John Newton

Storing Renewable Energy

Transcript

1. Dr John Newton Development Manager for Renewable Heat and Industrial Applications, ITM Power
2. STORING RENEWABLE ENERGY ENERGY EXPO NOW 2013, TELFORD, 14TH FEBRUARY
3. Contents • The need • The Principles of Energy Storage • The Principles of Grid Balancing • Rapid Response Electrolysis • Hydrogen Energy Storage • Synthetic Methane • Hydrogen: The perfect fuel • Why Hydrogen Vehicles? • Hydrogen Infrastructure Roll Out STORING RENEWABLE ENERGY ENERGY EXPO NOW 2013, TELFORD, 14TH FEBRUARY
4. Germany's wind power chaos should be a warning to the UK • 3,500 turbines in the UK produced 4GW (8%) • 23,500 turbines in Germany produced 31GW (27%) • 25th May 2012 Germany generated 22.4GW PV (30%) UK WIND | GERMAN WIND ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS On Friday, September 14, just before 10am, Britain’s 3,500 wind turbines broke all records by briefly supplying just over four gigawatts (GW) of electricity to the national grid. Three hours later, in Germany, that country’s 23,000 wind turbines and millions of solar panels similarly achieved an unprecedented output of 31GW. But the responses to these events in the two countries could not have been in starker contrast.
5. GROWING WIND GENERATION IN THE UK • 2011: 6,488 MW wind capacity | 15,500 GWh wind production (DUKES 2012) • 0.5% of wind was subject to constraint payments • 2011 | 75MWh | £16m | 21p/kWh (full yr) • 2012 | 85MWh | £17m | 20p/kWh (to Sept, significant winter months not yet included) ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
6. GROWING WIND GENERATION 20% of peak capacity (60GW) in Winter 20% of peak capacity (40GW) in Summer ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS • Evidence from Germany and Denmark • Problems start at 20% capacity; UK hits threshold from 2013 • Problems start at 8% energy; UK at 7.5% in Sept 2012
7. WIND FARM CONSTRAINT PAYMENT ANALYSIS • 82 onshore & offshore wind farms in NETA • 18 wind farms received payments to-date • Price varies by10x from 9 to 99p/kWh • Range of wind farm sizes from 20 to 314 MW • 2011 | 75MWh | £15.8m | 21p/kWh http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/operational.asp http://www.bmreports.com/bsp/staticdata/PowerParkModules.xls Wind farm Size (MW) Owner Payments MWh Ave Price Hadyard Hill 119 SSE £2,150,052 14,443 £149 Farr Unit 1 45 npower £2,803,487 13,393 £209 Whitelee 314 ScottishPower £1,759,043 9,961 £177 Beinn Tharsuinn 28 ScottishPower £1,270,086 8,328 £153 Farr Unit 2 47 npower £1,617,080 7,520 £215 Kilbraur 1 48 Falck £2,285,641 7,115 £321 Millennium 1 50 Falck £1,361,314 4,455 £306 Black Law 122 ScottishPower £584,443 3,272 £179 Gordonbush 68 SSE £141,528 1,436 £99 Crystal Rig II 138 Fred Olsen £1,267,850 1,279 £991 Minsca 35 Infinis £118,660 1,047 £113 Toddleburn 28 SSE £105,958 712 £149 Dalswinton 31 Infinis £72,371 686 £106 Edinbane 42 Vattenfall £57,860 598 £97 An Suidhe 1 20 npower £113,946 564 £202 Dunlaw Extension 29 ScottishPower £15,680 166 £94 Arecleoch 114 ScottishPower £24,583 138 £179 Mark Hill 84 ScottishPower £11,378 121 £94 Total £15,749,582 75,113 £209.68 ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
8. MARKETS | SIZE IRR to 30% | Many $50bn • Adoption follows RE • 20% capacity threshold MARKETS | SIZE STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
9. ENERGY STORAGE POWER IN | OUT SECTOR EXPORT
10. UK ELECTRICITY DEMAND Demand varies daily, weekly, seasonally: • Winter Peak is 60GW • Base Load • Mid Merit • Peaking Plant ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
11. LOAD | DURATION Base load Mid-merit Peak Data from National Grid ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
12. Shifting the peaks to fill the troughs: • Turns mid merit in base load • Reduces the need for peaking • Increases system efficiency • Day night arbitrage! POWER IN | POWER OUT ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
13. Half Hourly Prices on 24/03/09 Source: BMRS website 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 £/MWhr The Balancing Mechanism Reporting System (BMRS) The BMRS website provides near real time and historic data about the Balancing Mechanism which is used by the National Grid (System Operator) as a means of balancing power flows on to and off the electricity Transmission System in the UK. Data from National Grid Shifting the peaks to fill the troughs: • Turns mid merit in base load • Reduces the need for peaking • Increases system efficiency • Day night arbitrage! • 3p to 14p RATIONALE FOR POWER IN | POWER OUT ES ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
14. Add wind? Exporting excess power • Operating a DSM load • Need 1 second response • Balance supply | demand SECTOR EXPORT ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
15. GRID BALANCING FREQUENCY SUPPLY SIDE DEMAND SIDE
16. POWER GRID Mechanical Inertia | Dynamic Coupling • 3000 rpm | 50Hz • Power | Frequency shedding • Max 4% swing 48Hz|52Hz • Obligation average 50Hz in 1hour MECHANICAL INERTIA POWER GRID OPERATION
17. THE NEED: GRID BALANCING ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND: SECOND BY SECOND
18. THE NEED: GRID BALANCING ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND: SECOND BY SECOND Dynamic Rising Frequency Falling Frequency Supply Side Balancing Action Turn OFF a generator Turn ON a generator Demand Side Balancing Action Turn ON a load Turn OFF a load
19. THE NEED: GRID BALANCING ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND: DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT ON THE SUPPLY SIDE
20. Energy storage by DSM hydrogen production • Modular, scalable and rapid response (1 second) • High conversion efficiency • Ability to accommodate intermittent input • Separates power from energy RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL DSM: ELECTROLYSIS
21. PRIMARY SECONDARY RESERVE RAPID RESPONSE
22. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL PRIMARY V’S SECONDARY RESPONSE RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
23. RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL NATIONAL GRID: PAYMENT STRUCTURE Four Grid Balancing Payment Tariffs: • Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR) • Fast Reserve • Firm Frequency Response • Frequency Control by Demand Management
24. Response time Duration Short Term Operating Reserve 4h 1h ~1 s 30 s 2 m 30 s 30 m 15 m 2 h 4 h Frequency Response Primary Secondary Fast reserve ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL BALANCING SERVICES – SUPPLY SIDE PAYMENTS RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
25. Response time Duration Short Term Operating Reserve 4h 1h ~1 s 30 s 30 s 2 h 4 h Frequency Control by Demand Management (FCDM) Primary Secondary 30 m ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL BALANCING SERVICES – DEMAND SIDE PAYMENTS RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
26. Response time Capacity Short Term Operating Reserve 4h 1h ~1 s 30 s 2 m 1 MW 10 MW 3 MW 50 MW Frequency Response Fast reserve FCDM Load Aggregation ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL CAPACITY DELIVERY PAYMENTS RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
27. RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL FREQUENCY CONTROL BY DEMAND MANAGEMENT (FCDM) • Deliver in less than 2 seconds • Maintain demand reduction | increase for at least 30mins • Demand greater than 3MW; which may be achieved by aggregating a number of small loads • Have a suitable operational metering • Provide output signal into National Grid’s monitoring equipment
28. HYDROGEN ENERGY STORAGE POWER TO GAS HYBRIDS LEGISLATION
29. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL POWER TO GAS: RATIONALE POWER TO GAS: RATIONALE
30. MW RAPID RESPONSE PEM ELECTROLYSIS ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE 60kW | 24hrs | 25kg/day Stack • On|Off 0-100% in 1 Second • Up to 80bar self pressurising • 1MW in 20ft container 360 kW Unit
31. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
32. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL ENERGY STORAGE HYBRID SYSTEM HYBRID SYSTEM Battery | Transport Fuel | Gas Grid Injection • Battery Up to 2hrs • HFuel Up to days (determined by tank size) • HInject Continuous
33. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL UK GAS | FUEL | POWER GAS GRID | FUEL INFRASTRUCTURE | POWER GRID
34. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL POWER TO GAS GERMAN POWER TO GAS SCHEMES
35. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE EU Hydrogen Limits for Injection into the HP Gas Grid Covered by a range of local laws and EU Directives Note: interpretation of these rules is complex Volume / Molar Percent Mass Percent 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.2% 1.0% 1.4% 1.6% 1.8% 2% Sweden Belgium UK France Germany Switzerland Holland Austria
36. POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL POWER TO GAS The TSB funded GridGas study • Opportunity analysis • Compliance of gas injection • Rapid response electrolysis • Gas mixing • Location of stranded gas assets in the UK • Potential in Scotland • Website: www.gridgas.co.uk Compliance Stranded Grids Installation Deployment Deployment Deployment
37. SYNTHETIC METHANE CARBON CAPTURE & UTILISATION ENERGY STORAGE
38. ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE Proven Technology • Methanation first demonstrated by Paul Sabatier in 1902: CO2 + 4H2 O = CH4 + 2H2 O ∆Hg = -206 kJ/mol • Available rector technologies and catalysts • Utilise existing gas transmission and distribution infrastructure • Source CO2 from power station CCS and industrial processes • Applicable to isolated gas grids e.g. SIU • Sustainable technology if using water electrolysis • Energy storage and carbon recycling METHANATION
39. POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL PV Electricity Grid Wind Electrolysis/ H2 buffer CO2 buffer Methanation CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2 O Gas storage/district heating Gas distribution infrastructure Industry DSM 200 Nm3/hr reactor Energy Storage ENERGY STORAGE & CARBON UTILISATION
40. SYNTHETIC METHANE ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL POWER TO GAS DECC funded feasibility study • Engineering feasibility study • Utilising industrial sources of CO2 • Rapid response electrolysis • Location of stranded gas assets in the UK • Potential in Scotland Compliance Stranded Grids Engineering Renewables
41. PERFECT FUEL HYDROGEN ENERGY STORAGE HYDROGEN TRANSPORT FUEL
42. HFUEL COSTS TODAY EU 2015 Target £1=€1.25 ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL Diesel Equivalent
43. ECOISLAND Power & Vehicles Control System Intelligence Wireless Vehicles Vehicles Hydrogen Energy Storage Smart Grid • £2.4m TSB grant (£1.3m direct to ITM) • First installation 100kg/day refueller • Fleet of 20 vehicles • Hydrogen balancing supply and demand • Revenue stream from hydrogen sales ECOISLAND ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
44. WHY HYDROGEN BEV PHEV FCEV
45. WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES? ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL WHAT IS A HYDROGEN VEHICLE?
46. WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES? ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
47. WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES? ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
48. WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES? ENERGY STORAGE | CLEAN FUEL
49. H2 ROLL OUT H2 MOBILITY: FUEL CELL CARS INFRASTRUCTURE
50. FUEL CELL CARS VEHICLES | ROLL OUT FUEL CELL CARS: RACE TO MARKET 2012/13 Hyundai ix35 FCEV 2014 Daimler F-Cell 2015 Honda Clarity 2015 Toyota FCV-R 2015 GM Opel HydroGen4 2015 Nissan X-TRAIL FCV 2015 VW HyMotion 2015 Ford Explorer FC SUV 2015 Audi A2H2 2015 Daihatsu FCHV Mini MPV 2015 Mazda 5 Premacy 2015 Renault Scenic ZEV H2
51. FUEL CELL CARS VEHICLES | ROLL OUT FUEL CELL CARS: RACE TO MARKET 1,000 production Hyundai FCEV in 2012; 10,000 per year from 2013
52. Summary: Vehicles: • Fuel cells are the highest efficiency motor known • The vehicles achieve 3 min refuel and 400 miles range • The energy can be exported from the power grid Fuel: • Can be made from renewables and provides renewable energy storage • Rapid response electrolysis provides grid balancing services • Can be made on-site at a lower cost than petrol • Provides fuel security • Potential to aid carbon capture & utilisation STORING RENEWABLE ENERGY ENERGY EXPO NOW 2013, TELFORD, 14TH FEBRUARY
53. STORING RENEWABLE ENERGY ENERGY EXPO NOW 2013, TELFORD, 14TH FEBRUARY