֤ཁૉ͕ີ઀͠ɼશମ͕·ΔͰҰ୯ޠʹݟ͑Δ
   ܗଶૉͷڥքͷ໌֬͞
   ᡼ணޠ
   
   
   ޠװʹ઀͕͖ࣙͭɼཱࣗޠؒΛ෇ଐޠͰͭͳ͙
   ۶ંޠ
   
   
   ޠኮ͕จதͰมܗ͠ɼจதͷ੒෼Λද͢ 
   .PSQIPMPHJDBM
   5ZQPMPHZ 
   3FGFSFOUJBM
   EFOTJUZ ݴޠؒͷ୅໊ࢺͳͲʹΑΔࢀরͷলུ౓߹͍
   ˠলུ͞Εͨ୯ޠΛਪ࿦͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δ QSPESPQ
   MBOHVBHF
   ୅໊ࢺ͕লུ͞ΕΔݴޠ
7. 
   5IF
   &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   .PEFM จ຺ʹԠͨ͡ग़ྗྻΛੜ੒͢ΔϞσϧʢTFRTFRʣ 
   5IF
   &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   .PEFM ߏ੒͢Δཁૉ
    &ODPEFS͸ೖྗ Λड͚औΓɼͦΕʹରԠ͢Δจ຺දݱ Λੜ੒
    ͷؔ਺Ͱ͋ΔίϯςΩετϕΫτϧ Λ%FDPEFSʹ఻͑Δ
    %FDPEFS͸ Λड͚औΓɼӅΕঢ়ଶ Λੜ੒͠ɼରԠ͢Δग़ྗ xn 1 hn 1 hn 1 C C hm 1 ym 1 
   γʔέϯε
   
   ϕΫτϧ
   
   ೖྗ୯ޠ਺
   
   ग़ྗ਺ xn 1 , hn 1 , ym 1 , hm 1 C n m
8. 
   &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   XJUI
   3//T γϯϓϧͳϞσϧ 
   &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   XJUI
   3//T ht = g(ht−1 , xt ) C = hn yt = f(ht ) จ಄ϚʔΧ ࣗݾճؼ 5BTL
   ӳޠˠεϖΠϯޠ ऑ఺
   ೖྗͷจ຺͕࠷ऴతʹ۩ݱԽ͞Εͨ ͷσίʔμ΁ͷӨڹྗ͕࣍ୈʹബ·Δ hn ( = C)
   
   ׆ੑԽؔ਺
   
   
   TPGUNBYؔ਺ g f จ ಄ Ϛ ʔ Χ
9. 
   &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   XJUI
   3//T վળ఺
   Λ%FDPEFSͷ֤ӅΕঢ়ଶ ͷੜ੒࣌ͷύϥϝʔλʹ௥Ճ C hd 
   &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
   XJUI
   3//T
10. 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    3//T 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    3//T C = he n hd 0 = C hd t = g( ̂ yt−1 , hd t−1 , C) zt = f(hd t ) yt = softmax(zt ) ̂ yt = argmaxw∈V P(w|x, y1 , ⋯, yt−1 ) ਺ࣜԽ ͜ͷ ͸׆ੑԽؔ਺Ͱ͸ͳ͍ g TPGUNBYؔ਺ޙͰϕΫτϧ
    
    ֤εςοϓͷ࠷΋֬཰͕ߴ͍ग़ྗ ̂ yt
    
    &ODPEFSͷӅΕঢ়ଶ he
    
    %FDPEFSͷӅΕঢ়ଶ hd ɾɾɾɾɾɾɾɾɾ ɾɾɾɾɾɾɾɾɾ ɾɾɾ ɾɾɾɾ ɾɾɾ ͜ͷ ͸׆ੑԽؔ਺Ͱ͋Δ f ɾɾɾɾɾɾɾɾ
11. 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    3//T 
    5SBJOJOH
    UIF
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    .PEFM UFBDIFS
    GPSDJOH
    ݱࡏͷೖྗʹͭલͷਖ਼ղϥϕϧΛ༻ֶ͍ͯशΛڧ੍͢Δ
12. 
    "UUFOUJPO ໰୊఺ɿγϯϓϧͳ&ODPEFS%FDPEFSϞσϧͷϘτϧωοΫ
    ݪจͷ৘ใ͕ ʹ͔͠ͳ͘ɼશͯͷ৘ใΛදݱ͠ͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍ɽ
    ೖྗ͕௕จͷ৔߹ɼ Ͱಉ͡Α͏ʹදݱ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ࠔ೉ɽ C C 
    "UUFOUJPO "UUFOUJPO
    .FDIBOJTN
    ʢղܾํ๏ʣ
    &ODPEFSͷશӅΕঢ়ଶ͔Β৘ใΛσίʔμͰѻ͑Δܗͱͯ͠Ճ ॏ࿨Λ༻͍ͯͭͷݻఆϕΫτϧ Λಈతʹੜ੒͢Δ֓೦ C ֤σίʔυεςοϓ Ͱੜ੒͞ΕΔ ͸શͯͷ ͷؔ਺ i Ci he hd i = g( ̂ yi−1 , hd i−1 , Ci )
13. 
    "UUFOUJPO Λੜ੒࣌ʹ͓͍ͯ ͱશͯͷ ͱͷؔ࿈ੑΛٻΊΔ hd i hd i−1 he j 
    "UUFOUJPO EPUQSPEVDU
    TDPSF
    શͯͷ ʹ͓͍ͯ಺ੵʹΑΓͭͷ ͷྨࣅ౓ΛٻΊΔ j h score(hd i−1 , he j ) αij = softmax(score(hd i−1 , he j )∀j ∈ e) = exp(score(hd i−1 , he j )) ∑ k exp(score(hd i−1 , he k )) score(hd i−1 , he j ) = hd i−1 ⋅ he j ͜ΕΒΛTPGUNBYؔ਺Ͱਖ਼نԽͨ͠΋ͷΛ ͱ͢Δͱ αij
14. 
    "UUFOUJPO w ͱ ͷՃॏ࿨Λ ͱ͢Δ αij he j Ci 
    "UUFOUJPO Ci = ∑ j αij he j w FOEUPFOEͰֶशՄೳͳύϥϝʔλ Λ༻͍Δʢओྲྀʣ Ws score(hd i−1 , he j ) = hd i−1 Ws he j
15. 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI ໰୊఺
    %FDPEFSʹ͓͍ͯɼ֤εςοϓͰTPGUNBYܭࢉޙͷ࠷΋֬཰ͷߴ͍τʔΫϯΛ બ୒͢Δͱɼہॴతͳ࠷దղΛٻΊ͍ͯΔ͜ͱʹͳΔʢHSFFEZ
    EFDPEJOHʣ TFBSDI
    USFF ͜ͷσίʔυ໰୊ΛώϡʔϦεςΟοΫঢ়ଶۭؒ ୳ࡧͱΈͳͯ͠ɼσίʔμ͕࠷దͳ຋༁Λࢹ֮త ʹ୳ࡧ͢ΔͨΊ͜ͷάϥϑΛ༻͍Δ
16. 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI ֤εςοϓͰ࠷దͳ ݸͷτʔΫϯΛબ୒͢Δ k %FDPEFSʹద༻͢Δͱ
     ιϑτϚοΫεͷग़ྗ͔Β࠷దͳԾઆΛબ୒͢Δɽ
     ֤ԾઃΛҟͳΔ%FDPEFSʹೖྗ͢Δɽ
     ҟͳΔ%FDPEFS͝ͱʹTPGUNBYͷग़ྗΛٻΊΔɽ
     ݸͷ֤τʔΫϯྻͰείΞϦϯάͯ͠ɼ࠷దͳ ݸબ୒͢Δɽ
 ͦͷதʹจ຤ϚʔΧ͕͋Δ৔߹ɼԾઆ͔Β֎ͯ͠ऴྃ͠ ΛͭݮΒ͢ɽ
     Ͱ͋Ε͹ʹ໭Δɽ k × V k k k ≠ 0 ɿCFBN
    XJEUI ϏʔϜ෯
    ൪໨·ͰͷτʔΫϯྻɿIZQPUIFTJT Ծઆ k k ͸Ұൠతʹେ͖ͳ.5γεςϜʹ͸ʙݸͰ༻͍ΒΕ͍ͯΔɽ k
17. 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI είΞϦϯά͸ର਺֬཰ʢର਺໬౓ؔ਺ʣΛ༻͍Δ score(y) = log P(y|x) = log(P(y1 |x)P(y2 |y1 , x)⋯P(yt |y1 , ⋯, yt−1 , x)) = t ∑ i=1 log P(yi |y1 , ⋯, yi−1 , x) ʢDIBJO
    SVMFʣ ར఺
    ௚લͷϊʔυͷείΞΛਵ࣌Ճࢉ͍ͯ͘͜͠ͱͰܭࢉޮ཰͕ྑ͍
    ܭࢉྔ͸O(k × |V| × T)
    
    ϏʔϜ෯
    
    શޠኮ਺
    
    
    ग़ྗ୯ޠ਺ k |V| T ˠείΞΛߴ͍΋ͷ͔Βॱʹ ݸબ୒͢Δ k ͸Ξϯμϑϩʔରࡦ log
18. 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI ྘ɿྦྷੵର਺֬཰ɼ੺ɿର਺֬཰ ͷ৔߹ k = 2
19. 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI 
    #FBN
    4FBSDI ໰୊఺
    ׬੒ͨ͠ԾઆʹΑΔ୯ޠྻͷ௕͕͞ҟͳΔͱ
    ௕͍จࣈྻͷ֬཰
    ʻ
    ୹͍จࣈྻͷ֬཰
    ͱͳΓɼ୹͍จࣈྻ͕બ୒͞Εͯ͠·͏ɽ score(y) = − log P(y|x) = − 1 T t ∑ i=1 log P(yi |y1 , ⋯, yi−1 , x) ղܾྫ
    ෛͷର਺֬཰Λ༻͍ͯ࠷খ໰୊ʹͯ͠ɼਖ਼نԽͷͨΊʹ୯ޠ਺ͰׂΔɽ
20. 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    5SBOTGPSNFST 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    5SBOTGPSNFST %FDPEFSʹ&ODPEFSͷ࠷্૚ͷશӅΕঢ়ଶΛೖྗͱͨ͠DSPTTBUUFOUJPO͕௥Ճ
    ͞Εͯɼ֤εςοϓͰιʔεจશମͱͦΕ·Ͱʹੜ੒ͨ͠λʔήοτจΛ༻͍ͯ୯ޠ ͕ੜ੒͞ΕΔ
21. 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    5SBOTGPSNFST 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    5SBOTGPSNFST Q = WQHdec[i−1] K = WKHenc V = WVHenc DSPTTBUUFOUJPO CrossAttn(Q, K, V) = softmax ( QKT dk ) V ʢ4PVSDF5BSHFUܕ"UUFOUJPOʣ 2VFSZ
    
    ,FZ
    
    7BMVF
    
    &ODPEFSͷӅΕঢ়ଶ
    
    %FDPEFSͷӅΕঢ়ଶ
    Q K V Henc Hdec
22. 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    5SBOTGPSNFST 
    &ODPEFS%FDPEFS
    XJUI
    5SBOTGPSNFST ઌಡΈෆՄ શӅΕঢ়ଶ Λੜ੒ޙɼ%FDPEFSͷ֤ϒϩοΫͷDSPTTBUUFOUJPOʹೖྗ͢Δ he ઌಡΈՄ
23. 
    4PNF
    QSBDUJDBM
    EFUBJMT
    PO
    CVJMEJOH
    .5
    TZTUFNT 
    4PNF
    QSBDUJDBM
    EFUBJMT
    PO
    CVJMEJOH
    .5
    TZTUFNT ɾ
    XPSEQJFDFࣙॻͷߏஙํ๏ʹ͍ͭͯ
     6OJDPEFจࣈͷαϒηοτͳͲͰXPSEQJFDFࣙॻʢ#1ࣙॻʣͷ୯ޠΛॳظԽ
     7ݸͷ୯ޠ͕Ͱ͖Δ·Ͱ܁Γฦ͢
     ݱࡏͷ୯ޠू߹Λ༻ֶ͍ͯशίʔύεͰOHSBNΛֶश͢Δ
     ݱࡏͷࣙॻ͔Βͭͷ୯ޠΛ࿈݁ͯ͠Ͱ͖Δ৽͍͠୯ޠͷՄೳੑͷηοτ Λߟ͑ͯɼֶशίʔύεͷݴޠϞσϧ֬཰Λ࠷΋޲্ͤ͞Δ৽͍͠୯ޠΛ ͭબ୒͢Δʢ#1ʣ
    ɾ
    ͔Βݸͷޠኮ͕࢖༻͞ΕΔ 
    5PLFOJ[BUJPO
24. 
    4PNF
    QSBDUJDBM
    EFUBJMT
    PO
    CVJMEJOH
    .5
    TZTUFNT ͭҎ্ͷݴޠͰॻ͔ΕͨςΩετʢCJUFYUʣͷ
    ର༁ίʔύεʢQBSBMMFM
    DPSQVTʣΛֶश͢Δɽ
    FY
    ೔ຊޠର༁σʔλ ೔ӳ 
    .5
    DPSQPSB 4FOUFODF
    "MJHONFOU IUUQXXXQIPOUSPODPNKBQBOFTFUSBOTMBUJPOEBUBQIQ MBOHKB طଘͷֶशίʔύε͸ҟͳΔݴޠͷςΩετ จ ͷϖΞΛ੔ྻ͞Ε͍ͯΔ
25. 
    4PNF
    QSBDUJDBM
    EFUBJMT
    PO
    CVJMEJOH
    .5
    TZTUFNT ίετؔ਺
    
    
    TPVSDFจॻͷεύϯɼ
    
    UBSHFUจॻͷεύϯ
    
    
    ֤จॻͰϥϯμϜʹબ͹Εͨ4ݸͷεύϯ x y x1 , …, xS , y1 , …, yS c(x, y) = (1 − cos(x, y))nSents(x) nSent(y) ∑S s=1 (1 − cos(x, ys )) + ∑S s=1 (1 − cos(xs , y)) εύϯʹؚ·ΕΔจͷ਺ nSents() = ෼฼͸ྨࣅ౓Λ
    ਖ਼نԽ͢Δ ίʔύεͷΫϦʔϯΞοϓͰखॻ͖ϧʔϧͰਫ਼౓ͷ௿͍จͷϖΞΛ࡟আͯ͠ਫ਼౓Λ্͛Δ 4FOUFODF
    "MJHONFOU ৽͘͠ίʔύεͷ࡞੒͢Δ৔߹
    w ιʔεจͱλʔήοτจͷͦΕͧΕεύϯΛऔΓɼ຋༁Ͱ͋ΔՄೳੑΛଌఆ͢Δ ίετؔ਺
    w จॻؒͰͷྑ͍είΞͷ"MJHONFOUʢϖΞɾ੔ྻʣΛٻΊΔΞϧΰϦζϜ
 ˠ࠷খฤूڑ཭ΞϧΰϦζϜͷ֦ு
26. 
    4PNF
    QSBDUJDBM
    EFUBJMT
    PO
    CVJMEJOH
    .5
    TZTUFNT ໰୊఺ɿಛఆͷݴޠͰ͸ର༁ίʔύε͕ݶΒΕ͍ͯͯɼֶशσʔλ͕ෆ଍͍ͯ͠Δ TPVSDF .5 .5 .5 UBSHFU CJUFYUͷ
    TPVSDFςΩετ CJUFYUͷ
    UBSHFUςΩετ UBSHFUͷ
    ίʔύε TPVSDFͷ
    ςΩετ USBJO JOGFSFODF USBJO CJUFYU
    
 ੜ੒ͨ͠ςΩετ CJUFYU
    
    ίʔύε #BDLUSBOTMBUJPO
27. 
    .5
    &WBMVBUJPO 
    .5
    &WBMVBUJPO ධՁج४
     BEFRVBDZʢଥ౰ੑʣɿ.5༁จʹର͢Δݪจͷҙຯͷਖ਼֬͞
     flVFODZʢྲྀெੑʣɿ.5༁จ͕5BSHFUݴޠͰͷྲྀெ͞ 
    6TJOH
    )VNBO
    3BUFST
    UP
    &WBMVBUF
    .5 ਓ͕ؒ఺PS఺ຬ఺ͳͲͷई౓ͰධՁʢίετͱ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔʣ flVFODZ όΠϦϯΨϧʹ͸ݪจͱ.5༁จΛൺֱ
    ϞϊϦϯΨϧʹ͸ࢀߟ༁จͱ.5༁จΛൺֱ ˠධՁείΞ͔Βҟৗ஋Λ࡟আͯ͠ਖ਼نԽ͢Δ BEFRVBDZ .5༁จͷΘ͔Γ΍͢͞ɼ໌ྎ͞ɼಡΈ΍͢͞ͳͲ
28. 
    .5
    &WBMVBUJPO .5༁จͱࢀߟ༁จʹ͓͚Δग़ݱ͢Δ
    จࣈOHSBNͷ'஋ 
    "VUPNBUJD
    &WBMVBUJPO $IBSBDUFS
    0WFSMBQʢจࣈͷॏͳΓʣ DIS'ʢDIBSBDUFS
    'TDPSFʣ ύϥϝʔλ
    
    OHSBNͷ௕͞ k DIS1
    
    .5༁จͷ d ͷจࣈOHSBN͕ࢀߟ༁จͰग़ݱ͢Δׂ߹ͷฏۉ஋
    DIS3
    
    ࢀߟ༁จͷ d ͷจࣈOHSBN͕ࢀߟ༁จͰग़ݱ͢Δׂ߹ͷฏۉ஋ 1 k 1 k chrFβ = (1 + β2) chrP ⋅ chrR β2 ⋅ chrP + chrR .5
    ༁จ ࢀߟ༁จ 1SFDJTJPO
    DIS1 3FDBMM DIS3 Ұൠʹ β = 2
29. 
    .5
    &WBMVBUJPO #-&6 4UBUJTUJDBM
    4JHOJfiDBODF
    5FTUJOH
    GPS
    .5
    FWBMT ୯ޠΛϕʔεʹͨ͠OHSBNͷ1SFDJTJPOΛ༻͍ͨख๏ จࣈ·ͨ͸୯ޠͷॏෳʹجͮ͘ଌఆج४ʢDIS'΍#-&6ʣ͸ͭͷγε ςϜΛൺֱΛͯ͠ݕఆͰ༗ҙ͕ࠩ͋Δ͔Ͳ͏͔ʹ༻͍Δ ٙࣅςετηοτΛ࡞੒ͯ͠ɼQBJSFE
    CPPUTUSBQ
    UFTUΛߦ͏ɽ
     ͦΕͧΕͷٙࣅςετηοτDIS'Λܭࢉ
     ্ҐɾԼҐͷείΞΛ࡟আ͢Δͱ࢒ΓͷείΞ͔ΒγεςϜͷ
 DIS'είΞͷͷ৴པ͕۠ؒಘΒΕΔɽ
30. 
    .5
    &WBMVBUJPO ࣗಈධՁଌఆʹ͸ݶք͕͋Δ ہॴతͳॲཧͷͨΊɼେ͖ͳϑϨʔζΛҠಈͯ͠΋DIS'͕΄ͱΜͲมԽ͠ͳ͍ɽ
    จॻͷจষؒͷಛੑΛධՁͰ͖ͳ͍ɽ DIS'
    
    -JNJUBUJPOT ҟͳΔ.5ಉ࢜ ਓؒࢧԉ຋༁WTػց຋༁ ͷൺֱ΋Ͱ͖ͳ͍ɽ ˠ୯ҰͷγεςϜʹର͢ΔมߋΛධՁ͢Δ৔߹ʹ࠷΋ద͍ͯ͠Δɽ
31. 
    .5
    &WBMVBUJPO DIS'ͳͲ͸ࢀߟ༁จͱ.5༁จͷڞ௨͢Δ୯ޠΛਖ਼֬ʹଌఆ͢ΔͨΊݫ͗͢͠Δ
    ˠ
    
    
    ࢀর ࢀߟ༁จ ͱ
    
    ީิ .5༁จ Λಉٛޠͱͯ͠ͷҰகΛߟྀ͢Δ
    
    
    
    
    
    
    ͱ ͕ಉٛޠʢྨࣅੑʣͰ͋ΔධՁ x ˜ x r x ˜ x 
    &NCFEEJOH#BTFE
    .FUIPET
32. 
    #JBT
    BOE
    &UIJDBM
    *TTVF 
    #JBT
    BOE
    &UIJDBM
    *TTVF w จԽͷݻఆ֓೦ʹैͬͯδΣϯμʔͰ୯ޠׂ͕Γ౰ͯΒΕΔ
    w ୅໊ࢺ͕ࢦ͢୯ޠʹΑͬͯมΘΔ
 ˠਫ਼౓͕Լ͕Δ
    w ઐ໳༻ޠͷΑ͏ͳ.5γεςϜ͕஌Βͳ͍୯ޠΛ஌Δଌఆج४͕ະղܾ
    w Ϧιʔε͕গͳ͍ݴޠ΋͋ΔͨΊ௿ϦιʔεͰͷ຋༁ՄೳͳΞϧΰϦζϜ͕ඞཁ
 ˠ.5ΞϧΰϦζϜͷ։ᚙ΁ͷࢀՃΛଅͨ͢ΊͷࢀՃܕϓϩηεσβΠϯͷఏҊ
33. 4VNNBSZ 4VNNBSZ ػց຋༁͸ࣗવݴޠॲཧʹ͓͍ͯ࠷΋޿͘࢖ΘΕ͍ͯΔΞϓϦέʔγϣϯͷ̍ͭͰɼ
    .5ͷͨΊʹ։ൃ͞Εͨ&ODPEFS%FDPEFSϞσϧ͸ࠓͰ΋ॏཁͳπʔϧͰ͋Δɽ
    w ݴޠ͕࣋ͭߏ଄΍ޠኮͷࠩҟ͕຋༁Λ೉͍ͯ͘͠͠Δ
    w ݴޠֶͰ͸ྨܕతͳ࣍ݩͰݴޠΛ෼ྨ͍ͯ͠Δ
    w 3//T΍5SBOTGPSNFSTͷ&ODPEFS%FDPEFSωοτϫʔΫ TFRTFR ͸
 &ODPEFS͕ೖྗγʔέϯεΛड͚औΓɼͦͷίϯςΩετදݱΛੜ੒͠ɼ
 %FDPEFSʹ౉͞ΕɼλεΫʹಛԽͨ͠ग़ྗγʔέϯεΛੜ੒͢Δ
    w 3//ͷ"UUFOUJPO
    .FDIBOJTN΍5SBOTGPSNFSTͷDSPTTBUUFOUJPO͸
 %FDPEFS͕&ODPEFSͷશӅΕঢ়ଶ͔Β৘ใΛݟΔ͜ͱ͕Մೳ
34. 4VNNBSZ 4VNNBSZ w %FDPEFS͸֤εςοϓͰͷτʔΫϯબ୒ʹ͸
 HSFFEZ
    EFDPEJOHͱCFBN
    TFBSDI͕༻͍ΒΕΔ
    
    w ର༁ίʔύε QBSBMMFM
    DPSQVT ͱ͍͏ݴޠͷςΩετ CJUFYU Λֶश͢Δ
    w #BDLUSBOTMBUJPO͸λʔήοτݴޠͷίʔύεΛ༻͍ͯٯ຋༁͢Δख๏
    w .5ͷධՁ͸຋༁ͷਓؒʹΑΔଥ౰ੑͱྲྀெੑͷଌఆ͕࠷΋࣮֬ͰجຊͰ͋Δ
 ͔͠͠ɼίετͱ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔͨΊɼDIS'ͷΑ͏ͳࣗಈධՁଌఆɼ &NCFEEJOHͷྨࣅ౓ʹجͮ͘ଌఆ͕͋Δ