Deep Carbon Observatory 2018: Year in Review

Transcript

1. Deep Carbon Observatory 2018: Year in Review
2. Mission The Deep Carbon Observatory is a ten-year research program to discover the quantities, movements, forms, and origins of Earth’s deep carbon: Quantities How much carbon is stored in Earth? Where is it stored? Movements How does it move between and within reservoirs? Forms What are the forms of carbon at depth, both organic and inorganic? Origins What can deep carbon tell us about origins of life, Earth, and the Solar System? Credit:  Tobias  Fischer  
3. •  Carbon is the element of life •  Carbon-based fuels supply most of our energy •  The carbon cycle plays a fundamental role in controlling Earth’s climate and habitability •  The vast majority of previous research has focused on a small fraction of Earth’s carbon in the oceans, atmosphere, & shallow crustal environmentsIn •  In contrast, DCO focuses on the vast majority (>90% ) of Earth’s carbon in the planet’s deep interior and the entire carbon cycle Why Deep Carbon?
4. •  10-year research program launched in 2009 with support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation •  Sloan Foundation investment of $50 million over 10 years has been leveraged with more than $500 million in support from other science funding organizations worldwide About DCO: Support
5. About DCO: Community >1000 members >50% early career ~50 countries represented
6. •  1400 publications, including 109 papers in Nature, Science, and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, documenting novel results of broad interest beyond traditional scientific disciplines. •  View the Bibliography of Contributions to DCO through the DCO Publication Browser (https://info.deepcarbon.net/vivo/publications) About DCO: Publications
7. Science Communities and Crosscutting Activities Data Science Field Studies Instrumentation Modeling & Visualization Deep Energy Deep Life Extreme Physics & Chemistry Reservoirs & Fluxes Science Communities Crosscutting Activities
8. DCO Groups and Teams Execu4ve  Commi7ee   Four  Scien4fic  Steering  Commi7ees   Extreme  Physics  and  Chemistry   Deep  Energy   Deep  Life   Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Secretariat   Modeling  &  Visualiza4on  Forum   Task  Force  2020   Cross-­‐Community   Groups  and  Teams   Science  Communi4es   Leadership   Engagement  Team   Synthesis  Group  2019   Data  Science  Team  
9. Community Building
10. Fourth International Diamond School •  92 participants from 13 countries •  Theory and laboratory classes as part of a unique diamond-focused learning environment •  Aimed at training new and experienced diamond researchers and exposing those in the diamond industry to the latest analytical techniques ü  Community  building   ü  Early  career  scien4sts   29 January – 2 February 2018 Ÿ Bressanone, Italy Credit:  D.  Graham  Pearson   Credit:  D.  Graham  Pearson  
11. 2018 Industry-Rice Earth Science Symposium •  Fifth annual Industry-Rice Earth Science Symposium (IRESS) •  Assembled experts from academia and industry to discuss carbon cycling at Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy •  DCO sponsored the attendance of early career scientists to IRESS 2018 •  Preceded by a one-day workshop featuring early career scientists ü  Community  building   22-23 February 2018 Ÿ Houston, TX
12. Earth in Five Reactions Workshop •  Participants included ~50 DCO scientists from all four Science Communities and seven countries •  Two day workshop focused on which five carbon-related reactions make Earth the only known habitable planet •  Part of DCO’s Earth in Five Reactions synthesis project ü  Community  building   ü  Synthesis   22-23 March 2018 Ÿ Washington, DC
13. Deep Volatiles, Energy & Environments Summit •  Co-sponsored by DCO and the Chinese Academy of Engineering •  Included presentations from representatives of each Science Community as well as local deep carbon researchers •  Expanded the DCO science network in China •  Organized by HPSTAR Director Dave Ho-Kwang Mao ü  Community  building   ü  Science  Communi4es   ü  CrosscuPng  ac4vi4es   13-15 March 2018 Ÿ Shanghai, China
14. DCO Executive Committee Meeting •  Hosted by Dave Ho-Kwang Mao, following the Deep Volatiles, Energy & Environments Summit •  Focused on DCO’s suite of instrumentation initiatives •  Included optional tours of the HPSTAR laboratories 15-16 March 2018 Ÿ Shanghai, China
15. DCO / EarthByte Modeling Workshop •  Brought together 30 DCO scientists at the University of Cambridge •  Organized by Sabin Zahirovic, Marie Edmonds, and Emily Mason •  Focused on linking plate tectonic reconstructions to the complex deep-time planetary carbon cycle 5-6 April 2018 Ÿ Cambridge, UK Credit:  Sabin  Zahirovic   ü  Community  building   ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on  
16. DECADE Workshop •  28 members of DCO’s Reservoirs and Fluxes community participated in a workshop to calculate a new estimate of global CO2 degassing •  Degassing estimate included large volcanic emitters, small volcanic sources, and diffuse degassing •  Highlighted the need for continued multidisciplinary efforts to advance understanding of the transfer of volatiles between Earth’s reservoirs 29 April – 4 May 2018 Ÿ Washington, DC Credit:  Roberto  Molar  Candanosa   ü  Community  building   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes  
17. 4D Workshop: Deep-time Data Driven Discovery •  Brought together 150 participants from a variety of fields, including geology, biology, data science, modeling & visualization, and science administration •  Focused on the application of data-driven discovery techniques to important “big questions” in the earth and life sciences 4-6 June 2018 Ÿ Washington, DC ü  Community  building   ü  Synthesis  
18. Deep Carbon Science Gordon Research Conference •  Brought together ~100 participants to explore and discuss the evolution of deep carbon in Earth’s biological and nonbiological reservoirs over 4.6 billion years •  Chairs: Craig Manning (UCLA) and Isabelle Daniel (University Claude Bernard Lyon) •  Vice Chairs: Edward Young (UCLA) and Kai-Uwe Hinrichs (University of Bremen) ü  Community  building   ü  Science  Communi4es   ü  CrosscuPng  ac4vi4es   ü  Synthesis   17-22 June 2018 Ÿ Bryant University, RI Credit:  Josh  Wood  
19. DCO at Goldschmidt 2018 13-17 August 2018 Ÿ Boston, MA ü  Community  building   ü  Science  Communi4es   ü  CrosscuPng  ac4vi4es   Credit:  Gaël  Kazaz   Credit:  Gaël  Kazaz   •  Deep carbon science played a prominent role in the 2018 Goldschmidt conference •  DCO colleagues Fumio Inagaki (JAMSTEC) and Bernard Marty (CRPG) both shared their work during daily plenary lectures •  DCO Executive Committee Chair Craig Manning (UCLA) was recognized as a 2018 Geochemical Fellow
20. DCO Workshop on Catastrophic Perturbations •  24 DCO researchers gathered to consider the effects of short-lived, extreme events that may have caused dramatic perturbations to the “steady-state” carbon cycle •  Discussed catastrophic perturbations such as flood basalt eruptions, bolide impacts, and methane clathrate instabilities ü  Community  building   ü  Synthesis   10-11 September 2018 Ÿ Reykjavík, Iceland
21. International Carbon Conference 2018 •  Joint outreach meeting between DCO and three European networks (CarbFix, Science4CleanEnergy, and Metal-Aid), as well as DOE-funded CarbonSAFE Cascadia •  Conference included talks, posters, and a two-day field trip to volcanoes in southern Iceland 10-14 September 2018 Ÿ Reykjavík, Iceland ü  Community  building   ü  Synthesis  
22. DCO Executive Committee Meeting •  Hosted by Mark Lever at ETH Zurich •  Focused on DCO field studies 11-12 October 2018 Ÿ Zurich, Switzerland Credit:  Jennifer  Mays   Credit:  Jennifer  Mays  
23. Pre-AGU Virtual Reality Workshop •  Convened by Louise Kellogg and Oliver Kreylos (University of California, Davis) •  ~25 participants from DCO’s Modeling and Visualization Forum, Data Science Team, and various synthesis projects •  Allowed a hands-on look at the potential applications for VR as a tool of scientific research and discovery ü  Community  building     ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on   9 December 2018 Ÿ Washington, DC Credit:  Josh  Wood   Credit:  Josh  Wood  
24. DCO at AGU 2018 •  DCO researchers presented >150 talks and posters across nine AGU sections •  Full-day session of 50 talks and posters highlighted initial results from the Oman Drilling Project ü  Community  building   ü  Science  Communi4es   ü  CrosscuPng  ac4vi4es   ü  Synthesis   10-14 December 2018 Ÿ Washington, DC Credit:  Josh  Wood   Credit:  Josh  Wood  
25. 2018 DCO Emerging Leader Awards Peter Barry University of Oxford Sabin Zahirovic University of Sydney ü  Early  career  scien4sts  
26. Field Studies
27. Oman Drilling Project •  Phase Two drilling in Oman conducted from November 2017 to February 2018 and involved 64 scientists from 19 countries under auspices of International Continental Scientific Drilling Program •  Collected 1700 m of core •  Oman Drilling Program team logged Phase Two cores during summer 2018 on board D/V Chikyu in Shimizu Port, Japan •  Dedicated Oman Drilling Project sessions at 2018 AGU Fall Meeting included 50 presentations with initial results ü  Field  Studies   ü  Science  Communi4es   Credit:  Oman  Drilling  Project   Credit:  Oman  Drilling  Project   Credit:  Oman  Drilling  Project   Credit:  Oman  Drilling  Project  
28. A Return to Lost City •  Dedicated expedition to the Lost City hydrothermal field on the Atlantis Massif (Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30°N) entitled Return to Lost City 2018 •  The first time in more than a decade that scientists thoroughly explored the site •  Investigated Lost City’s geochemical reactions and microbial food chain ü  Field  Studies   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Deep  Energy   Credit:  Deborah  Kelley,  University  of  Washington  
29. Biology Meets Subduction •  Biology Meets Subduction team returned to the field in April 2018 •  Trip to southern Costa Rica and Panama included sampling of springs and hydrothermal features along the Central American volcanic arc •  Samples obtained from 25 additional sites •  All sites sampled for biology and geochemistry; tephra samples collected for petrological analysis where available ü  Field  Studies   ü  Science  Communi4es   Credit:  Donato  Giovannelli   Credit:  Donato  Giovannelli  
30. Carbon Degassing in Romania •  In September 2018, researchers set off for a 10-day sampling expedition across the Eastern Carpathian Neogenic Volcanic belt in Romania •  Visited more than 50 sites across the entire volcanic range •  Follow-up expedition planned for 2019, perhaps to volcanic ranges of Serbia and Macedonia ü  Field  Studies   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   ü  Deep  Energy   Credit:  Artur  Ionescu   Credit:  Kyriaki  Daskalopoulou  
31. Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand •  In an ongoing NSF-funded project, DCO researchers are investigating fluxes of volatiles into and out of the mantle along the Hikurangi Margin •  To determine volatile inputs, researchers have sediment samples from the subducting ocean plate, collected during IODP Expedition 375 •  For outputs, they are taking measurements at ~70 sites throughout New Zealand’s North Island ü  Field  Studies   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Gray  Bebout,  Lehigh  University   Credit:  Manoj  Kalathara,  GNS  Science  
32. Aerial Observations of Volcanic Emissions •  This DCO expedition, launched in 2018, is using innovative unmanned aerial system technologies (drones) to measure volcanic gas emissions at Manam and Rabaul Volcanoes in Papua New Guinea •  These strongly degassing volcanoes are largely uncharacterized because their plumes are challenging to access using ground-based techniques ü  Field  Studies   ü  Synthesis   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Emma  Liu   Credit:  Emma  Liu  
33. Science Communities & Crosscutting Activities
34. Science Communities EXTREME  PHYSICS   AND  CHEMISTRY   DEEP  LIFE   DEEP  ENERGY   RESERVOIRS  AND   FLUXES  
35. Crosscutting Activities INSTRUMENTATION   FIELD  STUDIES   DATA  SCIENCE   MODELING  AND   VISUALIZATION  
36. Carbon Dioxide Under Deep Mantle Conditions Crystalline polymeric carbon dioxide stable at megabar pressures Dziubek KF, Ende M, Scelta D, Bini R, Mezouar M, Garbarino G, Miletich R NATURE COMMUNICATIONS August 2018 ü  Extreme  Physics  and  Chemistry   Credit:  Roberto  Bini   Researchers showed that under the P/T conditions close to the core-mantle boundary, carbon dioxide can exist as a covalently bonded, extended crystalline form called phase V. These findings contradict similar experiments where carbon dioxide split into diamond and oxygen under deep mantle conditions.
37. Carbonates in the Deep Mantle Researchers find that carbonates may reach the deep lower mantle in the form of high-pressure marble rich in calcium carbonate. Carbonate stability in the reduced lower mantle Dorfman SM, Badro J, Nabiei F, Prakapenka VB, Cantoni M, Gillet P EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS May 2018 ü  Extreme  Physics  and  Chemistry  
38. Carbonates in the Deep Mantle Researchers discovered a new way that hydrogen, bound up in water, may move within the deep lower mantle. At high temperatures and pressures, a mixture of carbon dioxide with goethite formed a tetrahedral-shaped carbonate compound (Fe4 C3 O12 ) and water. CO2 -induced destabilization of pyrite-structured FeO2 Hx in the lower mantle Boulard E, Guyot F, Menguy N, Corgne A, Auzende A-L, Perrillat J-P, Fiquet G NATIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW March 2018 ü  Extreme  Physics  and  Chemistry  
39. Xenon Compounds at High P/T Researchers mimicked conditions in Earth’s core to show that the normally unreactive element xenon will combine with iron and nickel under intense pressure and at high temperature. Synthesis of Xenon and Iron-Nickel Intermetallic Compounds at Earth’s Core Thermodynamic Conditions Stavrou E, Yao Y, Goncharov AF, Lobanov SS, Zaug JM, Liu H, Greenberg E, Prakapenka VB PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS February 2018 ü  Extreme  Physics  and  Chemistry  
40. First Natural Sample of Calcium Silicate Perovskite Researchers discovered a pocket of Ca-Pv in a diamond that formed 780 kilometers deep inside Earth. The analysis also revealed that the carbon in the surrounding diamond originally came from ocean crust, suggesting that surface carbon travels incredibly deep into the mantle to be recycled. CaSiO3 perovskite in diamond indicates the recycling of oceanic crust into the lower mantle Nestola F, Korolev N, Kopylova M, Rotiroti N, Pearson DG, Pamato MG, Alvaro M, Peruzzo L, Gurney JJ, Moore AE, Davidson J NATURE March 2018 ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes  
41. Origin of Blue Diamonds Blue boron-bearing diamonds from Earth’s lower mantle Smith EM, Shirey SB, Richardson SH, Nestola F, Bullock ES, Wang J, Wang W NATURE August 2018 Credit:  Evan  M.  Smith/GIA   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes  
42. Diamond Inclusions DCO researchers report the surprising news that iron in the mantle may become more oxidized at deeper levels. The authors studied garnet inclusions formed in the mantle between 240 and at least 500 kilometers deep. They suggest that the increasing oxidation of iron in garnets with depth is due to oxidized carbonate compounds that react with iron and form diamonds. Oxidized iron in garnets from the mantle transition zone Kiseeva ES, Vasiukov DM, Wood BJ, McCammon C, Stachel T, Bykov M, Bykova E, Chumakov A, Cerantola V, Harris JW, Dubrovinsky L NATURE GEOSCIENCE January 2018 ü  Extreme  Physics  and  Chemistry   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Jeff  Harris  
43. Pyroxenites and Mantle Melting When pyroxenites get mixed into the mantle, their presence decreases the extent of melting, reducing the creation of new oceanic crust and potentially the amount of deep carbon released to the surface. Thermal effects of pyroxenites on mantle melting below mid-ocean ridges Brunelli D, Cipriani A, Bonatti E NATURE GEOSCIENCE June 2018 Credit:  Daniele  Brunelli  /  Emanuele  Paganelli   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes  
44. Mid-Ocean Ridge Degassing Reconstructing mantle carbon and noble gas contents from degassed mid-ocean ridge basalts Tucker JM, Mukhopadhyay S, Gonnermann HM EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS August 2018 ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Jonathan  Tucker   Researchers developed a model that takes into account the disequilibrium between carbon dioxide and the heavier noble gases degassing at mid-ocean ridges. This model allowed them to develop new estimates of the carbon concentration in the mantle, as well as the flux of carbon dioxide out of the mantle each year.
45. Kimberlites Between 250 and 50 million years ago, Earth experienced a “kimberlite bloom,” which brought diamonds to the surface in South Africa and many other parts of the world that sit on top of ancient and thick lithosphere. Geodynamics of kimberlites on a cooling Earth: Clues to plate tectonic evolution and deep volatile cycles Tappe S, Smart K, Torsvik T, Massuyeau M, de Wite M EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS February 2018 ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes  
46. Extensional Tectonics and Carbon Degassing Global-scale control of extensional tectonics on CO2 earth degassing Tamburello G, Pondrelli S, Chiodini G, Rouwet D NATURE COMMUNICATIONS November 2018 ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  John  Beck,  IODP/TAMU   Researchers compiled and digitized records of global carbon dioxide leaks to show that carbon dioxide escapes in areas where plate tectonics open cracks in the crust.
47. Metals in Volcanic Emissions A distinct metal fingerprint in arc volcanic emissions Edmonds M, Mather TA, Liu EJ NATURE GEOSCIENCE September 2018 ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Alessandro  Aiuppa   Researchers found distinct differences in the composition of metals from hotspot volcanoes, as opposed to arc volcanoes.
48. Clues to Archean Skies in Ancient Carbon New research finds evidence of the transition from primordial to modern xenon compositions preserved inside ancient carbonaceous compounds. The knowledge may refine our estimates of when and where life first emerged on Earth. Archean kerogen as a new tracer of atmospheric evolution: Implications for dating the widespread nature of early life Bekaert DV, Broadley MW, Delarue F, Avice G, Robert F, Marty B SCIENCE ADVANCES February 2018 ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Bernard  Marty  
49. Halogens and the End-Permian Extinction End-Permian extinction amplified by plume-induced release of recycled lithospheric volatiles Broadley MW, Barry PH, Ballentine CJ, Taylor LA, Burgess R NATURE GEOSCIENCE August 2018 ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Olga  Chumachenko  via  Wikimedia  Commons  
50. Carbon Cycle Through Deep Time The researchers modeled tectonic plate movement over the last 230 million years to understand how the recycling of the seafloor relates to 26 to 30 million-year cycles in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Their findings indicate that this process is an important mechanism linking plate tectonics with atmospheric carbon dioxide, helping to maintain a stable climate. Oceanic crustal carbon cycle drives 26-million-year atmospheric carbon dioxide periodicities Müller RD, Dutkiewicz A SCIENCE ADVANCES February 2018 ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes  
51. Modeling Large Igneous Provinces The interplay between the eruption and weathering of Large Igneous Provinces and the deep-time carbon cycle Johansson L, Zahirovic S, Müller RD GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS May 2018 ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Pall  et.  al   Modeling the location of Large Igneous Provinces for the past 400 million years shows that their eruptions and subsequent weathering modulate global climate.
52. Carbonate Platforms and Subduction The influence of carbonate platform interactions with subduction zone volcanism on palaeo-atmospheric CO2 since the Devonian Pall J, Zahirovic S, Doss S, Hassan R, Matthews KJ, Cannon J, Gurnis M, Moresi L, Lenardic A, Müller RD CLIMATE OF THE PAST June 2018 ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Pall  et.  al   When plate tectonics brings carbonate platforms into contact with subduction zones, it liberates the carbon in the reef. This sends carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, where it impacts global climate, and may have contributed to warm spells during Earth’s history.
53. Seafloor Carbonates Through Deep Time Sequestration and subduction of deep-sea carbonate in the global ocean since the Early Cretaceous Dutkiewicz A, Müller RD, Cannon J, Vaughan S, Zahirovic S GEOLOGY December 2018 ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Wikimedia,  Immanuel  Giel  
54. Origins of Hydrothermal Vent Methane Methane clumped isotopologue analyses indicate hot and deep origin of methane in seafloor hydrothermal springs. Isotopologue abundances were measured using tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) instrument developed with support from DCO. Clumped isotopologue constraints on the origin of methane at seafloor hot springs Wang DT, Reeves EP, McDermott JM, Seewald JS, Ono S GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA February 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Instrumenta4on   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  NOAA  Okeanos  Explorer  Program,  Mid-­‐Cayman  Rise  Expedi4on  2011  
55. Abiotic Hydrocarbons at Subduction Zones Formation of abiotic hydrocarbon from reduction of carbonate in subduction zones: Constraints from petrological observation and experimental simulation Tao R, Zhang L, Tian M, Zhu J, Liu X, Liu J, Höfer HE, Stagno V, Fei Y GEOCHIMICA ET COSMOCHIMICA ACTA August 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Extreme  Physics  and  Chemistry   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  Tao  et  al.  /  GCA   Lab experiments and observations of high- pressure minerals from a subduction zone suggest that carbonates and water react to form light hydrocarbons during subduction.
56. Methane and Chromitites Chromitite, a chromium-rich rock that contains trace amounts of the rare element ruthenium and which often forms layers within ophiolites, is a source of methane and other hydrocarbons. Widespread abiotic methane in chromitites Etiope G, Ifandi E, Nazzari M, Procesi M, Tsikouras B, Ventura G, Steele A, Tardini R, Szatmari P SCIENTIFIC REPORTS June 2018 Credit:  Elena  Ifandi   ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies  
57. Revisions to Natural Gas Diagrams Revised genetic diagrams for natural gases based on a global dataset of >20,000 samples Milkov AV, Etiope G ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY November 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Data  Science   Credit:  John  Beck,  IODP/TAMU   The charts that geologists, microbiologists, and gas companies use to determine the origin of a sample of methane are outdated and incomplete. Now, two researchers have made comprehensive revisions to these charts, using thousands of recent natural gas measurements.
58. Organic Carbon and Serpentinization Mineralizations and transition metal mobility driven by organic carbon during low-temperature serpentinization Ménez B, Pasini V, Guyot F, Benzerara K, Bernard S, Brunelli D LITHOS July 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  IPGP/Univ.  Modena  e  Reggio  Emilia  and  Lithos   Researchers used high-resolution microscopy techniques to visualize the fractures and mineral boundaries in serpentinite rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. They discovered that organic carbon causes unusual bead-like spheres serpentine to form, and also traps metals like cobalt, manganese, and nickel
59. Organic Carbon Compounds and Serpentinization Abiotic formation of condensed carbonaceous matter in the hydrating oceanic crust Sforna MC, Brunelli D, Pisapia C, Pasini V, Malferrari D, Ménez B NATURE COMMUNICATIONS November 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies   A new analysis of rocks that once lay on the floor of the Tethys Sea finds condensed carbonaceous matter associated with minerals from serpentinization. Although predicted by thermodynamic calculations, this is the first study to find and identify them. Credit:  Unimore/IPGP  
60. Water Dynamics on Olivine’s Surface Structure and dynamics of water on the forsterite surface Liu T, Gautam S, Wang HW, Anovitz LM, Mamontov E, Allard LF, Cole DR PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS November 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on   Researchers used computer simulations and spectroscopic techniques to look at how water molecules interact with the mantle mineral olivine.
61. Microbes in Deep African Mines Researchers sampled from mine boreholes reaching just over 3.4 kilometers deep and characterized the dissolved organic matter within. The results paint a picture of isolated microbial communities eking out a living using dissolved hydrogen gas (H2) and inorganic carbon released by the rocks, with little or no input of organic carbon from the surface. Dissolved organic matter compositions in 0.6–3.4 km deep fracture waters, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa Kieft TL, Walters CC, Higgins MB, Mennito AS, Clewett CFM, Heuer V, Pullin MJ, Hendrickson S, van Heerdene E, Sherwood Lollar B, Lau MCY, Onstott TC ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY April 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies  
62. Deep Life in the Deccan Traps Exploration of deep terrestrial subsurface microbiome in Late Cretaceous Deccan traps and underlying Archean basement, India Dutta A, Dutta Gupta S, Gupta A, Sarkar J, Roy S, Mukherjee A, Sar P SCIENTIFIC REPORTS November 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   Scientists drilled deep into the Deccan Traps to sequence and analyze the microbial DNA in order to understand how communities of microbes survive in this isolated environment. Credit:  Pinaki  Sar  
63. Subsurface Life in the Atlantis Massif Magmatism, serpentinization and life: Insights through drilling the Atlantis Massif (IODP Expedition 357) Früh-Green GL, Orcutt BN, Rouméjon S, Lilley MD, Morono Y, Cotterill C, Green S, Escartin J, John BE, McCaig AM, Cannat M, Ménez B, Schwarzenbach EM, Williams MJ, Morgan S, Lang SQ, Schrenk MO, Brazelton WJ, Akizawa N, Boschi C, Dunkel KG, Quéméneur M, Whattam SA, Mayhew L, Harris M, Bayrakci G, Behrmann JH, Herrero-Bervera E, Hesse K, Liu HQ, Sandaruwan Ratnayake A, Twing K, Weis D, Zhao R, Bilenker L LITHOS September 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  ECORD/IODP  Expedi4on  357   Credit:  Dave  Smith  and  BGS/ECORD/IODP  Expedi4on  357  
64. Microbial Life at Hydrothermal Vents The authors applied genomic and isotopic techniques to previously collected hydrothermal vent samples to see how the community metabolizes formate, an organic acid formed from carbon from the mantle. They discovered that methanogens could not use formate directly, but instead consumed carbon liberated by sulfate- reducing bacteria in the chimney. Deeply-sourced formate fuels sulfate reducers but not methanogens at Lost City hydrothermal field Lang SQ, Früh-Green GL, Bernasconi SM, Brazelton WJ, Schrenk MO, McGonigle JM SCIENTIFIC REPORTS January 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Tomaso  Bontognali,  Susan  Lang,  and  Gretchen  Früh-­‐Green  
65. Microbial Productivity Below Hydrothermal Vents Researchers measured the activity levels of subsurface microbes while maintaining their local pressure and temperature conditions with specially designed gas-tight samplers. They discovered that the microbes living below hydrothermal vents systems are surprisingly active. Primary productivity below the seafloor at deep-sea hot springs McNichol J, Stryhanyuk H, Sylva SP, Thomas F, Musat N, Seewald JS, Sievert SM PNAS June 2018 Credit:  Jennifer  Barone,  ©  Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Ins4tu4on   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies  
66. Cool Hydrothermal Vents Researchers report that oxygen and nitrate dissolved in cool hydrothermal vent fluids appear to fuel a distinct microbial community that differs from those in nearby sediments and seawater. Sediment Microbial Communities Influenced by Cool Hydrothermal Fluid Migration Zinke LA, Reese BK, McManus J, Wheat CG, Orcutt BN, Amend JP FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY June 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Geoff  Wheat,  NSF  OCE,  DSV  Alvin,  2013  ©Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Ins4tu4on  
67. Seafloor Methane Filter In situ development of a methanotrophic microbiome in deep- sea sediments Ruff SE, Felden J, Gruber-Vodicka HR, Marcon Y, Knittel K, Ramette A, Boetius A THE ISME JOURNAL August 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  SENTRY,  Woods  Hole  Oceanographic  Ins4tu4on   Disturbances to the seafloor, whether natural or unnatural, can upset the “microbial methane filter," a blanket of microbes that efficiently consumes methane seeping from the seafloor before it enters the water column. A new, long-term study of a mud volcano eruption finds that this filter can take years to re-form after a disturbance.
68. Methane and Mud Volcanoes An international team of researchers combines geological, geochemical, and microbiological analyses to explore the geosphere-biosphere interactions occurring within a submarine mud volcano off the coast of Japan. Deep-biosphere methane production stimulated by geofluids in the Nankai accretionary complex Ijiri A, Inagaki F, Kubo Y, Adhikari RR, Hattori S, Hoshino T, Imachi H, Kawagucci S, Morono Y, Ohtomo Y, Ono S, Sakai S, Takai K, Toki T, Wang DT, Yoshinaga MY, Arnold GL, Ashi J, Case DH, Feseker T, Hinrichs K-U, Ikegawa Y, Ikehara M, Kallmeyer J, Kumagai H, Lever MA, Morita S, Nakamura K, Nakamura Y, Nishizawa M, Orphan VJ, Røy H, Schmidt F, Tani A, Tanikawa W, Terada T, Tomaru H, Tsuji T, Tsunogai U, Yamaguchi YT, and Yoshida N SCIENCE ADVANCES June 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies  
69. Microbial Processes in the Baltic Sea Microbial organic matter degradation potential in Baltic Sea sediments influenced by depositional conditions and in situ geochemistry Zinke LA, Glombitza C, Bird JT, Røy H, Barker Jørgensen B, Lloyd KG, Amend JP, Kiel Reese B APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY November 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   In the carbon-rich sediments of the Baltic Sea, microbes use a variety of strategies to make a living from different types of organic material, including making and consuming alcohol and breaking down proteins from dead cells. Credit:  Laura  Zinke  
70. Role of Bathyarchaeota Researchers discovered that marine microbes, Bathyarchaeota, can use inorganic carbon and obtain energy from breaking down lignin, a complex molecule found in wood. Growth of sedimentary Bathyarchaeota on lignin as an energy source Yu T, Wu W, Liang W, Lever MA, Hinrich KU, Wang F PNAS June 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies  
71. Microbial Communities and Fracking Coupled laboratory and field investigations resolve microbial interactions that underpin persistence in hydraulically fractured shales Borton MA, Hoyt DW, Roux S, Daly RA, Welch SA, Nicora CD, Purvine S, Eder EK, Hanson AJ, Sheets JM, Morgan DM, Wolfe RA, Sharma S, Carr TR, Cole DR, Mouser PJ, Lipton MS, Wilkins MJ, Wrighton KC PNAS July 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Rebecca  Daly   Using techniques to catalogue all of the genomes and metabolites in methane well fluids, researchers show that the microbial community in hydraulically fractured shales survives by fermenting amino acids and their derivatives, especially glycine betaine.
72. DNA Sample Quality Control DCO Deep Life Community members have developed guidelines to reduce contamination while collecting and sequencing subsurface DNA samples and to remove interloping sequences. Identification and Removal of Contaminant Sequences From Ribosomal Gene Databases: Lessons From the Census of Deep Life Sheik CS, Reese BK, Twing KI, Sylvan JB, Grim SL, Schrenk MO, Sogin ML, Colwell F FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY April 2018 ü  Deep  Life   Credit:  Josh  Knackert,  University  of  Wisconsin  
73. Sulfur Isotope Biosignatures Researchers discovered distinct gradient patterns in the sulfur isotope ratios occurring across the walls of the Frassassi cave system in Italy, caused by the movement of hydrogen sulfide gas and the actions of bacteria. Transport-Induced Spatial Patterns of Sulfur Isotopes (δ34S) as Biosignatures Mansor M, Harouaka K, Gonzales MS, Macalady JL, Fantle MS ASTROBIOLOGY January 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Macalady  research  group  
74. Modeling Microbial Survival Survival of the fewest: Microbial dormancy and maintenance in marine sediments through deep time Bradley JA, Amend JP, LaRowe DE GEOBIOLOGY September 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Modeling  and  Visualiza4on   Credit:  John  Beck,  IODP/TAMU   A new model that probes the limits of microbial life finds that microorganisms in South Pacific Gyre sediments persist for millions of years in a dormant state, consuming the scraps of organic compounds buried with them.
75. New Estimate of Subsurface Life The biomass and biodiversity of the continental subsurface Magnabosco C, Lin L-H, Dong H, Bomberg M, Ghiorse W, Stan-Lotter H, Pedersen K, Kieft TL, van Heerden E, Onstott TC NATURE GEOSCIENCE September 2018 ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  Gaetan  Borgonie  
76. Abiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids Abiotic synthesis of amino acids in the recesses of the oceanic lithosphere Ménez B, Pisapia C, Andreani M, Jamme F, Vanbellingen QP, Brunelle A, Richard L, Dumas P, Réfrégiers M NATURE November 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  John  Beck,  IODP/TAMU   A new study finds that when certain rocks below the seafloor interact with seawater and undergo serpentinization, they can create amino acids. These serpentinizing rocks were common in early Earth’s crust, and may have provided the chemical precursors for the origin of life.
77. Martian Organic Molecules Organic synthesis on Mars by electrochemical reduction of CO2 Steele A, Benning LG, Wirth R, Siljeström S, Fries MD, Hauri E, Conrad PG, Rogers K, Eigenbrode J, Schreiber A, Needham A, Wang JH, McCubbin FM, Kilcoyne D, Rodriguez- Blanco JD SCIENCE ADVANCES October 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   Credit:  John  Beck,  IODP/TAMU   Credit:  NASA/JPL-­‐Caltech/MSSS  
78. Enceladus Harbors Complex Carbon Compounds Macromolecular organic compounds from the depths of Enceladus Postberg F, Khawaja N, Abel B, Choblet G, Glein CR, Gudipati MS, Henderson BL, Hsu HW, Kempf S, Klenner F, Moragas-Klostermeyer G, Magee B, Nölle L, Perry M, Reviol R, Schmidt J, Srama R, Stolz F, Tobie G, Trieloff M, Waite JH NATURE June 2018 ü  Deep  Energy   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Field  studies   Credit:  NASA/JPL-­‐Caltech  
79. Synthesis and Engagement Activities
80. Synthesis Activities 12-day field expedition Costa Rica's volcanic arc followed by integrated sample analysis and modeling Uniting deep carbon scientists to debate and arrive at a consensus regarding the most important carbon-related reactions on Earth Using big data to document the diversity and distribution of more than 500 carbon minerals in Earth’s crust and upper mantle Integration of existing thermodynamic models of magmas (MELTS) and fluids (DEW) Three upcoming books explore deep carbon for a variety of audiences Development of new computational tools needed to probe and visualize carbon transport in Earth
81. DCO Webinar Wednesdays •  The 2018 summer webinar series included four webinars on data science themes •  All streamed live and archived on YouTube ü  Engagement   ü  Data  science  
82. Discovery of New C Mineral Paddlewheelelite is unique because of its atomic structure. It is comprised of four “paddlewheels” made of three radioactive uranyl clusters, held together by copper axles, much like the paddle of an old-fashioned steamboat. Paddlewheelite MgCa5 Cu2 (UO2 )4 (CO3 )12 (H2 O)33 Olds TA, Plásil J, Kampf AR, Bo F, Burns PC EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY February 2018 Credit:  Travis  Olds   ü  Carbon  Mineral  Challenge   ü  Synthesis  
83. Discovery of New C Mineral Ramazzoite is the first mineral with a polyoxometallate cation, which contains a cluster of metal atoms bound together by oxygen. Ramazzoite, [Mg8 Cu12 (PO4 )(CO3 )4 (OH)24 (H2 O)20 ] [(H0.33 SO4 )3 (H2 O)36 ], the first mineral with a polyoxometalate cation Kampf AR, Rossman GR, Ma C, Belmonte D, Biagioni C, Castellaro F, Chiappino L EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY April 2018 ü  Carbon  Mineral  Challenge   ü  Synthesis  
84. Upcoming DCO Books ü  Synthesis     •  A general-audience book that explores carbon in four ‘movements’ – earth, air, fire, and water – by DCO Executive Director Robert Hazen •  In 2018, the manuscript was completed and submitted to the publisher •  Release date: Spring 2019 SYMPHONY     IN  C   •  An edited, open-access volume that will define the present knowledge about the quantities, movements, forms, and origins of carbon in Earth •  In 2018, all chapters were submitted and reviewed •  Release date: Fall 2019 •  A scholarly history of deep carbon science from the 1600s to the present by historian Simon Mitton •  In 2018, eight chapters were completed •  Release date: Fall 2019 WHOLE     EARTH     CARBON   HISTORY  OF     DEEP     CARBON     SCIENCE  
85. DCO Scientist Gives TED Talk on Deep Life •  DCO Executive Committee member Karen Lloyd presented a TED talk in Milan, Italy •  Focuses on deep subsurface microbes in oceanic sediment, which won’t grow in the lab and seem to have a fundamentally different relationship with time and energy than surface life ü  Engagement   ü  Deep  life  
86. Science Channel Documentary Features Panorama •  October 2018 episode of the Science Channel’s documentary series “Space’s Deepest Secrets” explores formation of Earth’s moon •  Episode title: Dark Origins of the Moon •  Features Deep Energy co-chair Edward Young and the Panorama Mass Spectrometer at UCLA •  Young’s team used Panorama to analyze oxygen isotopes in lunar samples collected by Apollo astronauts ü  Instrumenta4on    
87. New Look for DCO Website •  DCO redeveloped deepcarbon.net in April 2018 •  The new design incorporated feedback from focus group surveys, with a clean, image-driven appearance and improved user experience ü  Engagement   ü  Data  Science   ü  Secretariat  
88. VIDEO: The Oman Drilling Project •  A film crew spent 12 days on site filming Oman Drilling Project scientists •  Produced a 10 minute documentary, released in August 2018 •  Video reached tens of thousands of viewers online ü  Engagement   ü  Field  Studies  
89. Media Coverage ü  Engagement   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   •  DCO’s first big headlines in 2018 announced the discovery of a natural sample of Earth’s fourth-most abundant mineral, calcium silicate perovskite •  Found as an inclusion in a “superdeep” diamond, from more than 380 kilometers deep March 2018
90. Media Coverage •  The New York Times featured DCO scientist Peter Kelemen and the Oman Drilling Project •  A NYT photographer captured spectacular images of the Samail Ophiolite ü  Engagement   ü  Field  Studies   April 2018
91. Media Coverage •  Diamonds were back in the news with a DCO discovery on the origins of rare blue diamonds •  Researchers determined that these diamonds formed in the lower mantle from subducted oceanic crust ü  Engagement   ü  Reservoirs  and  Fluxes   August 2018
92. Media Coverage •  DCO news release: “Life in Deep Earth Totals 15 to 23 Billion Tonnes of Carbon—Hundreds of Times More than Humans” •  Covered in 1100+ stories in 84 countries and 30 languages ü  Engagement   ü  Deep  Life   ü  Deep  Energy   December 2018
93. Selected 2018 Media Outlets ü  Engagement  
94. Program Management
95. 2019 Challenges ü  Program  management   1.  Simultaneously completing dozens of projects and grants by the end of 2019 2.  Achieving program goals in science, synthesis, modeling and visualization, open access, data policy, and engagement 3.  Transitioning from the DCO decadal program to post-2019 operational structures and processes 4.  Facilitating post-2019 goals
96. 2019 Priorities ü  Program  management   •  Bringing the DCO decadal program to a coordinated and graceful culmination •  Delivering a broad range of excellent synthesis products and activities, including Deep Carbon 2019, books, and special issues of journals •  Achieving DCO’s Decadal Goals through the program’s Science Communities and crosscutting activities •  Launching the next decade of deep carbon science, with leadership roles for early career scientists
97. Metrics and Milestones Participation number and depth of involved researchers, early career scientists, diversity Proposals and commitments funding, samples Partnerships professional societies (e.g., AGU), private sector (e.g., Shell), educators/communicators (e.g., Smithsonian Institution) Program management decadal goals, Executive Committee meetings and action items, annual reporting, archiving Research Outputs protocols, observations, papers, talks, workshops Engagement responsiveness, reputation and identity, news sharing, media interest Data science deposition of data, easy retrieval, visualizations Results and outcomes monitoring systems, DCO imitation, covers of journals, promotions, honors ü  Program  management  
98. Deep carbon science advances through the collective efforts of many organizations including: Organizations Supporting DCO Science ü  Program  management  
99. Tribute to Erik Hauri With the passing of Erik Hauri, DCO has lost one of its most dedicated and effective leaders. Erik influenced everyone around him with his smile, upbeat demeanor, and can-do style. He was a deeply respected friend and an admired scientific colleague. But to me Erik was something more—someone to whom I owed a great debt. At the very start of the Deep Carbon adventure—at a time when the DCO was just a glimmer, when many colleagues were skeptical of the venture (if not openly hostile)—Erik was “all in.” He jumped at the chance to advance our science and he immediately assumed an active position of leadership. Indeed, Erik essentially invented the kind of visionary role, nurturing bottom-up grassroots science while gently nudging things in productive directions—actions that allowed DCO to thrive. Erik Hauri made so many contributions, both within DCO and beyond, but what stand out to me were Erik’s unshakable commitments to his early-career colleagues. He nurtured, guided, and supported so many young colleagues—gifted scientists who will carry on the work he began, but left unfinished. As their careers blossom, as they in turn embrace his spirit of mentoring and support, they will become Erik’s greatest scientific legacy. Robert Hazen, Carnegie Institution for Science, DCO Executive Director September 2018