RailsConf 2018 | The Future of Rails 6: Scalable by Default

We've all heard the phrase "Rails doesn't scale". Long running test suites and no standard for implementing multiple databases makes it hard scale monolithic Rails applications. Rails 6 will start making Rails scalable by default with parallel testing and improved support for using multiple databases. You'll no longer be forced to reinvent the wheel and create your own solution to these problems. In this talk we'll take a look why these improvements are important, how they work, and ways in which small ideas can quickly snowball into major changes. This is just the beginning of Rails 6.

Transcript

1. The Future of Rails 6
   Scalable by Default
   

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2. Eileen M. Uchitelle
   eileencodes.com
   @eileencodes
   

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3. a
   

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4. Core Team
   

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5. “Rails doesn’t scale!”
   

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7. Rails doesn’t scale
   

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8. Rails doesn’t scale
   easily
   

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9. Rails doesn’t scale
   easily (yet)
   

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10. What does
    “scalable” mean?
    

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11. Your test suite shouldn’t
    block development
    

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12. Your application can
    handle data & traffic
    

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13. The Future of Rails 6
    Scalable by Default
    

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14. Parallel Testing
    Speeding up your test suite
    

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15. a
    

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16. a
    

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17. Forking
    - vs -
    Threads
    

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18. Forking Processes
    with dRB
    

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19. # test/test_helper.rb
    module ActiveSupport::TestCase
    parallelize(workers: 2)
    end
    

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20. def parallelize(workers: 2, with: :processes)
    workers = ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"].to_i if ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"]
    return if workers <= 1
    executor = case with
    when :processes
    Testing::Parallelization.new(workers)
    when :threads
    Minitest::Parallel::Executor.new(workers)
    else
    raise ArgumentError, "#{with} is 

    not a supported parallelization executor."
    end
    self.lock_threads = false if defined?(self.lock_threads) && 

    with == :threads
    Minitest.parallel_executor = executor
    parallelize_me!
    end
    

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21. def parallelize(workers: 2, with: :processes)
    workers = ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"].to_i if ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"]
    return if workers <= 1
    executor = case with
    when :processes
    Testing::Parallelization.new(workers)
    when :threads
    Minitest::Parallel::Executor.new(workers)
    else
    raise ArgumentError, "#{with} is 

    not a supported parallelization executor."
    end
    self.lock_threads = false if defined?(self.lock_threads) && 

    with == :threads
    Minitest.parallel_executor = executor
    parallelize_me!
    end
    

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22. # activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/parallelization
    module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def initialize(queue_size)
    @queue_size = queue_size
    @queue = Server.new
    @pool = []
    @url = DRb.start_service("drbunix:", @queue).uri
    end
    […]
    end
    

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23. # activesupport/lib/active_support/testing/parallelization
    module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def initialize(queue_size)
    @queue_size = queue_size
    @queue = Server.new
    @pool = []
    @url = DRb.start_service("drbunix:", @queue).uri
    end
    […]
    end
    

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24. def parallelize(workers: 2, with: :processes)
    workers = ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"].to_i if ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"]
    return if workers <= 1
    executor = case with
    when :processes
    Testing::Parallelization.new(workers)
    when :threads
    Minitest::Parallel::Executor.new(workers)
    else
    raise ArgumentError, "#{with} is 

    not a supported parallelization executor."
    end
    self.lock_threads = false if defined?(self.lock_threads) && 

    with == :threads
    Minitest.parallel_executor = executor
    parallelize_me!
    end
    

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25. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    DRb.stop_service
    

    after_fork(worker)
    

    queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri(@url)
    

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    […]
    

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26. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    DRb.stop_service
    

    after_fork(worker)
    

    queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri(@url)
    

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    […]
    

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27. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    DRb.stop_service
    

    after_fork(worker)
    

    queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri(@url)
    

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    […]
    

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28. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    DRb.stop_service
    

    after_fork(worker)
    

    queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri(@url)
    

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    […]
    

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29. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    […]

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    reporter = job[2]
    result = Minitest.run_one_method(klass, method)
    queue.record(reporter, result)
    end
    run_cleanup(worker)
    […]
    

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30. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    […]

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    reporter = job[2]
    result = Minitest.run_one_method(klass, method)
    queue.record(reporter, result)
    end
    run_cleanup(worker)
    […]
    

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31. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    […]

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    reporter = job[2]
    result = Minitest.run_one_method(klass, method)
    queue.record(reporter, result)
    end
    run_cleanup(worker)
    […]
    

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32. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    […]

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    reporter = job[2]
    result = Minitest.run_one_method(klass, method)
    queue.record(reporter, result)
    end
    run_cleanup(worker)
    […]
    

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33. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    […]
    end
    def shutdown
    @queue_size.times { @queue << nil }
    @pool.each { |pid| Process.waitpid(pid) }
    end
    […]
    end
    

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34. # test/test_helper.rb
    module ActiveSupport::TestCase
    parallelize(workers: 2)
    end
    

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35. 
    test-database-0 test-database-1
    

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36. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    DRb.stop_service
    

    after_fork(worker)
    

    queue = DRbObject.new_with_uri(@url)
    

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    […]
    

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37. module ActiveSupport::Testing::Parallelization
    […]
    def start
    @pool = @queue_size.times.map do |worker|
    fork do
    […]

    while job = queue.pop
    klass = job[0]
    method = job[1]
    reporter = job[2]
    result = Minitest.run_one_method(klass, method)
    queue.record(reporter, result)
    end
    run_cleanup(worker)
    […]
    

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38. # test/test_helper.rb
    module ActiveSupport::TestCase
    parallelize(workers: 2)
    parallelize_setup do |worker|
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.create(:animals)
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:animals)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.load_schema
    end
    parallelize_teardown do |worker|
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.drop(:animals)
    end
    end
    

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39. Threaded testing
    with Minitest
    

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40. # test/test_helper.rb
    module ActiveSupport::TestCase
    parallelize(workers: 2, with: :threads)
    end
    

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41. def parallelize(workers: 2, with: :processes)
    workers = ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"].to_i if ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"]
    return if workers <= 1
    executor = case with
    when :processes
    Testing::Parallelization.new(workers)
    when :threads
    Minitest::Parallel::Executor.new(workers)
    else
    raise ArgumentError, "#{with} is 

    not a supported parallelization executor."
    end
    self.lock_threads = false if defined?(self.lock_threads) && 

    with == :threads
    Minitest.parallel_executor = executor
    parallelize_me!
    end
    

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42. View Slide

43. 
    Connection ID:
    #03938752
    Connection ID:
    #83321340
    

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44. 
    Connection ID:
    #83321340
    Connection ID:
    #83321340
    

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45. This is so weird. We
    seem to have an
    isolation problem…
    

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47. 
    Rails
    opens a
    connection
    

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48. 
    Puma opens
    a second
    connection
    Rails
    opens a
    connection
    

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49. 
    Puma opens
    a second
    connection
    Rails
    opens a
    connection
    

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50. Test thread
    connection
    number 1
    Test thread
    connection
    number 2
    
    

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51. def parallelize(workers: 2, with: :processes)
    workers = ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"].to_i if ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"]
    return if workers <= 1
    executor = case with
    when :processes
    Testing::Parallelization.new(workers)
    when :threads
    Minitest::Parallel::Executor.new(workers)
    else
    raise ArgumentError, "#{with} is 

    not a supported parallelization executor."
    end
    self.lock_threads = false if defined?(self.lock_threads) && 

    with == :threads
    Minitest.parallel_executor = executor
    parallelize_me!
    end
    

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52. $ rails test
    

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53. $ PARALLEL_WORKERS=14 rails test
    

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54. def parallelize(workers: 2, with: :processes)
    workers = ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"].to_i if ENV["PARALLEL_WORKERS"]
    return if workers <= 1
    executor = case with
    when :processes
    Testing::Parallelization.new(workers)
    when :threads
    Minitest::Parallel::Executor.new(workers)
    else
    raise ArgumentError, "#{with} is 

    not a supported parallelization executor."
    end
    self.lock_threads = false if defined?(self.lock_threads) && 

    with == :threads
    Minitest.parallel_executor = executor
    parallelize_me!
    end
    

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55. Parallel Testing PR
    github.com/rails/rails/pull/31900
    

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56. Your test suite shouldn’t
    block development
    

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57. Your application can
    handle data & traffic
    

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58. View Slide

59. View Slide

60. 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    DB
    1
    DB
    2
    DB
    3
    

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61. Multiple Databases
    Making multi-db behavior easy
    

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62. 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Primary
    

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63. 
    
    
    
    
    
    
    DB
    1
    DB
    2
    DB
    3
    

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64. Table
    id: integer
    name: string
    Table
    id: integer
    name: string
    Table
    id: integer
    name: string
    Table
    id: integer
    name: string
    Primary Animals
    

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65. X Best practices are undocumented
    The State of Multi-db in Rails 5
    

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66. # database.yml
    production:
    <<: *default
    database: db_production
    production_animals:
    <<: *default
    database: db_animals_production
    

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67. # database.yml
    production:
    <<: *default
    database: db_production
    production_animals:
    <<: *default
    database: db_animals_production
    

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68. # 3-tier database.yml
    production:
    primary:
    <<: *default
    database: db_production
    animals:
    <<: *default
    database: db_animals_production
    

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69. db/animals_migrate
    ↳ 20180206210429_create_dogs.rb
    ↳ 20180206210437_create_cats.rb
    

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70. ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths =
    "db/animals_migrate"
    ActiveRecord::Base.migrate
    

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71. X Best practices are undocumented
    X Migrations don’t work
    The State of Multi-db in Rails 5
    

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72. # app/models/animals_base.rb
    class AnimalsBase < ActiveRecord::Base
    self.abstract_class = true
    establish_connection :animals
    end
    

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73. # app/models/dog.rb
    class Dog < AnimalsBase
    […]
    end
    # app/models/cat.rb
    class Cat < AnimalsBase
    […]
    end
    

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74. X Best practices are undocumented
    X Migrations don’t work
    X Database tasks don’t exist
    The State of Multi-db in Rails 5
    

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75. ActiveRecord::AdapterNotSpecified:
    'production' database is not configured.
    

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76. # activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
    initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do
    ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
    self.configurations =
    Rails.application.config.database_configuration
    begin
    establish_connection
    rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
    warn <<-end_warning
    

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77. # activerecord/lib/active_record/railtie.rb
    initializer "active_record.initialize_database" do
    ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
    self.configurations =
    Rails.application.config.database_configuration
    begin
    establish_connection
    rescue ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError
    warn <<-end_warning
    

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78. X Best practices are undocumented
    X Migrations don’t work
    X Database tasks don’t exist
    X Default connection was broken
    The State of Multi-db in Rails 5
    

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79. Migrations
    Connections
    don’t work
    Rake tasks
    

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80. View Slide

81. Fixing migrations for
    multiple databases
    

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82. path = Rails.root.to_s + "/db/animals_migrate"
    desc "Migrate the cluster db"
    task migrate: :environment do
    ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_paths = path
    ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(:animals)
    ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
    db_namespace["db:schema:dump"].invoke
    end
    

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83. # 3-tier database.yml
    production:
    primary:
    <<: *default
    database: db_production
    animals:
    <<: *default
    database: db_animals_production
    migrations_paths: db/animals_migrate
    

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84. >> Dog.connection.migrations_paths
    => "db/animals_migrate"
    

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85. Migrations Paths Refactoring PR
    github.com/rails/rails/pull/31727
    

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86. X Best practices are undocumented
    ✔ Migrations don’t work
    X Database tasks don’t exist
    X Default connection was broken
    The State of Multi-db in Rails 5
    

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87. Migrations
    Connections
    don’t work
    Rake tasks
    

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88. Improving the database
    tasks for multi-dbs
    

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89. rails db:drop
    rails db:create
    rails db:migrate
    

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90. >> ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["production"]
    >> {
    "adapter"=>"mysql2",
    "database"=>"single_database_production"
    }
    

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91. >> ActiveRecord::Base.configurations["production"]
    >> {
    "primary"=>{"adapter"=>"mysql2",
    "database"=>"multiple_databases_production"},
    "animals"=>{"adapter"=>"mysql2",
    “database"=>"multiple_databases_production"}
    }
    

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92. module ActiveRecord
    module DatabaseConfigurations
    class DatabaseConfig
    attr_reader :env_name, :spec_name, :config
    def initialize(env_name, spec_name, config)
    @env_name = env_name
    @spec_name = spec_name
    @config = config
    end
    end
    end
    end
    

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93. module ActiveRecord
    module DatabaseConfigurations
    class DatabaseConfig
    attr_reader :env_name, :spec_name, :config
    def initialize(env_name, spec_name, config)
    @env_name = env_name
    @spec_name = spec_name
    @config = config
    end
    end
    end
    end
    

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94. module ActiveRecord
    module DatabaseConfigurations
    class DatabaseConfig
    attr_reader :env_name, :spec_name, :config
    def initialize(env_name, spec_name, config)
    @env_name = env_name
    @spec_name = spec_name
    @config = config
    end
    end
    end
    end
    

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95. module ActiveRecord
    module DatabaseConfigurations
    class DatabaseConfig
    attr_reader :env_name, :spec_name, :config
    def initialize(env_name, spec_name, config)
    @env_name = env_name
    @spec_name = spec_name
    @config = config
    end
    end
    end
    end
    

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96. >> db_config = DatabaseConfig.new("production",
    "animals", {"adapter"=>"mysql2",
    "database"=>"multiple_databases_production_animals"
    })
    >>
    #fig:0x00007f994571edb0 @env_name="production",
    @spec_name="animals", @config={"adapter"=>"mysql2",
    "database"=>"multiple_databases_production_animals"
    }>
    

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97. >> db_config.env_name
    "production"
    

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98. >> db_config.env_name
    "production"
    >> db_config.spec_name
    "animals"
    

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99. >> db_config.env_name
    "production"
    >> db_config.spec_name
    "animals"
    >> db_config.config
    {…"database"=>"multiple_databases_producti
    on_animals"}
    

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100. def self.db_configs(configs = configurations)
     configs.each_pair.flat_map do |env_name, config|
     walk_configs(env_name, "primary", config)
     end
     end
     

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101. def self.configs_for(env, configs, &blk)
     env_with_configs =
     db_configs(configs).select do |db_config|
     db_config.env_name == env
     end
     if block_given?
     env_with_configs.each do |ewc|
     yield ewc.spec_name, ewc.config
     end
     else
     env_with_configs
     end
     end
     

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102. def self.configs_for(env, configs, &blk)
     env_with_configs =
     db_configs(configs).select do |db_config|
     db_config.env_name == env
     end
     if block_given?
     env_with_configs.each do |ewc|
     yield ewc.spec_name, ewc.config
     end
     else
     env_with_configs
     end
     end
     

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103. def self.configs_for(env, configs, &blk)
     env_with_configs =
     db_configs(configs).select do |db_config|
     db_config.env_name == env
     end
     if block_given?
     env_with_configs.each do |ewc|
     yield ewc.spec_name, ewc.config
     end
     else
     env_with_configs
     end
     end
     

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104. >> DatabaseConfigurations.configs_for("production")
     >>[#Config:0x00007f994571edb0 @env_name="production",
     @spec_name="primary", @config={"adapter"=>"mysql2",
     "database"=>"multiple_databases_production"}>,
     #fig:0x00007f994571edb0 @env_name="production",
     @spec_name="animals", @config={"adapter"=>"mysql2",
     "database"=>"multiple_databases_production_animals"
     }>]
     

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105. task migrate: :load_config do
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
     end
     

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106. task migrate: :load_config do
     ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.configs_for(
     Rails.env
     ) do |_, config|
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
     end
     

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107. task migrate: :load_config do
     ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.configs_for(
     Rails.env
     ) do |_, config|
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
     end
     

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108. task migrate: :load_config do
     ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.configs_for(
     Rails.env
     ) do |_, config|
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
     end
     

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109. task migrate: :load_config do
     ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations.configs_for(
     Rails.env
     ) do |_, config|
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(config)
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     db_namespace["_dump"].invoke
     end
     

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110. rails db:drop
     rails db:create
     rails db:migrate
     

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111. rails db:drop:primary
     rails db:drop:animals
     rails db:create:primary
     rails db:create:animals
     rails db:migrate:primary
     rails db:migrate:animals
     

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112. namespace :migrate
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
     desc "Migrate #{spec_name} database"
     task spec_name => :load_config do
     db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations
     .config_for_env_and_spec(Rails.env, spec_name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
     db_config.config
     )
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

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113. namespace :migrate
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
     desc "Migrate #{spec_name} database"
     task spec_name => :load_config do
     db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations
     .config_for_env_and_spec(Rails.env, spec_name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
     db_config.config
     )
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

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114. namespace :migrate
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
     desc "Migrate #{spec_name} database"
     task spec_name => :load_config do
     db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations
     .config_for_env_and_spec(Rails.env, spec_name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
     db_config.config
     )
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

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115. namespace :migrate
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
     desc "Migrate #{spec_name} database"
     task spec_name => :load_config do
     db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations
     .config_for_env_and_spec(Rails.env, spec_name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
     db_config.config
     )
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

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116. namespace :migrate
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.for_each do |spec_name|
     desc "Migrate #{spec_name} database"
     task spec_name => :load_config do
     db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations
     .config_for_env_and_spec(Rails.env, spec_name)
     ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
     db_config.config
     )
     ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.migrate
     end
     end
     end
     end
     

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117. rails db:drop:primary
     rails db:drop:animals
     rails db:create:primary
     rails db:create:animals
     rails db:migrate:primary
     rails db:migrate:animals
     

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118. Database task improvements
     github.com/rails/rails/pull/32274
     github.com/rails/rails/compare/
     ab43b5405ea2...5ddcda6d5f56
     

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119. X Best practices are undocumented
     ✔ Migrations don’t work
     ✔ Database tasks don’t exist
     X Default connection was broken
     The State of Multi-db in Rails 5
     

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120. Connections
     don’t work
     Migrations
     Rake tasks
     

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121. View Slide

122. Thanks
     @tenderlove!
     

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123. “Are you concerned
     that Rails will become
     bloated?”
     

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124. What would Rails look like
     if we’d upstreamed these
     features 5 years ago?
     

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125. a +
     

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126. ' (
     )
     *
     +
     ,
     

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127. View Slide

128. Maybe Rails doesn’t
     scale…?
     

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129. Your application
     isn’t special.
     

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130. Forces you to write
     generic code
     

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131. Train your future
     workforce
     

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132. Give back to the
     community
     

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133. '
     (
     )
     *
     +
     ,
     

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134. a♥
     

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135. Scaling should
     make us happy
     

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136. Rails isn’t dying,
     it’s maturing
     

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137. View Slide

138. View Slide

139. View Slide

140. “Rails does scale!”
     

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141. The Future of Rails 6
     Scalable by Default
     

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142. Eileen M. Uchitelle
     eileencodes.com
     @eileencodes
     

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