Evidence Briefings: Towards a Medium to Transfer Knowledge from Systematic Reviews to Practitioners

Transcript

1. Evidence Briefings: Towards a Medium to Transfer Knowledge from Systematic Reviews to Practitioners @brunocartaxo @gustavopinto @scbs @soueltonvieira moving to 1
2. Before we start.. 2
3. Evidence-Based Medicine EBM is the conscientious, explicit, judicious and reasonable use of modern, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. It integrates the clinical experience and patient values with the best available research It aims to increase the use of high quality clinical research in clinical decision making Acta Informatica Medica’2008 3
4. Evidence-Based Medicine One of the greatest achievements of EBM has been the development of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, methods by which researchers identify multiple studies on a topic, separate the best ones and then critically analyze them to come up with a summary of the best available evidence. Acta Informatica Medica’2008 4
5. Evidence-Based Practice 5 EB Psychology EB Psychiatry EBM 
 EB Education
 extends
6. Evidence-Based Practice 6 EB Psychology EB Psychiatry EBM 
 EB Education
 extends EB Software Eng.
7. Evidence-Based Software Engineering Evidence-Based Software Engineering (EBSE) is a way to integrate the best research evidence with practice. Barbara Kitchenham Keele University ICSE’2004 7
8. 1. Convert the need for information into answerable questions 2. Identify the best evidence with which to answer these questions 3. Appraise the evidence critically: assess its validity and usefulness 4. Implement the results of this appraisal in software engineering practice 5. Evaluate the performance of this implementation The 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice 8
9. 1. Convert the need for information into answerable questions 2. Identify the best evidence with which to answer these questions 3. Appraise the evidence critically: assess its validity and usefulness 4. Implement the results of this appraisal in software engineering practice 5. Evaluate the performance of this implementation The 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice }Systematic Literature Reviews (SRs) 9
10. How to find the best evidence? Software Engineering conferences Software Engineering journals 10
11. How to find the best evidence? X, Y, and Z: A Systematic Literature Review 11
12. 1. Convert the need for information into answerable questions 2. Identify the best evidence with which to answer these questions 3. Appraise the evidence critically: assess its validity and usefulness 4. Implement the results of this appraisal in software engineering practice 5. Evaluate the performance of this implementation The 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice }Systematic Literature Reviews (SRs) 12
13. It involves reading the right papers and then changing behavior in the practice of the discipline. Trisha Greenhalgh Oxford University Evidence-Based practice is not only about reading and summarizing papers 13
14. Fábio Queda CIn @ UFPE There is a lack of connection between systematic reviews and software engineering practice IST’2011 14
15. SRs do not provide guidelines for practitioners Most of SR authors affirmed that they hadn’t a direct impact on industrial practice Lack of connection with industry is the 6th top barrier 15
16. 1. Convert the need for information into answerable questions 2. Identify the best evidence with which to answer these questions 3. Appraise the evidence critically: assess its validity and usefulness 4. Implement the results of this appraisal in software engineering practice 5. Evaluate the performance of this implementation The 5 Steps of Evidence-Based Practice }Systematic Literature Reviews (SRs) 16
17. In addition 17
18. Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) researchers argue that SRs: Focus on a narrow question 18 Are time consuming they usually require between 6 months and 2 years to complete (1,139 hours, on average) Policymakers often require access to contextualized resources that address a broader scope of scientific evidence quickly On the other hand…
19. 19 Rapid Reviews 56% of the rapid reviews were conducted in the last 3 years “Rapid reviews simplify the process of SRs to produce information in a timely manner”
20. 20 Rapid Reviews Briefings and Summaries 56% of the rapid reviews were conducted in the last 3 years “Rapid reviews simplify the process of SRs to produce information in a timely manner” “[Briefings] translates existing SRs into actionable messages in the form of short accessible briefings”
21. 21 EBM Researchers Health decision-makers
22. 22 EBSE Researchers Software Industry
23. How to transfer knowledge from systematic reviews to software engineering practice? 23
24. Evidence Briefings: Towards a Medium to Transfer Knowledge from Systematic Reviews to Practitioners @brunocartaxo @gustavopinto @scbs @soueltonvieira moving to 24
25. “Evidence Briefings” 25 An one-page document, extracted from a systematic review, that contains findings useful for practitioners
26. Approach 26 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 2 Systematic Review Data Extraction 3 Evidence Briefings Generation 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation
27. Approach 27 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 2 Systematic Review Data Extraction 3 Evidence Briefings Generation 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation
28. 28 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 120 Systematic Reviews
29. 29 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 120 Systematic Reviews Fábio Queda CIn @ UFPE YAY! citation++
30. 30 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 120 Systematic Reviews 32 Systematic Reviews with guidelines Fábio Queda CIn @ UFPE YAY! citation++
31. 31 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 120 Systematic Reviews 32 Systematic Reviews with guidelines 24 Systematic Reviews with search strings Fábio Queda CIn @ UFPE YAY! citation++
32. 32 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 120 Systematic Reviews 32 Systematic Reviews with guidelines 24 Systematic Reviews with search strings 12 Selected SRs Fábio Queda CIn @ UFPE YAY! citation++ # Subject 2 Global software development 3 Agile software development 1 Software testing 1 Software requirements 1 Model based software development 1 Software development productivity 1 Cost and effort estimation 1 Code duplication 1 Software engineering knowledge management
33. Approach 33 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 2 Systematic Review Data Extraction 3 Evidence Briefings Generation 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation
34. 34 2 Systematic Reviews Data Extraction Paper title: Original The effectiveness of pair programing: A meta-analysis Briefing The effectiveness of pair programming
35. 35 2 Systematic Reviews Data Extraction Paper title: Research goals: Original The effectiveness of pair programing: A meta-analysis Briefing The effectiveness of pair programming Template This briefing reports evidence on <GOAL> based on scientific evidence from a systematic review. Briefing This briefing reports evidence on the effectiveness of pair programming around quality duration and effort based on scientific evidence from a systematic review.
36. 36 2 Systematic Reviews Data Extraction Paper title: Research goals: Research findings: Original The effectiveness of pair programing: A meta-analysis Briefing The effectiveness of pair programming Template This briefing reports evidence on <GOAL> based on scientific evidence from a systematic review. Briefing This briefing reports evidence on the effectiveness of pair programming around quality duration and effort based on scientific evidence from a systematic review. Finding 1 Pairing up of individuals seems to elevate the junior pairs up to near senior pair performance Finding 2 If you do not know the seniority or skill levels of your programmers, but do have a feeling for task complexity, then employ pair programing either when task complexity is low and time is of the essence, or when task complexity is high and correctness if important
37. Approach 37 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 2 Systematic Review Data Extraction 3 Evidence Briefings Generation 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation
38. 38 3 Evidence Briefings Generation: Principles Similarity: elements that are similar are more likely to be organized together Proximity: closer elements are more likely to be perceived as a group Continuation: elements will be grouped as a whole if they are co- linear Unity: elements that have a visual connection should belong to a uniform group
39. 39 3 Evidence Briefings Generation 1. The title of the briefing 2. The goal of the briefing 3. The findings extracted from the original review 4. An informative box with general information 5. The reference to the original review 6. The logos of our research group and university
40. 40 3 Evidence Briefings Generation 1. The title of the briefing 2. The goal of the briefing 3. The findings extracted from the original review 4. An informative box with general information 5. The reference to the original review 6. The logos of our research group and university The template of Evidence Briefings is licensed under CC-BY license!
41. Approach 41 1 Systematic Reviews Selection 2 Systematic Review Data Extraction 3 Evidence Briefings Generation 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation
42. RQ: How practitioners and researchers perceive the content and format of Evidence Briefings? 42 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation
43. 43 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Practitioners 473 StackExchange Users who asked questions related to the SRs
44. 44 4 1 SRs Search Strings Queried a StackExchange website 2 Removed false-positive questions 3 Classified questions using open card sort 4 programmers.stackexchange.com sqa.stackexchange.com pm.stackexchange.com
 
 reverseengineering.stackexchange.com 
 softwarerecs.stackexchange.com 
 1,738 related questions 473 related questions Kappa: 0.72 Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Practitioners
45. 45 4 473 StackExchange Users who asked questions related to the SRs Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Practitioners
46. 46 4 473 StackExchange Users who asked questions related to the SRs only 146 of them had public profile (LinkedIn, Github, Twitter, etc) Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Practitioners
47. 47 4 The 22 authors of the 12 Systematic Reviews Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Researchers
48. 48 4 Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Survey Survey principles: Reciprocity (e.g., we raffled a 100 USD Amazon card gift) Authority & Credibility (e.g, Ph.D., University professors) Liking (e.g., personalized emails) Scarcity: (e.g., we defined a deadline) Brevity (e.g., we asked closed questions as much as possible) Social Benefit (e.g., 1 USD for the Brazilian Red Cross)
49. Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Survey 49 4 Survey principles: Reciprocity (e.g., we raffled a 100 USD Amazon card gift) Authority & Credibility (e.g, Ph.D., University professors) Liking (e.g., personalized emails) Scarcity: (e.g., we defined a deadline) Brevity (e.g., we asked closed questions as much as possible) Social Benefit (e.g., 1 USD for the Brazilian Red Cross)
50. 50 4 Survey with Practitioners (17 questions, 2 open-ended) Survey with Researchers (8 questions, 2 open-ended) Evidence Briefings Evaluation: Survey 7 respondents (31% of response rate) 32 respondents (22% of response rate)
51. Results 51 Survey with Practitioners Survey with Researchers
52. Results 52 Survey with Practitioners Survey with Researchers
53. 53 Survey with Practitioners: Demographics Q1. What is your current position? Q2. How many years of experience do you have in your current position?
54. 54 Survey with Practitioners: Demographics Q1. What is your current position? Q2. How many years of experience do you have in your current position?
55. 55 Survey with Practitioners: Demographics Q3. Where do you work? Q4. What is your level of educational attainment?
56. 56 Survey with Practitioners: Demographics Q3. Where do you work? Q4. What is your level of educational attainment?
57. 57 Survey with Practitioners: Acquiring Knowledge Q5. How often do you use StackExchange websites? Q6. How often do you read software engineering research papers?
58. 58 Q7 . Have you ever read a systematic review paper? Q8. For what reason you read a systematic review paper? Survey with Practitioners: Acquiring Knowledge
59. 59 Q10. To what degree do you think the information available in the briefing we sent to you can answer your question on StackExchange? Survey with Practitioners: Briefings’ Content
60. 60 Q10. To what degree do you think the information available in the briefing we sent to you can answer your question on StackExchange? Q11. Why? Survey with Practitioners: Briefings’ Content “The question is too specific” “The question expected more than one answer” “The question touched a slightly different issue” “The briefing lacks details”
61. 61 Survey with Practitioners: Briefings’ Content Q12. Regardless the briefing answers or not your question, how important do you think is the research presented on the briefing?
62. 62 Q12. Regardless the briefing answers or not your question, how important do you think is the research presented on the briefing? Survey with Practitioners: Briefings’ Content Q13. Why? “Agile is not a one size fits all methodology. To make it work you need to see what works for you and your team. [...] Making bold high level statistical statements about Agile software development will only hurt it where as it can shine in truly Agile organizations.”
63. 63 Q14. How do you compare the answers from the StackExchange community to the findings presented in the briefing? Survey with Practitioners: Briefings’ Content
64. 64 Survey with Practitioners: Briefings’ Format Q15. How easy was to find the information in the briefing? Q16. Is the briefing interface clear and understandable?
 Q17 . Does the briefing look reliable?
65. 65 Q15. How easy was to find the information in the briefing? Q16. Is the briefing interface clear and understandable?
 Q17 . Does the briefing look reliable? Survey with Practitioners: Briefings’ Format
66. Results 66 Survey with Practitioners Survey with Researchers
67. 67 Survey with Researchers: Sharing Knowledge Q1. How important for you is to share research results to practitioners? ?
68. 68 Survey with Researchers: Sharing Knowledge Q1. How important for you is to share research results to practitioners?
69. 69 Survey with Researchers: Sharing Knowledge Q2. How often do you share research results to practitioners?
70. 70 Survey with Researchers: Sharing Knowledge Q2. How often do you share research results to practitioners?
71. 71 Survey with Researchers: Sharing Knowledge Q2. How often do you share research results to practitioners? Q3. How do you do that? “Teaching” “Seminars” “Writing” “Advisory work” “Social Networks”
72. 72 Survey with Researchers: Briefings’ Content Q4. How does the briefing that we sent to you cover the main findings of your paper?
73. 73 Survey with Researchers: Briefings’ Content Q4. How does the briefing that we sent to you cover the main findings of your paper? Q5. Why? YAY! :-)
74. 74 Survey with Researchers: Briefings’ Format Q6. How easy was to find the information in the briefing? Q7 . Is the briefing interface clear and understandable?
 Q8. Does the briefing look reliable?
75. Discussions 75
76. Revisiting Findings 76 Practitioners rarely use research papers as mediums to acquire knowledge. Software engineering practice still has many beliefs with no evidence basis.
77. Revisiting Findings 77 Both researchers and practitioners positively evaluated the evidence briefings
78. Revisiting Findings 78 Both researchers and practitioners positively evaluated the evidence briefings The briefings well covered the main findings of the original systematic reviews
79. The Yin-Yang of Research and Practice 79 Researchers want to transfer knowledge. But not all of them do so. Practitioners want to be more aware of software engineering research. But few of them do so.
80. Implications 80
81. Researchers 81
82. Researchers 82
83. Practitioners 83
84. Tool builders 84
85. Tool builders 85
86. Educators 86
87. Conference and Publicity Chairs 87
88. One last thing.. 88
89. 89 Search Strings are your best
90. 90 Assess your search strings on StackExchange on early stages of a systematic review planning!
91. 91 Are your search strings well-designed? “quality + model”, “quality + model driven” and “model driven + experience” (software AND ((cost OR effort OR productivity) WITH (factors OR indicators OR drivers OR measure)))
92. 92 Thanks!
93. Evidence Briefings: Towards a Medium to Transfer Knowledge from Systematic Reviews to Practitioners @brunocartaxo @gustavopinto @scbs @soueltonvieira moving to 93