things: the increasingly desperate situation in Syria where Canada and Russia, along with other western countries, had a major disagreement about how to address the deterioration of the situation which was increasingly becoming a civil war between the government and the opposition forces, and at the same time we had a rather serious spy case from Canada where a Canadian naval officer was accused of spying for Russia. My view of my role as an ambassador had always been to convince both Canadians and Russians that no single issue should be allowed to knock a complex and multifaceted relationship completely off course. We were certainly tested during that period, trying to keep the commercial relationship going, the cultural relationship, and particularly defense relationship, etc. and there were clearly consequences that flowed from those two developments coming together during my ambassadorship, and we were definitely challenged. Well, it’s rather interesting because my year was the first year that Western Civilization was not a mandatory course at Stanford. With the acceptance notice they sent out, they sent you a list of W. Civilization courses that were offered, and I am very much a historian in Mon- taigne, and I had a deep interest in world affairs generally, but also, an culture, then I did work in the political section. From 1983 to 1985, we were in Beijing, where I did trade side and was responsible for ag- riculture and reports for Canada and that got me to all parts of China, from Dunhuang to Heilongjiang, Harbin. The job really exposed to a lot of what was happening in China. Then from 1988, I came back to Otta- wa, and was posted in Switzerland, where initially I was doing east-west economic cooperation, and increasingly ended up doing environmental work as the Conference on Environment and Development, which was being organized and took place in Rio in 1992. After I came back from that, I went into The Department of Finance where I spent a year. From 1993 to 1996, I was Canada’s Finance Counselor in London. From 1996 to 2000, again I was the Finance Counselor, but this time returning to Tokyo, and then I actually left the department of Foreign Cares for six and a half years and worked at the UK Financial Services Authority, which was the UK Financial Regulator. And I was enticed back to the department to what for me was the perfect job as Director General of Economic Policy, which was responsible for G20. I was Canada’s senior official for EPEC, GOECD, for development policy and institutions, and finally responsible for the department of economic confidence, which I think wasn’t too bad for someone who didn’t study economics formally. In 2010, I was offered the position of Canada’s ambassador to the Rus- sian Federation, Armenia, and Uzbekistan, and did that from August 2010 to Sept. 2013, and returned to Canada in September and retired from the foreign service in October. So that’s my career. As an ambassador, I think probably the biggest crisis was a conflu- What is the biggest crisis you have faced as an ambassador? I know that you had a BA degree from Stanford in Chinese stud- ies in 1973, and a Masters degree from the London School of Economics in International Relations, where your academic fo- cus was also on China. So what led you to take such a special interest in China? 8