Deep_Carbon_Observatory_2019_Year_in_Review.pdf

Transcript

1. Deep Carbon Observatory 2019
2. Mission The Deep Carbon Observatory is an interdisciplinary research program to discover the quantities, movements, forms, and origins of Earth’s deep carbon: Quantities How much carbon is stored in Earth? Where is it stored? Movements How does it move between and within reservoirs? Forms What are the forms of carbon at depth, both organic and inorganic? Origins What can deep carbon tell us about origins of life, Earth, and the Solar System? Credit: Tobias Fischer
3. • Carbon is the element of life • Carbon-based fuels supply most of our energy • The carbon cycle plays a fundamental role in controlling Earth’s climate and habitability • The vast majority of previous research has focused on a small fraction of Earth’s carbon in the oceans, atmosphere, and shallow crustal environments • In contrast, DCO focuses on the vast majority (>90%) of Earth’s carbon in the planet’s deep interior and the entire carbon cycle Why Deep Carbon?
4. About DCO: Community >1200 members >50% early career 55 countries represented
5. • 1600 publications, including 118 papers in Nature, Science, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, documenting novel results of broad interest beyond traditional scientific disciplines • View the Bibliography of Contributions to DCO through the DCO Publication Browser (https://info.deepcarbon.net/vivo/publications) About DCO: Publications
6. Science Communities and Crosscutting Activities Data Science Field Studies Instrumentation Modeling & Visualization Deep Energy Deep Life Extreme Physics & Chemistry Reservoirs & Fluxes Science Communities Crosscutting Activities
7. DCO Groups and Teams Executive Committee Four Scientific Steering Committees Extreme Physics and Chemistry Deep Energy Deep Life Reservoirs and Fluxes Secretariat Modeling & Visualization Forum Task Force 2020 Cross-Community Groups and Teams Science Communities Leadership Engagement Team Synthesis Group 2019 Data Science Team
8. Celebrating a Decade of Discovery
9. Deep Carbon 2019 ü Community building ü Science Communities ü Crosscutting activities ü Synthesis 300 members of the Deep Carbon Observatory community participated in “Deep Carbon 2019: Launching the Next Decade of Deep Carbon Science” from 24-26 October 2019 in Washington, DC, USA. This international conference marked the culmination of a decade of DCO discoveries and served as a launching pad for the future of deep carbon science.
10. Deep Carbon 2019 ü Community building ü Science Communities ü Crosscutting activities ü Synthesis The conference showcased scientific discoveries over the last decade, synthesis products, and future directions for deep carbon science
11. Science Community Workshops at DC2019 • The DCO Extreme Physics and Chemistry, Reservoirs and Fluxes, and Deep Energy Communities convened workshops at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, in conjunction with Deep Carbon 2019 • The workshops provided opportunities for technical presentations and discussions about the future of deep carbon science ü Community building 27 October 2019 Ÿ Washington, DC
12. This DCO decadal report highlights transformational discoveries in a decade of deep carbon science and documents DCO’s history, strategy, science communities, and cross-community activities Deep Carbon Observatory: A Decade of Discovery Credit: Trail by Fire
13. • Deep Carbon: Past to Present serves as a comprehensive reference on the quantities, movements, forms, and origins of carbon in Earth through deep time, for graduate students and scientists in related fields • This 669-page volume contains 20-chapters by more than 100 members of the international DCO Science Network • Includes end-of-chapter problems and access to datasets and models • Published as an open access book by Cambridge University Press in October 2019 Deep Carbon: Past to Present DEEP CARBON PAST TO PRESENT Edited by Beth Orcutt, Isabelle Daniel and Rajdeep Dasgupta
14. • Symphony in C: Carbon and the Evolution of (Almost) Everything by DCO Executive Director Robert M. Hazen is a highly acclaimed popular science book • Written in four movements after the classical elements of the ancients—earth, air, fire, and water • Hazen draws on his background as both a scientist and a professional musician • Released in the USA and UK in June 2019 • Additional editions will be released in China, Russia, and other countries Symphony in C
15. • A History of Deep Carbon Science from Crust to Core, by academic historian of science Simon Mitton • Will identify and document the key discoveries, impact of new knowledge, and roles of deep carbon scientists and their institutions from the 1400s to the present • Includes significant discoveries on the physics, chemistry, and dynamics of the solid Earth and its carbon content • Will provide a historic look at what is known about carbon in Earth’s interior • To be released in mid-2020 by Cambridge University Press A History of Deep Carbon Science from Crust to Core
16. • Special AGU Monograph on Carbon in Earth’s Interiors will be released in February 2020 • Features a decade of research by DCO’s Extreme Physics and Chemistry community • Edited volume that combines results from mineral physics, materials science, petrology, and geochemistry • Highlights new results on carbon in minerals, melts, and fluids at extreme conditions of planetary interiors Carbon in Earth’s Interiors
17. • Nature published a special collection of DCO research that previously appeared in Nature journals, along with commissioned review articles elucidating recent progress in deep carbon science. • The collection of 44 publications includes papers on: • the diversity, population sizes, and metabolic activities of deep microbes • the quantities and forms of carbon in the core, mantle, and crust • how Earth’s formation and evolution dictated the current distribution of carbon • the creation of organic carbon compounds independent of life • the formation and release of carbon dioxide through various tectonic processes Special Collection: Nature
18. • Special issue of American Mineralogist on “Earth in Five Reactions: A Deep Carbon Perspective” • Inspired by a DCO workshop in March 2018 attended by 50 scientists from a variety of disciplines • Top five carbon-related reactions identified by workshop participants are: • carbonation/decarbonation • carboxylation/decarboxylation • aqueous silicate melt/solid • hydrogenation/dehydrogenation • hydration/dehydration Special Issue: American Mineralogist
19. • Special issue of Elements on “Catastrophic Perturbations to Earth's Deep Carbon Cycle” October 2019 • This open access issue of Elements explores the origins of carbon on Earth, the long-term carbon cycle, catastrophic and large-scale perturbations to Earth’s carbon cycle, such as large igneous provinces and bolide impacts, carbon’s role in mass extinctions, and icehouse-greenhouse climate transitions in deep-time. Special Issue: Elements
20. • Open-access special issue of Engineering on “Deep Matter and Energy” • Sixteen papers that span all four DCO Science Communities • Highlights the role of deep volatiles in mediating major Earth processes • Contains papers presented at the Deep Volatiles, Energy, and Environments Summit, which was co-sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Engineering and DCO on 13–14 March 2018 in Shanghai, China Special Issue: Engineering
21. • A research topic in Frontiers on “Deep Carbon” explores the slow, deep carbon cycle that helps to control the habitability of planet Earth over geological time scales • Papers explore the forms and origins of carbon in the deep Earth, including methane, abiotic hydrocarbons, carbon mineralogy and petrology, and diamonds Research Topic: Frontiers
22. • A special theme in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems on “Carbon Degassing through Volcanoes and Active Tectonic Regions” • Showcases results from the Reservoirs and Fluxes Community’s DECADE initiative • Special theme consists of 11 articles • Covers carbon exchange between the Earth’s interior, atmosphere, and hydrosphere • Focuses on observations, quantification and models of carbon transfer from the Earth’s crust and mantle to the surface Special Theme: G-Cubed
23. • Thematic set of six papers on “Carbon Forms, Paths, and Processes in the Earth” • Published in the Journal of the Geological Society of London in March 2019 • Based on lectures presented at the Lake Como School, held at Villa del Grumello, Como, Italy (15-20 October 2017) • Focuses on the structure of carbon allotropes, geodynamics of deep Earth carbon transport, carbon degassing by ascending magmas, and tectonic carbon degassing Thematic Set: Journal of the GSL
24. VIDEO: DCO: A Decade of Discovery • A stunning three-minute video captures the excitement, difficulties, and physical challenges of trying to figure out how Earth works, under the banner of the Deep Carbon Observatory. • The video was unveiled at the US National Academy of Science, during the opening of Deep Carbon 2019: Launching the next decade of deep carbon science. ü Engagement ü Synthesis
25. ANIMATION: QMFO of Deep Carbon • How much carbon is in Earth’s interior? Where did it come from? What does it look like? And how does it move around? • These questions, which describe the driving force of DCO’s research, are explored in this two-minute animation. ü Engagement ü Synthesis
26. • Composer David Earl completed the symphony in March 2019 after being inspired in 2018 by the manuscript for Robert Hazen’s book, Symphony in C: Carbon and the Evolution of (Almost) Everything • Performed by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra with conductor Ben Gernon in October 2019 Symphony in C: A Carbon Symphony
27. Launching the Next Decade of Deep Carbon Science
28. New DCO Steering Committee James Badro Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France David Cole The Ohio State University, USA Isabelle Daniel Université Claude Bernard Lyon, France Marie Edmonds University of Cambridge, UK Kai-Uwe Hinrichs University of Bremen, Germany Karen Lloyd University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA Bénédicte Ménez Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France Michael Walter Carnegie Institution for Science, USA Fengping Wang Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Sabin Zahirovic University of Sydney, Australia
29. Headquarters Moving to Paris • DCO headquarters will move from the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, USA to the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), France in January 2020 • The new Steering Committee will nurture a broad portfolio of research and activities that will continue into 2020 and beyond
30. Gordon Research Conference Gordon Research Conferences frontiers of science Announcing the 2020 Gordon Research Conference on: Deep Carbon Science Exploring Fluxes, Forms and Origins of Deep Carbon in Earth and Other Terrestrial Planets More details and online application are available at: https://www.grc.org/deep-carbon-science-conference/2020/ June 28–July 3, 2020 Chairs: Edward D. Young and Kai-Uwe Hinrichs Bates College Vice Chairs: Tamsin Mather and Doug LaRowe Lewiston, ME, USA The meeting will highlight the importance of deep carbon science for understanding the various reservoirs of carbon in our solar system—from cores to atmospheres on Earth and other planets, and from diamonds to microbial cells. Associated Gordon Research Seminar (GRS): Carbon at the Intersection of the Biosphere and Geosphere June 27–28, 2020 Chairs: Jonathan M. Tucker and Rachel L. Harris
31. Portfolio of Grants Extending Beyond 2019 Carbonates at high Pressures and Temperatures (CarboPaT) is a German research consortium launched in 2015 with support from the German Research Foundation to study carbonates at extreme conditions. Based at Arizona State University, USA, the Center for Materials of the Universe (MOTU) is addressing grand questions and challenges in the combined fields of materials research and planetary science. CLEVER Planets (Cycles of Life Essential Volatile Elements in Rocky Planets) is an interdisciplinary, multi- institutional group of scientists funded by NASA, working to unravel the conditions of planetary habitability in the Solar System and other exoplanetary systems. This group is part of NASA’s Nexus of Exoplanetary Systems Science research network. Inspired by DCO work on carbon mineral evolution, the Deep-time Data Driven Discovery (4D) initiative is reusing data from decades of research on Earth, its minerals, life forms, and history to make new discoveries using data science tools. The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) awarded a five-year grant to fund Earth 4D. The initiative will orchestrate new investigations into the inter-actions between the surface and subsurface on Earth through deep time.
32. Portfolio of Grants Extending Beyond 2019 Funded by NASA, Earth First Origins seeks to uncover the conditions on early Earth that gave rise to life by identifying, replicating, and exploring how pre- biotic molecules and chemical pathways could have formed under realistic early Earth conditions. ENIGMA (Evolution of Nanomachines in Geospheres and Microbial Ancestors) is a five-year NASA grant with the goal of understanding how proteins originated and evolved through deep time, and whether similar instances of bio- chemistry emerging from geochemistry could have occurred on other planetary bodies. The work of the Deep Life community will continue at the International Center for Deep Life Investigation, established at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2019. the Center provides a platform for continued international collaborations that seek to address key scientific issues. The Cluster of Ex- cellence, The Ocean Floor – Earth’s Unchart- ed Interface, aims to initiate a new chapter in ocean-floor re- search by quanti- fying exchange processes at this significant bound- ary layer and their roles in the Earth system. Science for Clean Energy (S4CE) is a European Union’s Horizon 2020 project aiming to develop, test and implement technologies needed for successfully detecting, quantifying, and mitigating the risks connected with geo-energy operations in the sub-surface.
33. Community Building
34. Louise Kellogg (1959 – 2019) Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Isabelle Daniel Credit: UC Davis Credit: Josh Wood DCO Executive Committee member Louise Kellogg passed away on 15 April 2019. Louise built bridges among communities with her scientific vision and dedication to equity. She consistently promoted early career and underrepresented scientists, providing mentoring, friendship, and wise counsel. Credit: Katie Pratt
35. 2019 – The “Year of Carbon” • The Geological Society of London (GSL) designated 2019 as the “Year of Carbon” • Part of a series of themed years launched in 2015 • Throughout the year, GSL explored the geoscience of carbon through conferences, public lectures, educational programs, and other activities ü Community building ü Synthesis
36. Deep Energy Community Meeting • Meeting included 37 participants, 15 oral presentations, and 12 poster presentations by early career and senior researchers • Group discussions addressed new forms of condensed carbon, as well as the need to improve current estimates of global methane fluxes ü Community building 28 – 31 January 2019 Ÿ La Clusaz, France Credit: Isabelle Daniel
37. Janet Watson Meeting • Janet Watson meetings are annual flagship events of the Geological Society of London • 2019 meeting brought together 30 early career scientists to explore deep carbon, from core to atmosphere • Senior scientists, including DCO Executive Committee members, joined the meeting to mentor early career colleagues ü Community building ü Early career scientists 26 – 28 February 2019 Ÿ London, UK Credit: Isabelle Daniel
38. Materials of the Universe Workshop • Organized by EPC community member Alexandra Navrotsky • Brought together 55 experts from astrophysics, planetary science, physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering • Aimed to define grand questions and challenges in the combined fields of materials research and planetary science for the coming decade ü Community building 24 – 26 April 2019 Ÿ Tempe, Arizona
39. DCO at Goldschmidt • DCO scientists gave more than 150 presentations – including 22 session keynotes – at this annual meeting of the European Association of Geochemistry and the Geochemical Society, which was attended by thousands of geochemists from around the world. • Scientists from all four of DCO’s Science Communities participated, as did scientists from DCO’s cross-community activities. • A DCO booth previewed synthesis products and served as a meeting point for members of the community. ü Community building ü Science Communities ü Crosscutting activities ü Synthesis 18 – 23 August 2019 Ÿ Barcelona, Spain
40. DCO at AGU ü Community building ü Science Communities ü Crosscutting activities ü Synthesis 9 – 13 December 2019 Ÿ San Francisco, California • DCO scientists gave close to 150 presentations – including three medal lectures and numerous invited talks – at the annual Fall Meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU). • The meeting, part of AGU’s centennial celebration, welcomed 28,000 geoscientists to San Francisco. • Scientists from all four of DCO’s Science Communities participated, as did scientists from DCO’s crosscutting activities. • A DCO booth featured synthesis products and served as a meeting point for members of the community.
41. Science Communities & Crosscutting Activities
42. Science Communities EXTREME PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY DEEP LIFE DEEP ENERGY RESERVOIRS AND FLUXES
43. Crosscutting Activities INSTRUMENTATION FIELD STUDIES DATA SCIENCE MODELING AND VISUALIZATION
44. Early Impact Delivered Carbon to Earth Delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to the silicate Earth by a giant impact Grewal DS, Dasgupta R, Sun C, Tsuno K, Costin G SCIENCE ADVANCES January 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes ü Extreme Physics and Chemistry Credit: Rajdeep Dasgupta
45. Clumped Isotopologues Methane sources and sinks in continental sedimentary systems: New insights from paired clumped isotopologues 13CH3 D and 12CH2 D2 Giunta T, Young ED, Warr O, Kohl I, Ash JL, Martini A, Mundle SOC, Rumble D, Pérez- Rodríguez I, Wasley M, LaRowe DE, Gilbert A, Sherwood Lollar B GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA January 2019 ü Deep Energy ü Instrumentation Credit: Wikimedia Commons Researchers analyzed clumped isotopologues from previously studied methane reservoirs in two sedimentary basins with a mix of microbial and thermogenic gas. These gases, from the Michigan Basin and the Southwest Ontario Basin, each displayed unique isotopic signatures.
46. Carbonatites The stability and melting of aragonite: an experimental and thermodynamic model for carbonated eclogites in the mantle Zhao S, Schettino E, Merlini M, Poli S LITHOS January 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes ü Extreme Physics and Chemistry Credit: Fabio Ferri Using high-temperature and high-pressure experiments, researchers have determined the conditions causing calcium carbonate to take the form of calcite, aragonite, or a liquid. This represents a major step toward modeling the behavior of carbonatites in the subsurface
47. Gas Monitoring May Predict Eruptions Insights on hydrothermal-magmatic interactions and eruptive processes at Poás Volcano (Costa Rica) from high-frequency gas monitoring and drone measurements de Moor JM, Stix J, Avard G, Muller C, Corrales E, Diaz JA, Alan A, Brenes J, Pacheco J, Aiuppa A, Fischer TP GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS January 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes Credit: Monserrat Cascante DCO researchers report that gases emitted from Poás can give clues to interactions between water magma in the subsurface, and may signal an upcoming eruption.
48. Carbon Chemistry and Core Formation Carbon sequestration during core formation implied by complex carbon polymerization Solomatova NV, Caracas R, Manning CE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS February 2019 ü Extreme Physics and Chemistry Computer simulations of the magma ocean on early Earth suggest that the carbon chemistry was surprisingly complex at high pressure. Iron likely sequestered much of the carbon into the metallic core while diamonds may have formed from clusters of carbon. Credit: Natalia Solomatova Credit: Natalia Solomatova
49. Endospores in Ocean Sediments Microbial dormancy in the marine subsurface: Global endospore abundance and response to burial Wörmer L, Hoshino T, Bowles MW, Viehweger B, Adhikari RR, Xiao N, Uramoto G, Könneke M, Lazar CS, Morono Y, Inagaki F, Hinrichs KU SCIENCE ADVANCES February 2019 ü Deep Life A new study reports that the number of endospores in ocean sediments is similar to the number of slow-growing “vegetative” cells, and they become more dominant with depth. In this image, vegetative cells glow blue due to a florescent dye, while the endospores appear as bright round balls. Credit: Fumio Inagaki, JAMSTEC
50. Ediacaran Mass Extinctions Ediacaran biozones identified with network analysis provide evidence for pulsed extinctions of early complex life Muscente AD, Bykova N, Boag TH, Buatois LA, Mángano MG, Eleish A, Prabhu A, Pan F, Meyer MB, Schiffbauer JD, Fox P, Hazen RM, Knoll AH NATURE COMMUNICATIONS February 2019 ü Data Science Network analysis applied to Ediacaran fossil collections revealed evidence that two extinction events - potentially linked to disturbances in the global carbon cycle - occurred during this period.
51. Introducing Hydrothermarchaeota Carboxydotrophy potential of uncultivated Hydrothermarchaeota from the subseafloor crustal biosphere Carr SA, Jungbluth SP, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Stepanauskas R, Woyke T, Rappé MS, Orcutt B THE ISME JOURNAL February 2019 ü Deep Life Researchers used single cell genomics to describe a group of subseafloor microbes that thrive in the hot, oxygen-free fluids flowing through Earth’s crust. Credit: Beth Orcutt/Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences
52. Seafloor Methane Flux A wideband acoustic method for direct assessment of bubble- mediated methane flux Weidner E, Weber TC, Mayer L, Jakobsson M, Chernykh D, Semiletov I CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH February 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes ü Deep Energy ü Field Studies Researchers adapted sonar equipment to quantify the amount of methane bubbling up from the floor of the East Siberian Arctic Sea. If deployed on research vessels more widely, these instruments could provide data for more accurate estimates of the global flux of methane from the ocean floor to the atmosphere. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Weidner et al., courtesy of Continental Shelf Research
53. Deep Subsurface Life New ecosystems in the deep subsurface follow the flow of water driven by geological activity Borgonie G, Magnabosco C, García-Moyano A, Linage-Alvarez B, Ojo AO, Freese LB, Van Jaarsveld C, Van Rooyen C, Kuloyo O, Cason ED, Vermeulen J, Pienaar C, Van Heerden E, Sherwood Lollar B, Onstott TC, Mundle SOC SCIENTIFIC REPORTS March 2019 ü Deep Life Credit: Credit: G. Borgonie, Extreme Life Isyensya
54. Methane Metabolism in Archaea Expanding anaerobic alkane metabolism in the domain of Archaea Wang Y, Wegener G, Hou J, Wang F, Xiao X NATURE MICROBIOLOGY March 2019 ü Deep Life Credit: Fengping Wang By searching genomic data, researchers identified a key gene needed for methane metabolism in unexpected and unrelated groups of archaea not known to use methane. The existence of the gene in diverse groups suggests that methane metabolism arose early in archaeal evolution and has long impacted Earth’s carbon cycle.
55. Aquifer Microbe Metabolism Carbon fixation and energy metabolisms of a subseafloor olivine biofilm Smith AR, Kieft B, Mueller R, Fisk MR, Mason OU, Popa R, Colwell FS THE ISME JOURNAL March 2019 ü Deep Life Microbes living on grains of the mineral olivine in a deep, subseafloor aquifer rely on an ancient type of metabolism called the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, which converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide into energy and organic compounds. Credit: Amy Smith
56. Carbon and Subduction Subduction metamorphism of serpentinite-hosted carbonates beyond antigorite-serpentinite dehydration (Nevado-Filábride Complex, Spain) Menzel MD, Garrido CJ, López Sánchez-Vizcaíno V, Hidas K, Marchesi C JOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY March 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes New research shows that carbonate minerals in subducting ocean plates can dissolve and be funneled toward the surface once they encounter the heat and pressure of the mantle, creating carbon-rich minerals along the paths of these fluids. However, some of the carbon remains trapped in the sinking plate, where it likely stays in the mantle. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Manuel Menzel
57. Carbon in Subduction Zones Carbon cycling at the Sunda margin, Indonesia: a regional study with global implications House BM, Bebout GE, Hilton DR GEOLOGY March 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes A new approach to determine the amount of carbon entering a subduction zone could lead to better estimates of the global movement of carbon into and out of the deep Earth. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Brian House
58. Biology Meets Subduction Forearc carbon sink reduces long-term volatile recycling into the mantle Barry PH, de Moor JM, Giovannelli D, Schrenk M, Hummer D, Lopez T, Pratt CA, Alpízar Segura Y, Battaglia A, Beaudry P, Bini G, Cascante M, d’Errico G, di Carlo M, Fattorini D, Fullerton K, Gazel E, González G, Halldórsson SA, Iacovino K, Kulongoski JT, Manini E, Martínez M, Miller H, Nakagawa M, Ono S, Patwardhan S, Ramírez CJ, Regoli F, Smedile F, Turner S, Vetriani C, Yücel M, Ballentine CJ, Fischer TP, Hilton DR, Lloyd KG NATURE April 2019 ü Deep Life ü Reservoirs and Fluxes ü Field Studies ü Early Career Scientists DCO’s Biology Meets Subduction team shows that microbes and calcite precipitation combine to trap about 94 percent of the carbon squeezed out from the edge of the oceanic plate subducts into the mantle. This carbon remains naturally sequestered in the crust, where it cannot escape back to the surface through nearby volcanoes. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Tom Owens
59. Diamonds and Continent Stability Sulfur isotopes in diamonds reveal differences in continent construction Smit KV, Shirey SB, Hauri EH, Stern RA SCIENCE April 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes Researchers demonstrate that diamonds can reveal how a buoyant section of mantle beneath some of the continents became thick enough to provide long- term stability. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Gemological Institute of America
60. Volcanic CO2 Emissions CO2 flux emissions from the Earth’s most actively degassing volcanoes, 2005–2015 Aiuppa A, Fischer TP, Plank T, Bani P SCIENTIFIC REPORTS April 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes Researchers estimated the carbon emissions from the 91 most actively degassing volcanoes on Earth, using a combination of satellite data and rock composition to estimate carbon flux for volcanoes where direct monitoring was not possible. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Brendan McCormick
61. Measuring Methanotrophs Exchange catalysis during anaerobic methanotrophy revealed by 12CH2 D2 and 13CH3 D in methane Ash JL, Egger M, Treude T, Kohl I, Cragg B, Parkes RJ, Slomp CP, Sherwood Lollar B, Young ED GEOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES LETTERS April 2019 ü Deep Life Anaerobic methanotrophs are a group of microbes that consume methane and live a low- energy lifestyle in oxygen-free environments. A new study shows that measuring the ratio of methane isotopologues from marine sediments is a useful tool for tracking methanotrophic activity, which previously has been hard to distinguish from that of methanogens. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Sophie Green
62. Microbes Under Pressure Pressure-retaining sampler and high-pressure systems to study deep- sea microbes under in situ conditions Garel M, Bonin P, Martini S, Guasco S, Roumagnac M, Bhairy N, Armougom F, Tamburini C FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY April 2019 ü Deep Life Researchers who maintained a deep-sea Mediterranean prokaryotic community under conditions similar to its native environment obtained higher and more accurate estimates of deep-sea microbial activity levels than in comparison samples where the same microbes experienced decompression. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: C. Tamburini / M. Garel.
63. Seafloor Viruses An improved method for extracting viruses from sediment: Detection of far more viruses in the subseafloor than previously reported Pan D, Morono Y, Inagaki F, Takai K FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY April 2019 ü Deep Life Researchers at JAMSTEC have developed a new method to extract viruses from deep-sea sediments, yielding up to hundreds of times more virus particles than former techniques. The improved method suggests that there are many more viruses below the seafloor than previously detected. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Pan et al.
64. Amorphous Ice Absence of amorphous forms when ice is compressed at low temperature Tulk CA, Molaison JJ, Makhluf A, Manning CE, Klug DD NATURE May 2019 ü Extreme Physics and Chemistry At high pressures and low temperature, water can form amorphous ice – a non-crystallized ‘glass-like’ solid that researchers had thought was related to super-cooled water. New research, however, shows that amorphous ice occurs when ice gets stuck in an intermediate form in between two crystal structures. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Jill Hemman/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. DOE Credit: Genevieve Martin/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. DOE
65. Volcanic Degassing Crustal CO2 contribution to subduction zone degassing recorded through calc-silicate xenoliths in arc lavas Whitley S, Gertisser R, Halama R, Preece K, Troll VR, Deegan FM SCIENTIFIC REPORTS June 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes A team of researchers examined pieces of limestone crust picked up and erupted from Merapi volcano in Indonesia. They discovered that the limestone rapidly transformed, losing much of its carbon in the form of carbon dioxide, which escaped as part of the volcanic emissions. This process, which likely occurs at other volcanoes today, has had an important impact on the deep carbon cycle and potentially on the Earth’s past climate. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: GFZ Potsdam, Germany
66. Magma Ascension Rates Rapid transcrustal magma movement under Iceland Mutch EJF, Maclennan J, Shorttle O, Edmonds M, Rudge JF NATURE GEOSCIENCE June 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes An analysis of crystals in volcanic rocks suggests that during Iceland’s Borgarhraun eruption, magma ascended rapidly from the base of the crust, reaching the surface in just days to weeks. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Euan Mutch
67. Eclogitic Diamonds Diamond isotope compositions indicate altered igneous oceanic crust dominates deep carbon recycling Li K, Li L, Pearson DG, Stachel T EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS June 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes Eclogitic diamonds formed in Earth’s mantle originate from oceanic crust, rather than marine sediments as commonly thought, according to a new study. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Igor Jakab
68. Carbon Mineral Challenge The Carbon Mineral Challenge: a worldwide effort to find Earth’s missing carbon minerals Hummer DR THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY June 2019 ü Early Career Scientists During DCO’s Carbon Mineral Challenge, launched in 2015, mineralogists identified 31 new carbon- containing minerals. More than 100 carbon minerals likely remain undiscovered, however, and more than 4000 total minerals may still be unnamed. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Travis Olds
69. Recycling Ocean Crust Deep hydrous mantle reservoir provides evidence for crustal recycling before 3.3 billion years ago Sobolev AV, Asafov EV, Gurenko AA, Arndt NT, Batanova VG, Portnyagin MV, Garbe- Schönberg D, Wilson AH, Byerly GR NATURE July 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes An analysis of olivine melt inclusions from 3.3 billion-year-old rocks suggests that ocean crust was already being recycled back into the subsurface. The discovery points to an earlier-than-expected start date for subduction, or a similar process, that brought surface water into the mantle. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Sobolev et al.
70. Ancient Life ‘Follow the water’: Hydrogeochemical constraints on microbial investigations 2.4 km below surface at the Kidd Creek deep fluid and deep life observatory Lollar GS, Warr O, Telling J, Osburn MR, Sherwood Lollar B GEOMICROBIOLOGY JOURNAL July 2019 ü Deep Energy ü Deep Life ü Field Studies Ancient, isolated groundwaters sampled from 2.7 billion-year-old rocks at Kidd Creek Observatory in Canada support a tenacious community of microbes that survive on the products of water-rock reactions. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Toronto.
71. Origins of Hydrocarbons Abiogenesis not required to explain the origin of volcanic- hydrothermal hydrocarbons Fiebig J, Stefánsson A, Ricci A, Tassi F, Viveiros F, Silva C, Lopez TM, Schreiber C, Hofmann S, Mountain BW GEOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVES LETTERS July 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes ü Field Studies A study of volcanic hydrothermal sites worldwide suggests that hydrocarbons at some of these locations can appear to form in the absence of life, but actually overwhelmingly originate as organic matter, carried in by surface water, which is then broken down under high temperatures and open system conditions. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Jens Fiebig
72. Earth’s Diamond Factory Deep magma ocean formation set the oxidation state of Earth’s mantle Armstrong K, Frost DJ, McCammon CA Rubie DC, Boffa Ballaran T SCIENCE August 2019 ü Extreme Physics and Chemistry In conditions simulating early Earth’s magma ocean, iron performs an unusual chemical trick that could explain how Earth’s surface first became habitable and how the mantle accumulated so much carbon, originally in the form of diamonds. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Simone Marchi/NASA
73. Origins of Helium in Earth’s Mantle Primordial and recycled helium isotope signatures in the mantle transition zone Timmerman S, Honda M, Burnham AD, Amelin Y, Woodland S, Pearson DG, Jaques AL, Le Losq C, Bennett VC, Bulanova GP, Smith CB, Harris JW, and Tohver E SCIENCE August 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes Results from the first ever analysis of helium isotopes from fluids trapped in superdeep diamonds support the existence of a reservoir of ancient helium that has existed in Earth’s interior since its formation. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Suzette Timmerman
74. Abundance of Abiotic Methane Abiotic methane synthesis and serpentinization in olivine-hosted fluid inclusions Klein F, Grozeva NG, Seewald JS PNAS August 2019 ü Deep Energy Once thought to be hard to find, methane that forms in the absence of life may be incredibly widespread on Earth and elsewhere in the solar system. It exists in microscopic bubbles that form from water- rock reactions in the oceanic crust and mantle. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Frieder Klein
75. Biogeochemical Cycles Subseafloor life and its biogeochemical impacts D’Hondt S, Pockalny R, Fulfer VM, Spivack AJ NATURE COMMUNICATIONS August 2019 ü Deep Life This review article discusses the role of subseafloor microbes in driving global biogeochemical cycles. The authors propose a new explanation for why microbes fail to consume all the organic matter available to them, a state of affairs that has caused the surface world to become more oxidized over time. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Josh Wood/DCO
76. Subseafloor Biofilms Ecology of subseafloor crustal biofilms Ramírez GA, Garber AI, Lecoeuvre A, D’Angelo T, Wheat CG, Orcutt BN FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY August 2019 ü Deep Life To find out what kinds of microbes live in the nooks and crannies of the ocean crust, researchers dropped sterilized rocks into plugged drill holes. The biofilms that grew on the rocks were somewhat different from organisms that swim in the fluids, showing that both communities are important to our understanding of this giant subsurface ecosystem. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Beth Orcutt
77. Carbon Dioxide in Deep Waters Large presence of carbonic acid in CO2 -rich aqueous fluids under Earth’s mantle conditions Stolte N, Pan D THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS August 2019 ü Extreme Physics and Chemistry Computer simulations suggest that when carbon dioxide dissolves in water under conditions in the upper mantle, it primarily turns into carbonic acid. The presence of carbonic acid in the mantle has the potential to impact water-rock reactions significantly and affect the movement of carbon in the subsurface. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Nore Stolte
78. Extreme Microbes Archaeal communities in deep terrestrial subsurface underneath the Deccan Traps, India Dutta A, Sar P, Sarkar J, Dutta Gupta S, Gupta A, Bose H, Mukherjee A, Roy S FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY August 2019 ü Deep Life New research into subsurface life within the Deccan Traps, a vast, multi-layered 65-million-year-old lava flow in India, revealed distinct archaeal communities living within the volcanic rock and the underlying granite basement rock. Researchers also grew communities of pressure-tolerant species from a Deccan Traps aquifer, and investigated genes that may help them survive in this extreme environment. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Wikimedia Commons
79. High-Pressure Microbiology Exploring the deep marine biosphere: challenges, innovations, and opportunities Cario A, Oliver GC, Rogers KL FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE September 2019 ü Deep Life ü Instrumentation A large portion of deep-sea and subsurface organisms elude study due to the challenges posed by sampling and culturing microbes living in high-pressure environments. New technological advances and the use of pressurized culturing systems, such as the DCO- funded Pressurized Underwater Sampler Handler (PUSH50), may one day lead to better estimates of the diversity and activities of microbes in the subsurface. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Gina Oliver
80. Origins of Kimberlite Kimberlites reveal 2.5-billion-year evolution of a deep, isolated mantle reservoir Woodhead J, Hergt J, Giuliani A, Maas R, Phillips D, Pearson DG, Nowell G NATURE September 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes A new study finds that eruptions of kimberlite, a carbon-rich rock that commonly bears diamonds, all came from a single reservoir in the deep mantle. This reservoir was isolated until a few hundred million years ago, around the time that the supercontinent Pangaea split apart. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: Andrea Giuliani
81. Origins of Atmospheric Volatiles Geochemical evidence for high volatile fluxes from the mantle at the end of the Archaean Marty B, Bekaert DV, Broadley MW, Jaupart C NATURE November 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes Traces of ancient atmosphere trapped in rocks from the Archaean eon provide evidence of the sudden release of volcanic gases around 2.5 billion years ago. This burst of gases may be linked to the Great Oxidation Event, when Earth experienced a rapid rise in surface oxygen levels. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: M Pujol
82. Tectonics and the GOE Great Oxidation and Lomagundi events linked by deep cycling and enhanced degassing of carbon Eguchi J, Seales J, Dasgupta R NATURE GEOSCIENCE December 2019 ü Reservoirs and Fluxes Scientists propose that a surge of volcanic activity about 2.5 billion years ago that spewed large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere can be linked to the Great Oxidation Event and a shift in carbon isotopes called the Lomagundi event, through deep carbon recycling. Credit: Amy Smith Credit: J. Eguchi/University of California, Riverside
83. Additional Synthesis and Engagement Activities
84. ABOVE Aerial-based Observations of Volcanic Emissions (ABOVE) used innovative Unmanned Aerial System technologies to collect volcanic gas measurements at Manam and Rabaul volcanoes in Papua New Guinea
85. ABOVE and Beyond The ABOVE team also created a documentary film and photo exhibit about the expedition
86. • DCO’s Carbon Mineral Challenge, which ran from 2015 to 2019, identified 31 new carbon minerals • More than 100 carbon minerals likely remain undiscovered Carbon Mineral Challenge Credit: Gregor Markl Credit: Anthony Kampf Credit: Anthony Kampf Credit: Anthony Kampf Credit: Travis Olds Credit: Fritz Schreiber Credit: Rruff.info
87. Media Coverage ü Engagement ü Deep Energy • A DCO news release in April 2019, titled “Rewriting the Textbook on Fossil Fuels,” resulted in 141 stories in 28 countries and 10 languages
88. Media Coverage ü Engagement ü Reservoirs and Fluxes • A DCO news release in October 2019, titled “Scientists Quantify Global Volcanic CO2 Venting; Estimate Total Carbon on Earth,” resulted in 413 stories in 75 countries and 28 languages
89. Media Coverage Summary: 2009-2019 ü Engagement • ~5,600 total references to DCO at online news sites since 2009 • 41% appeared in the past 12 months • ~3,300 different online news sites published one or more articles • Stories reported in 37 languages • And in outlets in 124 countries • This resulted in ~13 billion potential impressions* *online only, does not include newspaper/ magazine print editions, radio or TV.
90. Selected 2019 Media Outlets ü Engagement
91. • The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation pledged $50 million over ten years to establish and operate the Deep Carbon Observatory. • This generous support was leveraged by more than $600 million of support from other organizations around the world, including: About DCO: Support