Memory

A psychology topic: how we human store, process and restore information

Transcript

1. Memory How we store information David @ Oursky
2. How our brain works Output Process Input ?
3. Memory system Dual Store Models (Atkinson-Shiffrin, 1968) Sensory memory (SM) Short-term Memory (STM) Long-term Memory (LTM)
4. Long term memory
5. Short term memory
6. Sensory memory - Holds sensory information - Decays quickly (1-3 sec) after an item is perceived - Physical properties, basic features Iconic memory : visual information Echoic memory : auditory information Haptic memory : touch stimuli
7. Short term memory Miller’s magic number 7 • good immediate recall when # of digits < 7 • individual difference (range: 5 – 9) note: not 7 digits but 7 chunks of information
8. TVBOURSKYMTRKCRSTACKART
9. TVBOURSKYMTRKCRSTACKART Chunking
10. Short term memory Duration List study task (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) • remember a list of nonsense 3-letter clusters • distraction: counting backward by 3 • recall • IV: distraction duration • DV: % correct for recalling the stimuli
11. Short term memory List study task (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) Recall success was around 50% after an interval of 3 seconds and interference task, but this reduced gradually to around 10% over intervals of 6, 9 and 12 seconds, and gradually to around 5% success after 18 seconds.
12. Short term memory Content auditory form (Conrad, 1964; Baddeley, 1966) − errors made in STM task • sounds similar C as P, but not F as P mouse as house, but not horse as house
13. Short term memory Content visual form (Posner et al., 1969) • show 2 letters successively • are they the same letter? • IV: 3 conditions • DV: reaction time
14. Short term memory Content visual form (Posner et al., 1969) • Propose: if (identity matched == name matched) only sound is stored • reaction time: identity matched < name matched visual information also coded
15. Short term memory Summary − very short duration (< 1 mins) − very limited capacity (< 10 chunks) − code superficial information
16. Long term memory Capacity − nearly unlimited • estimation: at least store 1 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986) • Duration − last very long • information not retrieved for 50 years is still here (Bahrick, 1983)
17. Long term memory Content everything... • language, knowledge, faces, what happened in 64 • how to swim, how to talk, how to drive, etc... − more systematic classification of content • procedural vs. declarative • semantic vs. episodic
18. Long term memory Procedural memory − memory about skills • physical activities • e.g., how to swim, how to drive, how to play tennis
19. Long term memory Procedural memory − takes time to acquire • e.g., learn how to walk − once acquired, highly durable • e.g., still know how to swim after a whole winter
20. Long term memory Procedural memory − difficult to describe the details • e.g., can't verbalize how to swim easily • even when written in text, difficult to understand − automatic execution • needs efforts to change a component in the action sequence
21. Long term memory Semantic memory − memory about real world knowledge • e.g., there are no penguins in Arctic − memory about concept • e.g., what is the difference between early and late selection model of attention?
22. Long term memory Semantic memory − learned and shared by all people • not related to specific events − retrieval needs conscious efforts • consume resources (attention, WM) • allow manipulation of concepts that support more complex thinking
23. Long term memory Episodic memory − memory about specific events • conscious about the source • e.g., when, where, who − unique personal events not shared by other • autobiographic memory • e.g., your graduation dinner
24. Long term memory Episodic memory − vulnerable to amnesia • easily impaired • more recent events higher chance to be lost
25. Long term memory Passage reading experiment (Reder, 1982) − study phase: • read short passages − testing phase: 1. did you see exactly the same sentence in the passages? 2. do you think the following statement is true given what you've read?
26. Long term memory Passage reading experiment (Reder, 1982) − IV: type of question, delay between study and test (immediate, 20 mins, 2 days) − DV: performance
27. Long term memory Passage reading experiment (Reder, 1982) − results • exact judgment is fast and accurate initially, but gets longer and less accurate as time passes • plausibility judgment is in general difficult, but the performance does not drop as time passes
28. Long term memory Implications • retrieval of both exact and general, inferred information • rely less on exact information as time passes • the information left is the "digested", self- interpreted traces
29. Serial position effect cat iron man oursky plane banana bread mouse coffee candy fire telephone keyboard
30. Retention
31. Retention How information can be retained? − rehearsal • repeating the information verbally • transfer information to LTM − over-learning • keep rehearsal after one perfect recall better retention
32. Retention Distinctiveness • special instances are retained better "one-shot" learning (e.g., 911 event)
34. Elaboration Precise elaboration Beautiful SiuTao is working as a designer at Oursky Ltd. Imprecise elaboration Beautiful SiuTao is working in a company. No elaboration SiuTao is working. 
35. Elaboration Results • performance best in precise elaboration, worst in case imprecise elaboration - the quality of retrieval cues matter - support the importance of elaboration
36. Ref. http://hs-psychology.ism-online.org/files/2012/08/Peterson-Peterson-1959-duration-of-STM.pdf http://www.ballarat.edu.au/ard/bssh/school/hp502/Word%20length%20effect.pdf