Intro to Rust Programming Language

Rust is a systems programming language focused on three goals: safety, speed, and concurrency. In this talk, you will get a high-level overview of the language, its syntax and semantics, and some code examples.

1. Intro to rust programming language by Rida Al Barazi Confoo 2016
2. Rida Al barazi @rida
3. Getting started
4. What is rust
5. Rust is a systems programming language focused on three goals: safety, speed, and concurrency Source: rust-lang.org What is rust
6. Why and when? • Embedding in other languages • Writing low-level code • Small programs with specific space and time requirements
7. Installation 1.6.0 is the latest major release Came out on January 21, 2016 Install your system package from: https://www.rust-lang.org/downloads.html
8. Let’s play! https://play.rust-lang.org/
9. HELLO world! fn main() { println!("Hello, world!"); }
10. cargo • Rust’s Package Manager • https://crates.io • Manages dependencies and builds
11. cargo $ cargo new hello_world --bin
12. cargo.toml [package] name = "hello_world" version = "0.1.0" authors = ["Your name <email@example.com>"]
13. main.rc fn main() { println!("Hello, World!"); }
14. cargo ! cargo build Compiling hello_world v0.1.0 (file:///home/yourname/projects/ hello_world)
15. cargo ! cargo run Running `target/debug/hello_world` Hello, world!
16. cargo ! cargo run Compiling hello_world v0.1.0 (file:///home/yourname/projects/ hello_world) Running `target/debug/hello_world` Hello, world!
17. Adding dependencies cargo.toml [package] name = "hello_world" version = "0.1.0" authors = ["Your name <email@example.com>”] [dependencies] rand="0.3.0"
18. dependencies versions [dependencies] rand="0.3.0" # This a shorthand for ^0.3.0 rand=“^0.3.0" # Use any release compatible with this specific version. Semantic Versioning rand=“=0.3.0" # Use only 0.3.0 exactly rand=“*" # Use latest version
19. dependencies versions ! cargo build Downloading libc v0.2.7 Downloading rand v0.3.14 Compiling libc v0.2.7 Compiling rand v0.3.14 Compiling hello_world v0.1.0 (file:/// home/yourname/projects/hello_world)
20. language basics
21. variable binding
22. variable binding let x = 5; // Type inferred as i32 let x: i32 = 5; // Explicitly bind with the type i32
23. variable binding let x = 5; // Type inferred as i32 let x: i32 = 5; // Explicitly bound with the type i32 let (x, y) = (1, 2); // Pattern matching
24. variable binding let x = 5; // Type inferred as i32 let x: i32 = 5; // Explicitly bound with the type i32 let (x, y) = (1, 2); // Pattern matching y = 3; // Raises an error. Immutable by default let mut y = 3; // y is now mutable and is bound to 3
25. scoping and shadowing let x: i32 = 8; { println!("{}", x); // Prints "8" let x = 12; println!("{}", x); // Prints "12" } println!("{}", x); // Prints "8" let x = 42; println!("{}", x); // Prints "42"
26. primitive types
27. Booleans let x = true; let y: bool = false;
28. char let x = ‘x'; let two_hearts = '';
29. numeric types let x = 42; // x has type i32 let y = 1.0; // y has type f64
30. numeric types i8 i16 i32 i64 u8 u16 u32 u64
31. numeric types i8 i16 i32 i64 isize u8 u16 u32 u64 usize
32. numeric types i8 i16 i32 i64 isize u8 u16 u32 u64 usize f32 f64
33. arrays let a = [1, 2, 3]; // a: [i32; 3] let mut m = [1, 2, 3]; // m: [i32; 3]
34. arrays let a = [1, 2, 3]; // a: [i32; 3] let mut m = [1, 2, 3]; // m: [i32; 3] // Arrays have type [T; N] let a = [0; 20]; // a: [i32; 20]
35. arrays let a = [1, 2, 3]; // a: [i32; 3] let mut m = [1, 2, 3]; // m: [i32; 3] // Arrays have type [T; N] let a = [0; 20]; // a: [i32; 20] // Get the length println!("a has {} elements", a.len()); //> a has 20 elements
36. arrays let a = [1, 2, 3]; // a: [i32; 3] let mut m = [1, 2, 3]; // m: [i32; 3] // Arrays have type [T; N] let a = [0; 20]; // a: [i32; 20] // The `len` method yields the size of the array println!("a has {} elements", a.len()); //> a has 20 elements let names = ["Graydon", "Brian", "Niko"]; // names: [&str; 3] println!("The second name is: {}", names[1]); //> The second name is: Brian
37. tuples let tuple = (1, "hello", "world"); // x: (i32, &str, &str)
38. tuples let tuple = (1, "hello", "world"); // x: (i32, &str, &str) // Indexing let v = tuple.1; println!("v is {}", v); // v is hello
39. tuples let tuple = (1, "hello", "world"); // x: (i32, &str, &str) // Indexing let v = tuple.1; println!("v is {}", v); // v is hello // Deconstructing let (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 3); println!("x is {}", x); // x is 1
40. structs struct Point { x: i32, y: i32, } fn main() { let mut point = Point { x: 0, y: 0 }; point.x = 5; println!("The point is at ({}, {})", point.x, point.y); let point = point; // this new binding can’t change now point.y = 6; // this causes an error }
41. structs // Tuple Struct struct Inches(i32); let length = Inches(10); let Inches(integer_length) = length; println!("length is {} inches", integer_length); //> length is 10 inches // Unit-like Struct struct Electron; let x = Electron; // Empty tuple: ()
42. enums enum Message { // An `enum` may either be `unit-like`, Quit, // like tuple structs, ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32), // or like structures. Move { x: i32, y: i32 }, Write(String), } let m: Message = Message::Write("Hello, world".to_string());
43. functions fn foo(x: i32) -> i32 { x } let x: fn(i32) -> i32 = foo;
44. operators
45. operators // Integer addition println!("1 + 2 = {}", 1 + 2); // Integer subtraction println!("1 - 2 = {}", 1 - 2);
46. operators // Integer addition println!("1 + 2 = {}", 1 + 2); // Integer subtraction println!("1 - 2 = {}", 1 - 2); // Short-circuiting boolean logic println!("true AND false is {}", true && false); println!("true OR false is {}", true || false); println!("NOT true is {}", !true);
47. operators // Integer addition println!("1 + 2 = {}", 1 + 2); // Integer subtraction println!("1 - 2 = {}", 1 - 2); // Short-circuiting boolean logic println!("true AND false is {}", true && false); println!("true OR false is {}", true || false); println!("NOT true is {}", !true); // Use underscores to improve readability! println!("One million is written as {}", 1_000_000);
48. generics
49. GENERIC FUNCTIONS fn takes_anything<T>(x: T) { // do something with x } fn takes_two_things<T, U>(x: T, y: U) { // ... }
50. GENERIC STRUCTS struct Point<T> { x: T, y: T, } let int_origin = Point { x: 0, y: 0 }; let float_origin = Point { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 };
51. other types
52. vectors // The `vec!` macro can be used to initialize a vector let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // v: Vec<i32>
53. vectors // The `vec!` macro can be used to initialize a vector let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // v: Vec<i32> v.push(4); // Insert new element at the end of the vector
54. vectors // The `vec!` macro can be used to initialize a vector let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // v: Vec<i32> v.push(4); // Insert new element at the end of the vector // The `len` method yields the current size of the vector println!("Vector size: {}", v.len()); //> Vector size: 6 println!("Sixth element: {}", v[5]); //> Sixth element: 4
55. strings // &str let greeting = "Hello there."; // greeting: &'static str = &str // String let mut s = "Hello".to_string(); // mut s: String println!("{}", s); //> "Hello" s.push_str(", world."); println!("{}", s); //> "Hello, World"
56. strings • They are a sequence of UTF-8 bytes. • &str is a string slice. • String is a growable string. • "Hello there" is statically allocated string literal, typed string slice. • str.to_string() creates a new String, which is expensive. • string.as_slice() returns a view of the string, which is cheap.
57. control structure
58. if let x = 5; if x == 5 { println!("x is five!"); } else if x == 6 { println!("x is six!"); } else { println!("x is not five or six :("); }
59. if let x = 5; if x == 5 { println!("x is five!"); } else if x == 6 { println!("x is six!"); } else { println!("x is not five or six :("); } let y = if x == 5 { 10 } else { 15 }; // y: i32
60. loops loop { println!("Loop forever!"); } let mut x = 5; loop { x += x - 3; println!("{}", x); if x % 5 == 0 { break; } }
61. loops let mut x = 5; // mut x: i32 let mut done = false; // mut done: bool while !done { x += x - 3; println!("{}", x); if x % 5 == 0 { done = true; } }
62. loops for x in 0..10 { println!("{}", x); // x: i32 } for (idx,j) in (5..10).enumerate() { println!("idx = {} and j = {}", i, j); } // idx = 0 and j = 5 // idx = 1 and j = 6 // idx = 2 and j = 7 // idx = 3 and j = 8 // idx = 4 and j = 9
63. loops 'outer: for x in 0..10 { 'inner: for y in 0..10 { if x % 2 == 0 { continue 'outer; } // continues the loop over x if y % 2 == 0 { continue 'inner; } // continues the loop over y println!("x: {}, y: {}", x, y); } }
64. match let x = 5; match x { 1 => println!("one"), 2 => println!("two"), 3 => println!("three"), 4 => println!("four"), 5 => println!("five"), _ => println!("something else"), }
65. match enum Message { Quit, ChangeColor(i32, i32, i32), Move { x: i32, y: i32 }, Write(String), } fn quit() { /* ... */ } fn change_color(r: i32, g: i32, b: i32) { /* ... */ } fn move_cursor(x: i32, y: i32) { /* ... */ } fn process_message(msg: Message) { match msg { Message::Quit => quit(), Message::ChangeColor(r, g, b) => change_color(r, g, b), Message::Move { x: x, y: y } => move_cursor(x, y), Message::Write(s) => println!("{}", s), }; }
66. beyond the basics
67. functions
68. functions fn main() { println!("Hello, world!"); }
69. functions fn main() { let x = 5; print_sum(add_one(x), 6); // sum is: 12 } fn print_sum(x: i32, y: i32) { println!("sum is: {}", x + y); } fn add_one(x: i32) -> i32 { x + 1 // note that there's no semicolon = `return` }
70. methods and Traits
71. methods To call a method on an struct instance like: `circle.area()`, you have to use `impl` and declare functions that accept a variant of `self`, `&self`, or `&mut self` as their first parameter.
72. methods struct Circle { x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64, } impl Circle { fn area(&self) -> f64 { std::f64::consts::PI * (self.radius * self.radius) } } fn main() { let c = Circle { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, radius: 2.0 }; println!("{}", c.area()); }
73. methods struct Circle { x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64, } impl Circle { // new is an associated function fn new(x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64) -> Circle { Circle { x: x, y: y, radius: radius, } } } fn main() { let c = Circle::new(0.0, 0.0, 2.0);
74. Methods Rust doesn’t have method overloading, named arguments, or variable arguments. Instead you would use the Builder Pattern
75. Methods struct Circle { x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64, } impl Circle { fn area(&self) -> f64 { std::f64::consts::PI * (self.radius * self.radius) } } struct CircleBuilder { x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64, }
76. Methods impl CircleBuilder { fn new() -> CircleBuilder { CircleBuilder { x: 0.0, y: 0.0, radius: 1.0, } } fn x(&mut self, coordinate: f64) -> &mut CircleBuilder { self.x = coordinate; self } fn y(&mut self, coordinate: f64) -> &mut CircleBuilder { self.y = coordinate; self } fn radius(&mut self, radius: f64) -> &mut CircleBuilder { self.radius = radius; self } fn finalize(&self) -> Circle { Circle { x: self.x, y: self.y, radius: self.radius } } }
77. Methods fn main() { let c = CircleBuilder::new() .x(1.0) .y(2.0) .radius(2.0) .finalize(); println!("area: {}", c.area()); println!("x: {}", c.x); println!("y: {}", c.y); }
78. traits Similar to methods you can add functionality to structs by specifying what Traits a struct implements.
79. traits struct Circle { x: f64, y: f64, radius: f64, } trait HasArea { fn area(&self) -> f64; } impl HasArea for Circle { fn area(&self) -> f64 { std::f64::consts::PI * (self.radius * self.radius) } }
80. ownership system
81. ownership let v = vec![1, 2, 3]; let v2 = v; println!("v[0] is: {}", v[0]); // error: use of moved value: `v`
82. ownership let v = 1; let v2 = v; println!("v is: {}", v); // v is i32 which is a primitive. // All primitive types implement the `Copy` trait
83. references and borrowing let v = vec![1, 2, 3]; let v2 = &v; println!("v[0] is: {}", v[0]); // v[0] is: 1 println!("v2[1] is: {}", v2[1]); // v2[1] is: 2
84. references and borrowing let mut x = 5; { let y = &mut x; *y += 1; } println!("{}", x);
85. Extras
86. Syntax and style • Indentation is 4 spaces (no tabs) • variable names are underscore lowercased • structs begin with a capital letter and are camel cased
87. resources • The Rust Programming Language (online book) • https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ • Rust by Example • http://rustbyexample.com/index.html • Rust Cheat Sheet • http://clchiou.github.io/2015-01-09/rust- cheat-sheet/ • ConFreaks Rust Talks • http://confreaks.tv/tags/155
88. Thank you!