‘…people are merely minions in the power game’: Metaphors of Power and Incivility

Transcript

1. ‘…people are merely minions in the power game’: Metaphors of Power and Incivility Marc Alexander
 university of glasgow
2. 1. Hansard and htst 2. Uncivil 3. Mapping Metaphor 4. Power
3. 1. Hansard and htst 2. Uncivil 3. Mapping Metaphor 4. Power
4. hansard corpus 1803–2003 7.6m speeches; 1.6bn words Fully semantically tagged
5. Hansard is not verbatim, but is substantially so, as it is a report “with repetitions and redundancies omitted and with obvious mistakes corrected, but which on the other hand leaves out nothing that adds to the meaning of the speech or illustrates the argument” Select Committee on Parliamentary Debates, 1907
7. Verbatim: “And even in the gas and electricity he talks about Government and Treasury particularly have always imposed a kind of energy tax on them, forced them to charge more through the external financial limits the negative role he talks about which is a tax on those industries.”
8. Verbatim: “And even in the gas and electricity he talks about Government and Treasury particularly have always imposed a kind of energy tax on them, forced them to charge more through the external financial limits the negative role he talks about which is a tax on those industries.” Hansard: “The Treasury has always imposed a kind of energy tax on the gas and electricity industries, forcing them to charge more through a negative financial limit.”
9. Verbatim: “And even in the gas and electricity he talks about Government and Treasury particularly have always imposed a kind of energy tax on them, forced them to charge more through the external financial limits the negative role he talks about which is a tax on those industries.” Hansard: “The Treasury has always imposed a kind of energy tax on the gas and electricity industries, forcing them to charge more through a negative financial limit.” John Prescott mp, 2003
12. Hansard by the numbers: 202 years’ worth 1.6 billion words
 (would take 560 years to write out longhand, or 55 years to read silently) 7,545,101 speeches almost 40,000 individual speakers
13. Data Deluge, Brett Ryder, The Economist, Feb. 2010
14. “Words, words. They’re all
 we have to go on.” Stoppard, Tom. 1967. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead.
15. “a magnificent achievement of quite extraordinary value. It is perhaps the single most significant tool ever devised for investigating semantic, social, and intellectual history” Randolph Quirk
16. […]in contrast to the closed systems of phonology and grammar, the huge open system of lexis demands nothing less than classification, by meaning, of the whole if one is to begin to understand the parts. 
 Kay et al 2009: xiv
18. 62% of English word forms 
 refer to more than one meaning Of the 793,742 entries in the Historical Thesaurus
 of English (v.4.2) there are 370,011 non-Old-English
 word forms, of which: 67 have more than 100 possible meanings 464 have more than 50 possible meanings 2,580 have more than 20 possible meanings 7,554 have more than 10 possible meanings 111,127 have more than 1 possible meaning 258,883 have just 1 possible meaning
19. strike 
 276 meanings including phrases, 181 meanings on own
20. 01.03.01.05.02|03.05 n 
 Health and disease :: Disorders of cattle/horse/sheep :: disorders of cattle/sheep :: other disorders strike (1933–) 01.03.03.04.14|02 vt
 Make healthy :: Practise physiotherapy :: rub/stroke with hands strike (1400 + 1611 + 1886 dial.) 01.02.04.04.03|07 vt 
 Come by death :: Kill by specific method :: by poisoning strike (1592–1621) 01.06.10.08|01 vi
 Plant :: Be a root :: grow (as root) strike (1682–) 01.05.17.05.02|04 n
 Animals :: Suborder Ophidia (snakes) :: act of darting at prey strike (1879–) 01.10.03.03.02.03|12.06 vt
 Burn/consume by fire :: kindle/set alight :: produce (fire/spark) by striking strike (c1450– also fig.) 01.10.09.03.03|01 vi
 Dye :: sink in strike (c1790–) 01.13.06.01|04 vt
 Time :: Clock :: strike strike (1417–) 03.11.04.03|05 vi
 Carry on an occupation/work :: Participate in labour relations :: strike strike (1768–)
21. • Marc Alexander • @marcgalexander • University of Glasgow, UK htst
23. Web demo site: http://is.gd/semtag –Quick access A more convenient GUI tool for processing multiple texts – Available at www.glasgow.ac.uk/samuels (Forthcoming) Access via WMatrix API –http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/wmatrix
24. hansard corpus 1803–2003 http://www.hansard-corpus.org
29. Commons:
30. Commons: ‣ Hon, Mr, gentleman, Member, Right, Sir, Mr, members, he, Secretary, Speaker, the, constituency, house, Prime, Exchequer, gentlemen, Tax
31. Commons: ‣ Hon, Mr, gentleman, Member, Right, Sir, Mr, members, he, Secretary, Speaker, the, constituency, house, Prime, Exchequer, gentlemen, Tax Lords:
32. Commons: ‣ Hon, Mr, gentleman, Member, Right, Sir, Mr, members, he, Secretary, Speaker, the, constituency, house, Prime, Exchequer, gentlemen, Tax Lords: ‣ Noble, Lord, Lords, Lordships, Earl, Baroness, your, Viscount, I, my, Amendment, Marquess, honourable, amendments, reverend, think, is, Duke, believe, perhaps
34. Names most distinctive of House A:
35. Names most distinctive of House A: Cunningham, MacNamara, Dilke, Ebbw, Heffer, Northampton, Woolwich, Strachey, Biffen, Hogg, Nicholas, Emrys, Walsall, Winnick, Bennett, Butler, Moore, Morgan, Mitchell, Edward, Burghs, Walter, Gilmour
36. Names most distinctive of House A: Cunningham, MacNamara, Dilke, Ebbw, Heffer, Northampton, Woolwich, Strachey, Biffen, Hogg, Nicholas, Emrys, Walsall, Winnick, Bennett, Butler, Moore, Morgan, Mitchell, Edward, Burghs, Walter, Gilmour Names most distinctive of House B:
37. Names most distinctive of House A: Cunningham, MacNamara, Dilke, Ebbw, Heffer, Northampton, Woolwich, Strachey, Biffen, Hogg, Nicholas, Emrys, Walsall, Winnick, Bennett, Butler, Moore, Morgan, Mitchell, Edward, Burghs, Walter, Gilmour Names most distinctive of House B: McIntosh, Ferrers, Lucas, Colville, Chorley, Kinsman, Donoughue, Hanworth, Marlesford, Amos, McNally, Coslany, Bonham-Carter, Kilbracken, Guildford, Avon, Henley, Borrie, Ewart-Biggs, Gainford, Granville, Mowbray, Bessborough
38. Names most distinctively Commons: Cunningham, MacNamara, Dilke, Ebbw, Heffer, Northampton, Woolwich, Strachey, Biffen, Hogg, Nicholas, Emrys, Walsall, Winnick, Bennett, Butler, Moore, Morgan, Mitchell, Edward, Burghs, Walter, Gilmour Names most distinctively Lords: McIntosh, Ferrers, Lucas, Colville, Chorley, Kinsman, Donoughue, Hanworth, Marlesford, Amos, McNally, Coslany, Bonham-Carter, Kilbracken, Guildford, Avon, Henley, Borrie, Ewart-Biggs, Gainford, Granville, Mowbray, Bessborough
39. Rank Category Category Name Total No. In Whole Corpus Expected Collocate Frequency Observed Collocate Frequency In No. Of Texts Log-Likelihood Value 1 010105 Water 161040 22.762 1046 842 5973.297 3 0110070306 Electricity 70773 10.004 786 657 5320.169 6 03091202 A broadcast programme/item 193520 27.353 557 498 2301.02 7 0304100303-11 from restrictions/regulations 7737 1.094 203 184 1722.567 8 03100402 Railway system/organization 210069 29.693 442 396 1564.315 9 01110302-10 that which originates from something else 16049 2.269 193 164 1336.235 10 01151104 Opposition 509884 72.07 554 475 1297.69 11 0301010507 Proposal 483823 68.387 515 480 1187.863 12 01150201 A proceeding 376279 53.186 425 388 1024.069 13 0115220201-1702 bungled 395 0.056 75 70 945.881 14 0101080602-01 coal 187508 26.504 267 226 753.163 15 011512010301 Support/encouragement 555633 78.537 424 153 739.827 16 03122105-10 insurance policy 626820 88.599 443 421 718.076 17 011103-07 determining factor/agent 207440 29.321 265 140 695.979 18 011104 Of/pertaining to events/occurrences 599964 84.803 417 243 664.768 19 01060603-01 habit 6569 0.929 88 77 628.127 20 02011306-02 proposing for consideration 106319 15.028 191 179 619.707 21 020408 Excitement 23240 3.285 118 112 616.409 22 020105180603 Obsession 3496 0.494 74 71 595.919 23 01110306 Effect/result/consequence 1127833 159.415 555 518 594.523 24 02070313-07 terms of agreement 25171 3.558 117 57 591.069 25 011512-08 feasibility 13841 1.956 93 65 536.797 26 0113080403-03 previous circumstances/events 84366 11.925 160 156 535.13 27 02050401-01 a plan 235257 33.253 237 229 523.813 privatisation, Commons
40. Rank Category Category Name Total No. In Whole Corpus Expected Collocate Frequency Observed Collocate Frequency In No. Of Texts Log-Likelihood Value 1 010105 Water 161040 22.762 1046 842 5973.297 3 0110070306 Electricity 70773 10.004 786 657 5320.169 6 03091202 A broadcast programme/item 193520 27.353 557 498 2301.02 7 0304100303-11 from restrictions/regulations 7737 1.094 203 184 1722.567 8 03100402 Railway system/organization 210069 29.693 442 396 1564.315 9 01110302-10 that which originates from something else 16049 2.269 193 164 1336.235 10 01151104 Opposition 509884 72.07 554 475 1297.69 11 0301010507 Proposal 483823 68.387 515 480 1187.863 12 01150201 A proceeding 376279 53.186 425 388 1024.069 13 0115220201-1702 bungled 395 0.056 75 70 945.881 14 0101080602-01 coal 187508 26.504 267 226 753.163 15 011512010301 Support/encouragement 555633 78.537 424 153 739.827 16 03122105-10 insurance policy 626820 88.599 443 421 718.076 17 011103-07 determining factor/agent 207440 29.321 265 140 695.979 18 011104 Of/pertaining to events/occurrences 599964 84.803 417 243 664.768 19 01060603-01 habit 6569 0.929 88 77 628.127 20 02011306-02 proposing for consideration 106319 15.028 191 179 619.707 21 020408 Excitement 23240 3.285 118 112 616.409 22 020105180603 Obsession 3496 0.494 74 71 595.919 23 01110306 Effect/result/consequence 1127833 159.415 555 518 594.523 24 02070313-07 terms of agreement 25171 3.558 117 57 591.069 25 011512-08 feasibility 13841 1.956 93 65 536.797 26 0113080403-03 previous circumstances/events 84366 11.925 160 156 535.13 27 02050401-01 a plan 235257 33.253 237 229 523.813 privatisation, Commons
41. 1. Hansard and htst 2. Uncivil 3. Mapping Metaphor 4. Power
43. The tendency of Parliament to legislate as if the people of Ireland were a set of the most incapable and helpless savages was to him a matter of regret. Lord John Manners, Parliamentary Debates (hc), 1 April 1870 vol. 200 cc1070–1.
44. [Attorney-General for Ireland, House of Commons, 1908:] I never said that the people of Ireland were West African savages. Mr Richard Cherry, Parliamentary Debates (hc), 20 March 1908 vol. 186 c988
45. In those days, what we regard as the core of Europe was regarded by most Europeans, self- confessed Greeks, as the darker forests of the barbarian north. Concepts of Europe have moved around quite a lot over the centuries, and will no doubt move again. Lord Wallace of Saltaire, Parliamentary Debates (hl), 15 December 2004, vol. 667 c1362
46. • In English, we have five metaphorical “families” for thinking about foreigners: • Wild • Rough/Crude • Barbar • Civilness • The Other 3"1,..'0+76%1$"1 noble savage !'-()*!#!"$ !"#!$#!"#!2#!$ !(!$%&#!)! % :2#$4$.$=%) bærbære *01* · elreord *01* · elreordig *01* · hæþen *01* · ungerad *01* · wild< wilde *01*)**!*!&++$ · wildern *!*!&++ · fremd *"*!&-" · bestial *"*!"++$!,!' · savage *"*!"(+.&+$ · savagine *"*!"&+$!"&+."+ · rude !",&$ · barbaric !"#+$!%!&)* *!*!,&-$ · barbar !%&%$*!*!-(' · barbarous !%&,$ · Scythical !%%#$!'+( · barbarious !%-+$!-'( · raw !%--)*!,"-)* !,'% · incivil !%,' · barbarian !%#!$ · uncivilized !'+-$ · negerous !'+# · savaged !'!! · mountainous !'!&$!-+& · ruvid !'&(N(/ · ruvidous !'&( · incivilized !'"- · inhumane *!*!',+ · tramontane !-&#$!,&( · semi- barbarous !-#,$ · irreclaimed !,!" · semi-savage !,&&$ · semi-ferine !,%"$!,%,***0N01,1%0O0** · warrigal !,%%***0N0C7+&1,.90O0**$!,#+ · sloven !,%'***0N0:!0O0**$!,,(.& · semi-barbaric !,'" · wild and woolly !,,"$ · woolly !,#!$ · jungle !#+,$ · medieval !#!-$*N**00#".."@90O0** · jungli !#(+$ · pre-civilised !#%&$ !$ ,2)0
47. Wild Crude Barbar Civility The ‘Other’
48. Hansard (Commons), 21 August 1860: The duty of the bishops and ecclesiastics was to instruct the wild people of the colony [New Zealand] in Christian doctrines, and in the principles of morality. Hansard (Commons), 5 June 1899: Will Her Majesty's Government take into consideration the advisability of discontinuing the use of [the dum-dum] bullet in wars with semi-civilised or savage people, as well as with those nations who are parties to the [First Hague] Conference? wild wild (a1300–), wildern (a1300), fremd (c1374), bestial (c1400–), savage (c1420/30–)
 savagine (c1430–1430/40), savaged (1611), semi-savage (1833–), warrigal (1855–1890; Aust.)
49. Hansard (Lords), 11 March 1869: […]make such regulations for any part of India, however rude, uncivilized, or outlying, to put in motion the whole machinery of the Legislative Council at Calcutta. rude rude (1483–), raw (1577–), ruvid (1632), ruvidous (1632)

50. Hansard (Lords), 10 July 1956: It all points to the one direction that before long this blot on our civilisation [the death penalty], this relic of a barbaric age, will be removed from the Statute Book. Hansard (Lords), 18 April 1995: We can now see that in dealing with Russia we are dealing with a semi-barbarous state and a society that only knew a measure of democracy for a few years before the First World War. barbar barbaric (1490–1513; a1837) barbar (1535–a1726), barbarous (1538–)
 barbarious (1570–1762), barbarian (1591–), semi-barbarous (1798–), semi-barbaric (1864)
51. Hansard (Lords), 12 May 1874: But a central government is not enough. In barbarous times and in uncivilized countries, roads are the first condition of improvement; and here it will be our first duty to open and secure the maintenance of roads and trade-paths. civility incivil (1586), uncivilized (1607–), incivilized (1647), inhumane (a1680), irreclaimed (1814), pre-civilized (1953–) 

52. 41 2046 references to the uncivil in Hansard from 1803–2003 Coded manually for: Sense-Family, Target, Category, Theme, Animacy, Foreign/Domestic, (Relative) Present/Past, Country, Region, Nation, People
53. Ireland 55 Northern Ireland 45 India 34 Russia 32 Scotland 31 Africa 30 China 25 New Zealand 18 South Africa 16 Turkey 16 Iraq 14 Europe 13 Abyssinia 11 Japan 11 England 10 Greece 10 Spain 10 Afghanistan 9 US 9 Egypt 8
61. Shift from foreign to domestic
62. Shift from foreign to domestic Shift from place to practice
63. Shift from foreign to domestic Shift from place to practice Shift from animate to inanimate
64. Shift from foreign to domestic Shift from place to practice Shift from animate to inanimate
65. Shift from foreign to domestic Shift from place to practice Shift from animate to inanimate Outlook, attitude, increased oppositionality
66. 03.01.03.02 Civilization 5 10 15 20 25 1350 1450 1550 1650 1750 1850 1950 n: Lack of civilization aj: Uncivilized aj: Pertaining to civilization av: In uncivilized manner n: Civilization vt: Render uncivilized vt: Make civilized
67. draconian, Hansard 320 640 960 1280 1600 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
68. 1. Hansard and htst 2. Uncivil 3. Mapping Metaphor 4. Power
69. We have used the Historical Thesaurus evidence base to investigate how the language of one domain of experience (e.g. medicine) contributes to others (e.g. finance). In this annotated ‘Metaphor Map’ we have systematically identified instances where words extend their meanings from one domain into another […] By using the Metaphor Map as a basis for research, we may begin to see innovations in metaphorical thinking at particular periods in history and in particular areas of experience. Anderson et al, http://mappingmetaphor.arts.gla.ac.uk/metaphor-in-english/
75. Mapping Metaphor by the numbers:
76. Mapping Metaphor by the numbers: Over 4 million word senses manually analysed
77. Mapping Metaphor by the numbers: Over 4 million word senses manually analysed Over 10,000 metaphorical links identified between semantic categories
78. Mapping Metaphor by the numbers: Over 4 million word senses manually analysed Over 10,000 metaphorical links identified between semantic categories Tens of thousands of individual metaphors identified
83. 1. Hansard and htst 2. Uncivil 3. Mapping Metaphor 4. Power
84. [verbs for rule or govern] are based upon such notions as “be first, have power, be master of, command, put in order, direct, guide, steer” Buck, Carl Darling. 1949. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages. 1319
86. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex):
87. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong
88. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position
89. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position Movement
90. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position Movement Possession
91. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position Movement Possession Sight
92. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position Movement Possession Sight Farming
93. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position Movement Possession Sight Farming Game
94. large, strong, mighty, powerful, sturdy, substantial, constitution, weighty, temper (1599–1707), hard, strong, sturdy, mighty, fortify, rigorous, strict, puff up, force (a1400–1876, ‘a great quantity/amount’), domine (1474, ‘to be superior in amount/degree’), overest (1481 + 1897, ‘greatest in degree/extent’), sovereign (1749–, ‘of the very highest degree’), supreme (1760/72–, ‘highest/utmost/ extreme degree’) large/strong
95. So what have I learned after nearly six months in office? Merely, it seems, that I am almost impotent in the face of the mighty faceless bureaucracy. However, it is excellent that I realise this because it means that they have failed to house- train me. If I were house-trained I would now believe a) that I am immensely powerful, and b) that my officials merely do my bidding. Lynn, Jonathan, and Antony Jay. 1989. The Complete Yes Minister. 162. large/strong
96. If ever there was a set of men puffed up with vanity – overcharged with the notion of their own importance – he would point his finger for an example at the political agents of the Indian government […] Mr John Roebuck, Parliamentary Debates (hc) 8 February 1844 vol 72 c375. large/strong
97. up, elevate, secure, higher, upper, sovereign (aj 1388, ‘High in position’), etc., supreme laws are laid down, set down, placed, etc. position
98. […] saving the rare exceptions where rank or wealth command consideration, with what face, to use the native phrase, would a hapless Turk appeal to the higher powers, our ministers or our Parliament? Burton, Richard F. 1893. Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Meccah. London: Tylston & Edwards. 50. position
99. over, overcome, heading, usurp (vt a1325–1622 rare + 1890, ‘move people from a place/position/possession’), hold, direct, convey, guide, revoke (vt 1590–1644 ‘move/draw something backwards’), ascendant, commanding (aj 1703–1823 ‘impelling/driving’), grip, hold, keep, take hold of, direct, director, misdirection, well- guided, steer, convoy (Sc), push, run, lead (vt OE–1757, ‘bring or take to a place’), teach (vt OE–a1500, ‘lead back’), lode (n c1200–a1300, ‘guiding/leading/showing the way’), convoy (vt 1513–1632 Scots + 1846 arch., ‘accompany as a guide’), conducting (aj 1632–, ‘Guiding/leading/showing the way’), direct (vt 1632–, ‘Direct one’s course/steps, etc.’), leader (n a1300–1548 also Scots + 1847– dial., ‘Driver/operator of vehicle’) movement
100. […] they forgot they had a country, to the development of whose vast resources, material and intellectual, if their vast united energies had been directed, there would be infinitely greater power, benefit, and honour, even to the ascendant party, than from the miserable monopolies and despicable domination for which they had been contending […] Mr Dominick Browne, Parliamentary Debates (hc) 6 April 1846 vol 85 c621. movement
101. sir humphrey appleby: Minister, a minister can do what he likes! rt hon james hacker: It’s the people’s will. I am their leader; I must follow them. Lynn, Jonathan, and Antony Jay. 1981. Yes Minister (16 March). Series 2, episode 4, ‘The Greasy Pole’. BBC. movement
102. grip (n OE + 1450/70–, ‘possession and power/clutches’), wield (n OE–1567, ‘possession and control’), hold (n c1250– c1590, ‘property held’), lord (n a1300–1697, ‘landowner’), master (n c1400–1853, ‘Possessor’), command (n 1642–, ‘possession and control’), monopoly (n 1643– transf. & fig., ‘exclusive possession’) possession
103. The first duty of such a governor was hold [sic] a firm hand over the Civil Service […] Mr Acton Ayrton, Parliamentary Debates (hc) 20 June 1861 vol 163 cc1333. possession
104. oversee, look on, advisement (n 1330–1600, ‘looking at/ beholding’), overseer (n 1551–a1656, ‘beholder/spectator’), inspector, overlook (n 1861–1884, ‘place where view from a height obtained’) sight
105. […] he proposed to carry his purpose into effect by applying the provisions of the act 3rd and 4th William 4th, ch. 90, making it compulsory on those parishes to light the roads according to the provisions of that act, and that the inspectors should be empowered to call on the overseers of the poor to make a rate for that purpose. Mr Peter Borthwick, Parliamentary Debates (hc) 14 April 1842 vol 62 c491. sight
106. shepherd, tame, stable, grip, lead, rein, master, steer, govern (vt 1572–1669, ‘Cultivate plants/crops’) farming
107. Walter Fowler was the Lobby Correspondent of the Express. This meant that he would probably have been their political editor or head of the paper’s political staff. The Lobby was a uniquely British system, the best way yet devised in any democracy for taming and muzzling the press. This is because it is hard to censor the press when it wants to be free, but easy if it gives up its freedom voluntarily. Lynn, Jonathan, and Antony Jay. 1989. The Complete Yes Minister. London: BBC Books. 209. farming
108. play, point, score, trump (vt 1598–), leader (n 1742, ‘leader of specific [card] suit’), chess metonymies, captain (n 1823–, ‘leader of side/club’), power (aj 1958–, ‘other actions/types of play’) game
109. Such was the mode in which, according to his learned Friend, the Solicitor-general, the Court of Chancery, at a remote period, obtained its power of injunction. Could that game be played over again in these times? Surely it was more consistent with the justice, the dignity, and the character of that House, to legislate on the subject than to promulgate its authority merely by putting attornies, sheriffs, and bailiffs into prison […] Sir Frederick Pollock, Parliamentary Debates (hc) 7 February 1840 vol 52 c37. game
110. “We on these benches do not believe in the decadence of Democracy. It is a trump card of the Fascist Powers that Democracy is decadent. we still believe that Democracy, imperfect it may be in its development and imperfect it may be in its expression, is still the dominating spiritual and intellectual force in the world [...] ” Mr Arthur Greenwood, Parliamentary Debates (hc) 4 April 1938 vol 334 c 42. game
111. It must be appreciated that a political game is played here, sometimes, unfortunately, to the disadvantage of Scotland. When in opposition one moves Amendments to embarrass the Government, but when in power one resists exactly the same Amendments. Do not let us try to score points or party advantage which are not in the best interests of Scotland: I deprecate the whole atmosphere of Scottish debate, and of parliamentary debates generally, when they are based on a game of ‘Let’s pretend’ I often think of the old saying, ‘The more we change, the more we remain the same’. Mr William Baxter, Parliamentary Debates (hc) 26 July 1965 vol 717 c125. game
112. rt hon james hacker: Europe is a community of nations, dedicated towards one goal. […] sir humphrey: Oh Minister, let’s look at this objectively. It’s a game played for national interests, and always was. Why do you suppose we went into it? hacker: To strengthen the brotherhood of free Western nations. sir humphrey: Oh, really. We went in to screw the French by splitting them off from the Germans. Lynn, Jonathan, and Antony Jay. 1981. Yes Minister (23 March). Series 2, episode 5, ‘The Devil You Know’. BBC. game
113. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position Movement Possession Sight Farming Game
114. Seven main metaphor families from MM data (from least to most complex): Large/strong Position Movement Possession Sight Farming Game
116. ‣ Agriculture and farming involve an exercise of power as well as a metaphorical conceptualization of it
117. ‣ Agriculture and farming involve an exercise of power as well as a metaphorical conceptualization of it ‣ A metaphor with a dual connection, whereby the invocation of one domain is a necessary condition for the exercise of another; an instantiation metaphor
118. ‣ Agriculture and farming involve an exercise of power as well as a metaphorical conceptualization of it ‣ A metaphor with a dual connection, whereby the invocation of one domain is a necessary condition for the exercise of another; an instantiation metaphor ‣ Farming involves the exercise of power; they are not the same domain, but the concept of farming has a somewhat generic relationship with the domain of power
119. ‣ Agriculture and farming involve an exercise of power as well as a metaphorical conceptualization of it ‣ A metaphor with a dual connection, whereby the invocation of one domain is a necessary condition for the exercise of another; an instantiation metaphor ‣ Farming involves the exercise of power; they are not the same domain, but the concept of farming has a somewhat generic relationship with the domain of power ‣ farming is a domain in its own right, but it is also an instance of the literal exercise of power
121. ‣ But games are enactments of a power struggle
122. ‣ But games are enactments of a power struggle ‣ If games are formalized social instantiations of power, is it legitimate to consider Game a separate conceptual domain from Power?
123. ‣ But games are enactments of a power struggle ‣ If games are formalized social instantiations of power, is it legitimate to consider Game a separate conceptual domain from Power? ‣ Some domains are generic abstractions above human scale that act as generic antecedents of other domains, eg the domain of Sufficient quantity is a generic abstraction of the domain of Wealth
124. ‣ But games are enactments of a power struggle ‣ If games are formalized social instantiations of power, is it legitimate to consider Game a separate conceptual domain from Power? ‣ Some domains are generic abstractions above human scale that act as generic antecedents of other domains, eg the domain of Sufficient quantity is a generic abstraction of the domain of Wealth ‣ Alexander and Bramwell 2014: hyperosemy
125. ‣ But games are enactments of a power struggle ‣ If games are formalized social instantiations of power, is it legitimate to consider Game a separate conceptual domain from Power? ‣ Some domains are generic abstractions above human scale that act as generic antecedents of other domains, eg the domain of Sufficient quantity is a generic abstraction of the domain of Wealth ‣ Alexander and Bramwell 2014: hyperosemy ‣ But this would say Power, a core concept across the history of English, was the same type of thing as diffuse abstractions like Sufficient quantities!
126. ‣ But games are enactments of a power struggle ‣ If games are formalized social instantiations of power, is it legitimate to consider Game a separate conceptual domain from Power? ‣ Some domains are generic abstractions above human scale that act as generic antecedents of other domains, eg the domain of Sufficient quantity is a generic abstraction of the domain of Wealth ‣ Alexander and Bramwell 2014: hyperosemy ‣ But this would say Power, a core concept across the history of English, was the same type of thing as diffuse abstractions like Sufficient quantities! ‣ Power shows none of the hallmarks of being an abstraction operating above the level of normal human experience
127. ‣ Symbolic instantiations: a metaphorical connection symbolically enacts a relationship between two domains ‣ Games are not themselves a way of understanding the concept Power through analogy, but rather have been deliberately created so people can enact and experience it ‣ They rely on the embodiment of metaphor and are themselves the embodiment of a domain
129. […]in contrast to the closed systems of phonology and grammar, the huge open system of lexis demands nothing less than classification, by meaning, of the whole if one is to begin to understand the parts. 
 Kay et al 2009: xiv
130. www.glasgow.ac.uk/thesaurus www.hansard-corpus.org www.glasgow.ac.uk/metaphor Thank you!