Tips, Tricks, and Good Practices with Laravel's Eloquent

Presentation at TrianglePHP - https://www.meetup.com/trianglephp/events/zgpswmyxlbvb/

https://chrisgmyr.com/2018/08/tips-tricks-and-good-practices-with-laravels-eloquent

Transcript

1. TIPS, TRICKS, AND GOOD
   PRACTICES
   WITH
   LARAVEL'S ELOQUENT
   PRESENTED BY CHRIS GMYR
   

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2. View Slide

3. WHAT IS LARAVEL?
   Laravel is a modern PHP framework that helps you create
   applications using simple, expressive syntax as well as
   offers powerful features like an ORM, routing, queues,
   events, notifications, simple authentication...
   ...and so much more!
   3 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
   

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4. WHAT IS ELOQUENT?
   The Eloquent ORM included with Laravel provides a
   beautiful, simple ActiveRecord implementation for working
   with your database. Each database table has a
   corresponding "Model" which is used to interact with that
   table. Models allow you to query for data in your tables,
   as well as insert new records into the table.
   https://laravel.com/docs/5.6/eloquent
   4 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
   

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5. THE BASICS
   

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6. A MODEL
   class Post extends Model
   {
   // look Ma, no code!
   }
   - id
   - title
   - created_at
   - updated_at
   $post = Post::find(1);
   6 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
   

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7. ARTISAN GOODIES
   php artisan make:model Product
   7 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
   

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8. ARTISAN GOODIES
   php artisan make:model Product -mcr
   -m will create a migration file
   -c will create a controller
   -r will indicate that controller should be resourceful
   8 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
   

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9. CRUDDY
   

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10. CREATING
    $user = new User();
    $user->first_name = 'Chris';
    $user->email = 'cmgmyr@gmail.com';
    $user->save();
    10 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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11. CREATING
    $user = User::create([
    'first_name' => 'Chris',
    'email' => 'cmgmyr@gmail.com',
    ]);
    Note: $fillable/$guarded properties
    11 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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12. UPDATING
    $user = User::find(1);
    $user->email = 'me@chrisgmyr.com';
    $user->save();
    12 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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13. UPDATING
    $user = User::find(1);
    $user->update([
    'email' => 'me@chrisgmyr.com',
    ]);
    Note: $fillable/$guarded properties
    13 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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14. UPDATING
    $user = User::find(1);
    $user->fill([
    'email' => 'me@chrisgmyr.com',
    ]);
    $user->save();
    Note: $fillable/$guarded properties
    14 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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15. DELETING
    $user = User::find(1);
    $user->delete();
    15 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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16. DELETING
    User::destroy(1);
    User::destroy([1, 2, 3]);
    User::destroy(1, 2, 3);
    16 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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17. "OR" HELPER METHODS
    User::findOrFail(1);
    $user->saveOrFail(); // same as save(), but uses transaction
    User::firstOrCreate([ /* attributes */]);
    User::updateOrInsert([/* attributes to search */], [/* attributes to update */]);
    17 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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18. QUERYING
    

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19. QUERYING
    $users = User::get(); // User::all()
    $user = User::where('id', 1)->first();
    $user = User::find(1);
    $user = User::findOrFail(1);
    $users = User::find([1, 2, 3]);
    $users = User::whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3])->get();
    $users = User::where('is_admin', true)
    ->where('id', '!=', Auth::id())
    ->take(10)
    ->orderBy('last_name', 'ASC')
    ->get();
    19 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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20. CHUNKING
    User::chunk(50, function ($users) {
    foreach ($users as $user) {
    //
    }
    });
    20 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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21. COLLECTIONS
    For Eloquent methods like all() and get() which
    retrieve multiple results, an instance of
    Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection
    will be returned.
    $admins = $users->filter(function ($user) {
    return $user->is_admin;
    });
    21 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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22. RAW QUERY METHODS
    Product::whereRaw('price > IF(state = "NC", ?, 100)', [200])
    ->get();
    Post::groupBy('category_id')
    ->havingRaw('COUNT(*) > 1')
    ->get();
    Customer::where('created_at', '>', '2016-01-01')
    ->orderByRaw('(updated_at - created_at) desc')
    ->get();
    22 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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23. RELATIONSHIPS
    

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24. RELATIONSHIPS
    hasOne() // User has one Address
    belongsTo() // Address belongs to User
    hasMany() // Post has many Comment
    belongsToMany() // Role belongs to many User
    hasManyThrough() // Country has many Post through User
    // Use single table
    morphTo() // Comment can be on Post, Video, Album
    morphMany() // Post has many Comment
    // Use pivot table
    morphToMany() // Post has many Tag
    morphedByMany() // Tag has many Post
    24 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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25. RELATIONSHIPS
    class Video extends Model
    {
    public function comments()
    {
    return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
    }
    }
    $video = Video::find(1);
    foreach ($video->comments as $comment) {
    // $comment->body
    }
    25 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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26. RELATIONSHIPS
    class Video extends Model
    {
    public function comments()
    {
    return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
    }
    }
    $video = Video::find(1);
    foreach ($video->comments()->where('approved', true)->get() as $comment) {
    // $comment->body
    }
    26 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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27. DEFAULT CONDITIONS AND ORDERING
    class Video extends Model
    {
    public function comments()
    {
    return $this->hasMany(Comment::class)
    ->where('approved', true)
    ->latest();
    }
    }
    27 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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28. DEFAULT CONDITIONS AND ORDERING
    class Video extends Model
    {
    public function comments()
    {
    return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
    }
    public function publicComments()
    {
    return $this->comments()
    ->where('approved', true)
    ->latest();
    }
    }
    28 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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29. DEFAULT MODELS
    Default models can be used with belongsTo(),
    hasOne(), and morphOne() relationships.
    29 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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30. DEFAULT MODELS
    {{ $post->author->name }} // error if author not found
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public function author()
    {
    return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
    }
    }
    30 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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31. DEFAULT MODELS
    {{ $post->author->name ?? '' }} // meh
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public function author()
    {
    return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
    }
    }
    31 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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32. DEFAULT MODELS
    {{ $post->author->name }} // better!
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public function author()
    {
    return $this->belongsTo(User::class)->withDefault();
    }
    }
    32 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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33. DEFAULT MODELS
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public function author()
    {
    return $this->belongsTo(User::class)->withDefault([
    'name' => 'Guest Author',
    ]);
    }
    }
    33 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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34. EVENTS
    The retrieved event will fire when an existing model is
    retrieved from the database. When a new model is saved for
    the first time, the creating and created events will fire.
    If a model already existed in the database and the save()
    method is called, the updating / updated events will fire.
    However, in both cases, the saving / saved events will fire.
    https://laravel.com/docs/5.6/eloquent#events
    34 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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35. EVENTS
    class User extends Model
    {
    protected $dispatchesEvents = [
    'saved' => UserSaved::class,
    'deleted' => UserDeleted::class,
    ];
    }
    35 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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36. OBSERVERS
    php artisan make:observer UserObserver --
    model=User
    class ModelObserverServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
    {
    public function boot()
    {
    User::observe(UserObserver::class);
    }
    }
    36 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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37. OBSERVERS
    class UserObserver
    {
    public function created(User $user)
    {
    }
    public function updated(User $user)
    {
    }
    public function deleted(User $user)
    {
    }
    }
    37 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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38. boot() METHOD
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public static function boot()
    {
    parent::boot();
    self::creating(function ($model) {
    $model->uuid = (string) Uuid::generate();
    });
    }
    }
    38 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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39. BOOTABLE TRAIT
    class Post extends Model
    {
    use HasUuid;
    }
    trait HasUuid
    {
    public static function bootHasUuid()
    {
    self::creating(function ($model) {
    $model->uuid = (string) Uuid::generate();
    });
    }
    // more uuid related methods
    }
    39 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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40. HELPER
    METHODS
    

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41. INCREMENTS AND DECREMENTS
    $post = Post::find(1);
    $post->stars++;
    $post->save();
    $post->stars--;
    $post->save();
    41 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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42. INCREMENTS AND DECREMENTS
    $post = Post::find(1);
    $post->increment('stars'); // add 1
    $post->increment('stars', 15); // add 15
    $post->decrement('stars'); // subtract 1
    $post->decrement('stars', 15); // subtract 15
    42 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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43. AGGREGATES
    $count = Product::where('active', 1)->count();
    $min = Product::where('active', 1)->min('price');
    $max = Product::where('active', 1)->max('price');
    $avg = Product::where('active', 1)->avg('price');
    $sum = Product::where('active', 1)->sum('price');
    43 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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44. CHECK IF RECORDS EXIST
    Instead of count(), you could use...
    User::where('username', 'cmgmyr')->exists();
    User::where('username', 'cmgmyr')->doesntExist();
    44 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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45. MODEL STATE
    $model->isDirty($attributes = null);
    $model->isClean($attributes = null);
    $model->wasChanged($attributes = null);
    $model->hasChanges($changes, $attributes = null);
    $model->getDirty();
    $model->getChanges();
    //Indicates if the model exists.
    $model->exists;
    //Indicates if the model was inserted during the current request lifecycle.
    $model->wasRecentlyCreated;
    45 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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46. "MAGIC" WHERE()
    $users = User::where('approved', 1)->get();
    $users = User::whereApproved(1)->get();
    $user = User::where('username', 'cmgmyr')->get();
    $user = User::whereUsername('cmgmyr')->get();
    $admins = User::where('is_admin', true)->get();
    $admins = User::whereIsAdmin(true)->get();
    46 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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47. SUPER "MAGIC" WHERE()
    User::whereTypeAndStatus('admin', 'active')->get();
    User::whereTypeOrStatus('admin', 'active')->get();
    https://twitter.com/themsaid/status/
    1029731544942952448
    47 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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48. DATES
    User::whereDate('created_at', date('Y-m-d'));
    User::whereDay('created_at', date('d'));
    User::whereMonth('created_at', date('m'));
    User::whereYear('created_at', date('Y'));
    48 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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49. when() TO ELIMINATE CONDITIONALS
    $query = Author::query();
    if (request('filter_by') == 'likes') {
    $query->where('likes', '>', request('likes_amount', 0));
    }
    if (request('filter_by') == 'date') {
    $query->orderBy('created_at', request('ordering_rule', 'desc'));
    }
    49 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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50. when() TO ELIMINATE CONDITIONALS
    $query = Author::query();
    $query->when(request('filter_by') == 'likes', function ($q) {
    return $q->where('likes', '>', request('likes_amount', 0));
    });
    $query->when(request('filter_by') == 'date', function ($q) {
    return $q->orderBy('created_at', request('ordering_rule', 'desc'));
    });
    50 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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51. replicate() A MODEL
    $invoice = Invoice::find(1);
    $newInvoice = $invoice->replicate();
    $newInvoice->save();
    51 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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52. PAGINATION
    // 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...
    $users = User::where('active', true)->paginate(15);
    // Previous/Next
    $users = User::where('active', true)->simplePaginate(15);
    // In Blade
    {{ $users->links() }}
    52 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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53. Pagination to Json
    {
    "total": 50,
    "per_page": 15,
    "current_page": 1,
    "last_page": 4,
    "first_page_url": "https://my.app?page=1",
    "last_page_url": "https://my.app?page=4",
    "next_page_url": "https://my.app?page=2",
    "prev_page_url": null,
    "path": "https://my.app",
    "from": 1,
    "to": 15,
    "data":[
    {
    // Result Object
    },
    {
    // Result Object
    }
    ]
    }
    53 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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54. MODEL PROPERTIES
    protected $table = 'users';
    protected $fillable = ['first_name', 'email', 'password']; // create()/update()
    protected $dates = ['created', 'deleted_at']; // Carbon
    protected $appends = ['full_name', 'company']; // additional JSON values
    protected $casts = ['is_admin' => 'boolean', 'options' => 'array'];
    protected $primaryKey = 'uuid';
    public $incrementing = false;
    protected $perPage = 25;
    const CREATED_AT = 'created';
    const UPDATED_AT = 'updated';
    public $timestamps = false;
    ...and more!
    54 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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55. OVERRIDING updated_at
    $product = Product::find(1);
    $product->updated_at = '2020-01-01 10:00:00';
    $product->save(['timestamps' => false]);
    55 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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56. PRIMARY KEY METHODS
    $video = Video::find(1);
    $video->getKeyName(); // 'id'
    $video->getKeyType(); // 'int'
    $video->getKey(); // 1
    56 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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57. ACCESSORS/MUTATORS
    class User extends Model
    {
    public function setFirstNameAttribute($value)
    {
    $this->attributes['first_name'] = strtolower($value);
    }
    public function setLastNameAttribute($value)
    {
    $this->attributes['last_name'] = strtolower($value);
    }
    }
    57 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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58. ACCESSORS/MUTATORS
    class User extends Model
    {
    public function getFirstNameAttribute($value)
    {
    return ucfirst($value);
    }
    public function getLastNameAttribute($value)
    {
    return ucfirst($value);
    }
    public function getEmailAttribute($value)
    {
    return new Email($value);
    }
    public function getFullNameAttribute()
    {
    return "{$this->first_name} {$this->last_name}";
    }
    }
    58 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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59. ACCESSORS/MUTATORS
    $user = User::create([
    'first_name' => 'Chris', // chris
    'last_name' => 'Gmyr', // gmyr
    'email' => 'cmgmyr@gmail.com',
    ]);
    $user->first_name; // Chris
    $user->last_name; // Gmyr
    $user->email; // instance of Email
    $user->full_name; // 'Chris Gmyr'
    59 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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60. TO ARRAY/JSON
    $user = User::find(1);
    return $user->toArray();
    return $user->toJson();
    You can also return $user from a controller method
    and it will automatically return JSON.
    60 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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61. APPENDING VALUES TO JSON
    class User extends Model
    {
    protected $appends = ['full_name']; // adds to toArray()
    public function getFullNameAttribute()
    {
    return "{$this->first_name} {$this->last_name}";
    }
    }
    // or...
    return $user->append('full_name')->toArray();
    return $user->setAppends(['full_name'])->toArray();
    61 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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62. LOCAL SCOPES
    $posts = Post::whereNotNull('published_at')
    ->where('published_at', '<=', Carbon::now())
    ->latest('published_at')
    ->get();
    62 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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63. LOCAL SCOPES
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public function scopePublished($query)
    {
    return $query->whereNotNull('published_at')
    ->where('published_at', '<=', Carbon::now())
    ->latest('published_at');
    }
    }
    63 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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64. LOCAL SCOPES
    $posts = Post::published()->get();
    64 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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65. SINGLE TABLE
    INHERITANCE
    

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66. SINGLE TABLE INHERITANCE
    $admins = User::where('is_admin', true)->get();
    $customers = User::where('is_admin', false)->get();
    66 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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67. SINGLE TABLE INHERITANCE
    class User extends Model
    {
    public function scopeAdmin($query)
    {
    return $query->where('is_admin', true);
    }
    public function scopeCustomer($query)
    {
    return $query->where('is_admin', false);
    }
    }
    $admins = User::admin()->get();
    $customers = User::customer()->get();
    67 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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68. SINGLE TABLE INHERITANCE
    class Admin extends User
    {
    protected static function boot()
    {
    parent::boot();
    static::addGlobalScope(function ($query) {
    $query->where('is_admin', true);
    });
    }
    }
    68 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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69. SINGLE TABLE INHERITANCE
    class Customer extends User
    {
    protected static function boot()
    {
    parent::boot();
    static::addGlobalScope(function ($query) {
    $query->where('is_admin', false);
    });
    }
    }
    69 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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70. SINGLE TABLE INHERITANCE
    $admins = Admin::get();
    $customers = Customer::get();
    70 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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71. SINGLE TABLE INHERITANCE
    Read more:
    > https://twitter.com/cmgmyr/status/
    885204646498893824
    > https://tighten.co/blog/extending-models-in-
    eloquent
    71 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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72. DEFAULT MODEL
    DATA
    

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73. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->increments('id');
    $table->string('name');
    $table->string('email')->unique();
    $table->string('password');
    $table->string('role')->default('user'); // moderator, admin, etc
    $table->rememberToken();
    $table->timestamps();
    });
    73 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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74. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    class User extends Model
    {
    protected $fillable = [
    'name', 'email', 'password', 'role'
    ];
    }
    74 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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75. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    $user = new User();
    $user->name = 'Chris';
    $user->email = 'cmgmyr@gmail.com';
    $user->password = Hash::make('p@ssw0rd');
    // $user->role is currently NULL
    $user->save();
    $user->role; // 'user'
    75 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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76. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    Remove ->default('user');
    Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->increments('id');
    $table->string('name');
    $table->string('email')->unique();
    $table->string('password');
    $table->string('role'); // moderator, admin, etc
    $table->rememberToken();
    $table->timestamps();
    });
    76 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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77. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    Set $attributes
    class User extends Model
    {
    protected $fillable = [
    'name', 'email', 'password', 'role'
    ];
    protected $attributes = [
    'role' => 'user',
    ];
    }
    77 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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78. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    $user = new User();
    $user->name = 'Chris';
    $user->email = 'cmgmyr@gmail.com';
    $user->password = Hash::make('p@ssw0rd');
    // $user->role is currently 'user'!
    $user->save();
    $user->role; // 'user'
    78 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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79. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    $user = new User();
    $user->name = 'Chris';
    $user->email = 'cmgmyr@gmail.com';
    $user->password = Hash::make('p@ssw0rd');
    $user->role = 'admin'; // can override default
    $user->save();
    $user->role; // 'admin'
    79 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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80. DEFAULT MODELS
    Remember our previous example?
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public function author()
    {
    return $this->belongsTo(User::class)->withDefault([
    'name' => 'Guest Author',
    ]);
    }
    }
    80 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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81. DEFAULT MODELS
    We no longer need to provide a name, use the User
    $attributes property!
    class Post extends Model
    {
    public function author()
    {
    return $this->belongsTo(User::class)->withDefault();
    }
    }
    81 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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82. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    class User extends Model
    {
    protected $fillable = [
    'name', 'email', 'password', 'role'
    ];
    protected $attributes = [
    'name' => 'Guest Author',
    'role' => 'user',
    ];
    }
    82 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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83. DEFAULT MODEL DATA
    Watch Colin DeCarlo's - Keeping Eloquent Eloquent from
    Laracon US 2016
    https://streamacon.com/video/laracon-us-2016/colin-
    decarlo-keeping-eloquent-eloquent
    83 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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84. SUB-QUERIES
    $customers = Customer::with('company')
    ->orderByName()
    ->paginate();
    Get latest interactions?
    {{ $customer
    ->interactions()
    ->latest()
    ->first()
    ->created_at
    ->diffForHumans() }}
    84 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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85. SUB-QUERIES
    public function scopeWithLastInteractionDate($query)
    {
    $subQuery = \DB::table('interactions')
    ->select('created_at')
    ->whereRaw('customer_id = customers.id')
    ->latest()
    ->limit(1);
    return $query->select('customers.*')->selectSub($subQuery, 'last_interaction_date');
    }
    $customers = Customer::with('company')
    ->withLastInteractionDate()
    ->orderByName()
    ->paginate();
    {{ $customer->last_interaction_date->diffForHumans() }}
    85 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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86. SUB-QUERIES
    Jonathan Reinink's Laracon 2018 Online Talk - Advanced
    Querying with Eloquent
    https://github.com/reinink/laracon2018
    86 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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87. RESOURCES
    > https://laravel.com/docs/5.6/eloquent
    > https://laravel-news.com/eloquent-tips-tricks
    > https://twitter.com/themsaid/status/1029731544942952448
    > https://twitter.com/cmgmyr/status/885204646498893824
    > https://tighten.co/blog/extending-models-in-eloquent
    > https://streamacon.com/video/laracon-us-2016/colin-decarlo-keeping-
    eloquent-eloquent
    > https://github.com/reinink/laracon2018
    > https://eloquentbyexample.com
    87 — Twitter/GitHub: @cmgmyr
    

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88. THANK YOU!
    PLEASE SAY "HI"
    TWITTER.COM/CMGMYR
    GITHUB.COM/CMGMYR
    CHRISGMYR.COM
    

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