The Deep Carbon Observatory: Transformational Opportunities in Science and Technology

Transcript

1. The Deep Carbon Observatory: Transformational Opportunities in Science and Technology deepcarbon.net cschiffries@ciw.edu Craig M. Schiffries, Director Deep Carbon Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington SinoProbe Center Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 10 August 2014
2. Carbon is Central to Our Lives •  Carbon is the element of life •  Carbon-based fuels supply most of our energy •  Carbon-bearing molecules in the atmosphere play a major role in climate change •  Yet we remain largely ignorant of the behavior of carbon-bearing systems at depth •  Previous work has focused on oceans, atmosphere, and shallow crustal environments •  It is implicitly assumed that these reservoirs exchange carbon rapidly as a closed system
3. Carbon is Central to Our Lives •  Our knowledge of the deep interior is limited •  The interior may contain more than 90% of Earth’s carbon •  We do not know how much carbon is stored in Earth’s interior •  We do not know the nature of deep reservoirs •  We do not know how carbon moves from one deep repository to another •  We are largely ignorant of the nature and extent of deep microbial ecosystems, which by some estimates rival the total surface biomass
4. Mission Promote a transformational understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological roles of carbon in Earth’s interior through an international, interdisciplinary, decade-long initiative dedicated to achieving a fundamental understanding of Earth through carbon.
5. Deep Carbon Observatory Overview •  A 10-year project launched in September 2009 •  Major support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  Foster international cooperation •  Engage over 1,000 researchers from 50 countries •  Seed major new funding for deep carbon research •  Example of proposed scope: Census of Marine Life (www.coml.org)
6. DCO Organizational Structure Executive Committee Scientific Steering Committees •  Extreme Physics and Chemistry •  Reservoirs and Fluxes •  Deep Life •  Deep Energy Secretariat Data Science Team Engagement Team
7. Extreme Physics and Chemistry Goals! Achieve a transformative understanding of the physical and chemical behavior of carbon at extreme conditions, as found in the deep interiors of Earth and other planets.!
8. Reservoirs and Fluxes Goals! Identify the principal deep carbon reservoirs, to determining the mechanisms and rates by which carbon moves among those reservoirs, and to assess the total carbon budget of Earth. "
9. Deep Energy Goals! Quantify the environmental conditions and processes from the molecular to the global scale that control the volumes, rates of generation, and reactivity of organic compounds derived from deep carbon through geologic time. ! "
10. Deep Life Goals! Explore the evolutionary and functional diversity of Earth’s deep biosphere and its interaction with the carbon cycle.!
11. 2013 DCO International Workshops and Meetings
12. 2013 DCO International Science Meeting •  More than 150 scientists from a dozen countries •  US National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC •  3-5 March 2013 •  Presentations and discussions on deep carbon science •  Recent discoveries by international experts who span DCO's science communities •  News coverage of DCO was captured in 12 languages from 530 news sites in 59 countries (Reuters, AP, AFP, Agencia EFE) •  Launch of “Carbon in Earth”
13. 2013 DCO International Science Meeting! Panel of US scientific leaders Frank Press, Patrick Leahy, Marcia McNutt, Wendy Harrison and Russell Hemley. Speakers included:! ! •  Frank Press, Former President of the U.S. National Academy of Science and !! Science Advisor to the President of the United States! •  Marcia McNutt, Former Director of the U.S. Geological Survey and Editor-in-Chief of Science! •  Wendy Harrison, Director, Earth Sciences Division, U.S. National Science Foundation! •  Patrick Leahy, Executive Director of the American Geosciences Institute!
14. Kazan Workshop on Abiotic Hydrocarbons •  More than 40 people from 6 countries •  Co-sponsored by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan •  Kazan Federal University on 13-17 April 2013 •  Field and experimental papers on the origins and distribution of abiotic hydrocarbons •  Potential to reconvene in two or three years with new data
15. 2010 DCO International Conference •  Beijing, China •  22-24 April 2010 •  The Conference brought together world experts in observational, experimental, and computation geoscience to address seven themes: 1. C-H-O-S fluids in the subduction zone and mantle 2. Carbon-bearing phases in the subduction zone 3. Carbonates and other C-bearing minerals in Earth's deep interior 4. Tectonic-environmental changes and the carbon cycle 5. Volcanic actiities and Earth's degasing 6. Deep life and deep organic synthesis 7.  Role of CO2 on mantle melting
16. Students and Early Career Scientists Big Sky, Montana Fieldwork in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming July 2014 DCO  Summer  School   University of Costa Rica Fieldtrips to volcanoes February 2014 DCO  Early  Career  Scien3st  Workshop  
17. DCO Summer School •  36 participants from 14 countries •  Big Sky Resort, Montana, USA and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA 13-18 July 2014 •  Three days of instruction in all aspects of deep carbon science •  Two days of field trips into Yellowstone National Park •  Organized by Adrian Jones (University College London, UK) and John Baross (University of Washington, USA)
18. •  Released 5 March 2013 •  Open Access •  20 chapters •  700 pages •  51 co-authors from 11 countries •  More than 500 news stories in 42 countries and 12 languages •  More than 700,000 chapters have been downloaded Carbon in Earth
19. Redox Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts as a Function of Mantle Source 14 JUNE 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE Elizabeth Cottrell, Katherine A. Kelley
20. Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Publication
21. MARCH 2014 VOL 507 NATURE Graham Pearson, Frank Brenker, Fabrizio Nestola, John McNeill, Lutz Nasdala, Mark Hutchison, Sergei Matveev, Kathy Mather, Geert Silversmit, Sylvia Schmitz, Bart Vekemans, Laszlo Vincze Hydrous mantle transition zone indicated by ringwoodite included within diamond
22. Publication 1 MAY 2014 VOL 509:81-85 NATURE David Sifré, Emmanuel Gardés, Malcolm Massuyeau, Leila Hashim, Saswata Hier-Majumder, Fabrice Gaillard Electrical conductivity during incipient melting in the oceanic low-velocity zone
23. Graphite Formation by Carbonate Reduction During Subduction JUNE 2013 VOL 6 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Matthieu Galvez, Olivier Beyssac, Isabelle Martinez, Karin Benzerara, Carine Chaduteau, Benjamin Malvoisin, Jaques Malavieille Scientific Findings
24. MAY 2014 VOL 7 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Jay Ague and Stefan Nicolescu Carbon dioxide released from subduction zones by fluid-mediated reactions
25. Publication MAY 2014 VOL 7 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Craig Manning A piece of the deep carbon puzzle Commentary on “Carbon dioxide released from subduction zones by fluid-mediated reactions” (Ague and Nicolescu, Nature Geoscience, 2014)
26. Structure of Polymeric CO2 -V ! Datchi et al, PRL, 2012" Santoro et al, PNAS, 2012"
27. Publication APRIL 2014 VOL 5 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Mario Santoro, Federico Gorelli, Roberto Bini, Ashkan Salamat, Gaston Garbarino, Claire Levelut, Olivier Cambon, and Julien Haines Carbon enters silica forming a cristobalite-type CO2 -SiO2 solid solutions
28. Carbon Substitution for Oxygen in Silicates in Planetary Interiors OCTOBER 2013 VOL 110 PNAS Sabyasachi Se, Scarlett Widgeon, Alexandra Navrotsky, Gabriela Mera, Amir Tavakoli, Emanual Ionescu, Ralf Riedel Scientific Findings
29. MARCH 2013 VOL 110 PNAS Ding Pan, Leanardo Spanu, Bandon Harrison, Dimitri A. Sverjensky, and Giulia Galli Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth Scientific Findings Craig E. Manning Deep water gives up another secret Commentary on “Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth” (Pan et al, PNAS, 2013)
30. Publication MAY 2014 VOL 5 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS Ding Pan, Quan Wan, Giulia Galli The refractive index and electronic gap of water and ice increase with increasing pressure
31. Water in the Deep Earth: The Dielectric Constant and the Solubilities of Quartz and Corundum to 60 kb and 1,200°C IN PRESS GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA Dimitri Sverjensky, Brandon Harrison, David Azzolini Scientific Findings
32. MAY 2013 VOL 5 NATURE GEOSCIENCE L.E. Mayhew, E.T. Ellison, T.M. McCollom, T. P. Trainor & A.S. Templeton Hydrogen generation from low-temperature water–rock reactions Scientific Findings Steven D’Hondt Geochemistry: Subsurface Sustenance Commentary on “Hydrogen generation from low- temperature water–rock reactions” (Mayhew et al, Nature Geoscience, 2013)
33. FEBRUARY 2012 VOL 5 NATURE GEOSCIENCE Bénédicte Ménez, Valerio Pasini & Daniele Brunelli Life in the Hydrated Suboceanic Mantle
34. Aerobic Microbial Respiration in 86-Million- Year-Old Deep-Sea Red Clay 18 MAY 2012 VOL 336 SCIENCE Hans Ray, Jens Kallmeyer, Rishi Ram Adhikari, Robert Pockalny, Bo Barker Jorgensen & Steven D’Hondt Scientific Findings
35. Publication 8 MAY 2014 VOL 344:889-891 SCIENCE Marshall W. Bowles, josé M. Mogollión, Sabine Kasten, Matthias Zabel, Kai-Uwe-Hinrichs Global rates of marine sulfate reduction and implications for subseafloor metabolic activities
36. 16 MAY 2013 VOL 497 NATURE G. Holland, B. Sherwood Lollar, L. Li, G. Lacrampe-Couloume, G.F. Slater & C.J. Ballentine Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era Scientific Findings
37. Global press attention for “World’s Oldest Water”!
38. Integrative Field Studies Proposal
39. OCO and DCO Collaboration 21 JULY 2014 DEEPER VIEW Florian Schwandner, NASA/JPL, DCO DECADE The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 – Opportunities for Deep Carbon Research
40. New Instruments are a Key to Discovery Detecting the deep biosphere: An in-situ tool for the search for life Volcanic Carbon Atmospheric Flux Experiment (V-CAFÉ): Development of instrumentation for volcanic carbon flux monitoring Advanced synchrotron x-ray spectrometer for deep carbon A high P-T device for experimental studies of hydrocarbons A modified gas chromatograph for experimental studies of hydrocarbons Katrina Edwards, University of Southern California Tobias Fischer, University of New Mexico Wendy Mao, Stanford University Vadim Brazhkin, Russian Academy of Sciences Vladimir Kutcherov, Swedish Royal Institute of Technology
43. Publication JUNE 2014 ASAP ONLINE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Shuhei Ono, David T. Wang, Danielle S. Gruen, Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Mark S. Zahniser, Barry J. McManus, David D. Nelson Measurement of a doubly substituted methane isotopologue, 13CH3 D, by tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy
46. Publication 27 JUNE 2014 VOL 344:1500-1503 SCIENCE Daniel Stolper, Michael Lawson, Cara Davis, Alexandre Ferreira, Eugenio Santos Neto, Geoffrey Ellis, Michael Lewan, Anna Martini, Yongchun Tang, Martin Schoell, Alex Sessions, John Eiler Formation temperatures of thermogenic and biogenic methane