Template-Oriented-Programming (TOP) to Ship Faster

Transcript

1. Template-Oriented-Programming to Ship Faster / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 1
2. I'm Gopal S Akshintala ! Software Engineer @ Salesforce ! @GopalAkshintala ! overfullstack.github.io/about-me/ / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 2
3. Disclaimer* • Basics First • More Why & How, less What • Don't stress yourself on low-level details. Just sit- back and relax ! • You may keep your mics on " (Silence is intimidating than FPH) / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 3
4. Why FP? • Surely, not because it feels cool • Changes the way you think about coding. • Code like Maths equations and deravations. • These are Design patterns too. • Concise • High Quality (Bug free) • Expressive • Shared Vocab / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 4
5. Ok! What are we going to do today? ! / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 5
6. What is Monomorphic? • Number sorting algorithms • How can we reuse it for sorting strings? / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 6
7. What is Polymorphic? • Types of Polymorphism • Subtype with Inheritance • Parametric with Generics E.g., List<T> • Ad-hoc Polymorphism with Typeclasses / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 7
8. Typeclasses • What is the heart of all our sorting algorithms? • Comparator<T> 8 It's a typeclass • What is the connection between a DataType and a Typeclass? / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 8
9. Comparator<T> val appleComparator = Comparator<Apple> { apple1, apple2 4 apple1?.let { first 4 apple2?.let { second 4 first.weight.compareTo(second.weight) } ?: 1 } ?: 0 } listOf(Apple(3), Apple(1), Apple(2)).sortedWith(appleComparator) I J [Apple(weight=1), Apple(weight=2), Apple(weight=3)] / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 9
10. Let's create a Simple Typeclass interface AdderTC<AddableT> { fun add(a: AddableT, b: AddableT): AddableT 8 AddableT type should be a member of AdderTC type class by implementing all its methods. fun addAll(addables: List<AddableT>) = addables.reduce { acc, i C add(acc, i) } } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 10
11. AdderTC<Int> To make Int a member of AdderTC<AddableT>: val intCombine = object : AdderTC<Int> { override fun add(a: Int, b: Int) = a + b } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 11
12. AdderTC<String> To make String a member of AdderTC<AddableT>: val stringCombine = object : AdderTC<String> { override fun add(a: String, b: String) = a + b } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 12
13. AdderTC<AddableT> println(intCombine.addAll(listOf(1, 2, 3))) : ; 6 println(stringCombine.addAll(listOf("a", "b", "c"))) : ; abc This is Ad-hoc Polymorphism / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 13
14. Before moving-on, any Questions / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 14
15. Another Monomorphic Example Email Validation fun validateEmail(email: String): Either<ValidationError, Unit> = if (email.contains("@", false)) { if (email.length B 250) { Unit.right() } else { ValidationError.EmailMaxLength(250).left() } } else { ValidationError.DoesNotContain("@").left() } This is stuck with Fail fast / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 15
16. Another Monomorphic Example private fun validateEmailErrorAccumulation(email: String): Either<MutableList<ValidationError>, Unit> { val errorList = mutableListOf<ValidationError>() if (!email.contains("@", false)) { errorList.add(ValidationError.DoesNotContain("@")) } if (email.length > 250) { errorList.add(ValidationError.EmailMaxLength(250)) } return if (errorList.isNotEmpty()) errorList.left() else Unit.right() } This is stuck with Error Accumulation / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 16
17. How to make it Polymorphic? • What makes-up the heart of this algorithm? • The Effect of being Valid/Invalid • The Effect of combining all validation errors • How to abstract them out? / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 17
18. The Polymorphic magic The Orchestration fun <S> ValidatorAE<S, ValidationError>.validateEmailWithRules(email: String): Kind<S, Tuple2<String, StringC = tupledN( contains(email, "@"), maxLength(email, 250) ).handleErrorWith { raiseError(it) } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 18
19. The Polymorphic magic The Fail-Fast private fun validateEmailFailFastX(email: String): Either<NonEmptyList<ValidationError>, Tuple2<String, StringC = failFast<ValidationError>().run { validateEmailWithRules(email).fix() } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 19
20. The Polymorphic magic The Error Accumulation private fun validateEmailErrorAccumulationX(email: String): Validated<NonEmptyList<ValidationError>, Tuple2<String, StringC = errorAccumulation<ValidationError>().run { validateEmailWithRules(email).fix() } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 20
21. Λrrow made the magic possible arrow-kt.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 21
22. Some Intimidating Terminology The Typeclass Arsenal • Functor • Monad • Applicative • ApplicativeError • 3(many more) DataTypes such as Option, Either, Validated implement these interfaces. / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 22
23. Typeclasses : DataTypes Type class Combinators List Option Either EitherApplicati ve EitherApplicati veError Validated ValidatedApplic ative ValidatedApplic ativeError Functor map, lift ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Monad flatMap, flatten ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Applicative pure, ap ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ApplicativeErro r raiseError, catch ✕ ✓ ✓ ✓ / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 23
24. Functor<F> Is any Datatype that implements a map operation source source Functors, Applicatives, And Monads In Pictures | adit.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 24
25. Functor<F> Is any Datatype that implements a map operation source source Functors, Applicatives, And Monads In Pictures | adit.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 25
26. Functor<F> Is any Datatype that implements a map operation source source Functors, Applicatives, And Monads In Pictures | adit.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 26
27. Functor<F> listOf("a", "b", "c").map { it.toUpperCase() } Option("info").map { it.toUpperCase() } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 27
28. Monad<F> Is any Datatype that implements a flatMap operation source source Functors, Applicatives, And Monads In Pictures | adit.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 28
29. Monad<F> Is any Datatype that implements a flatMap operation source source Functors, Applicatives, And Monads In Pictures | adit.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 29
30. Monad<F> Is any Datatype that implements a flatMap operation source source Functors, Applicatives, And Monads In Pictures | adit.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 30
31. Monad<F> Monad is used for Dependent operations Option("userName").flatMap { getFirstName(it) } fun getFirstName(userName: String) : Option<String> = Option("firstName") / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 31
32. Applicative<F> Is anything that has an apply source source Functors, Applicatives, And Monads In Pictures | adit.io / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 32
33. Applicative<F> • But why do you want to put a function inside a box? • You can do some interesting things, to combine two wrapped values, using an operation called product. / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 33
34. Applicative<F> Applicative is used for Independent operations fun getFirstName(userName: String) : Option<String> = Option("firstName") fun getLastName(userName: String) : Option<String> = Option("lastName") fun getFullName(userName: String) = getFirstName(userName).product(getLastName(userName)) .map { names: Tuple2<String, String> C "${names.a} ${names.b}" } G H Some(firstName lastName) product internally calls apply, by converting its wrapped argument to a wrapped function, but let's not get into details now. / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 34
35. Applicative<F> It's all Maths! println(None.product(Some(3))) 3 5 None println(Some(3).product(None)) 3 5 None / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 35
36. Meditative<P> Well, it's not a typeclass, let's pause, take a deep breathe and revise. Coz, we are gonna shift gears! / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 36
37. ApplicativeError<F, E> It is same as Applicative<F>, with an E! Ya it has a raiseError(e: E) method. Either.applicativeError<String>().raiseError<Unit>("Dark") : < Left(Dark) Option.applicativeError().raiseError<Unit>(Unit) : < None • applicativeError() is just a companion method on the DataType to get ApplicativeInstance • When raiseError(e) is called, the Datatype transitions into the dark side. / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 37
38. ApplicativeError<F, E> Why is this important? Any guesses, how this raiseError() can help our validation? • The Effect of being Valid/Invalid - This can be taken care by the Left and Right states and raiseError takes care of the transition. • The Effect of combining all validation errors - This can be taken care by the product. • But what about Strategy switching between Fail-Fast and Error- Accumulation? / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 38
39. ApplicativeError<F, E> We have ready made type classes for these strategies: EitherApplicativeError<L> : ApplicativeError<EitherPartialOf<L>, L> ValidatedApplicativeError<E> : ApplicativeError<ValidatedPartialOf<E>, E> • Again, let's not get into the details, but let's understand the more important HOW? • Hint: product implementation in both these typeclasses is going to make the difference / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 39
40. EitherApplicativeError Product Matrix Invalid Valid Invalid Invalid Invalid Valid Invalid Product / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 40
41. ValidatedApplicativeError Product Matrix Invalid Valid Invalid Accumulate Errors Add First Error Valid Add First Error Product / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 41
42. Controlling Strategy with Effect The Strategies fun <E> failFast(): FailFast<E> = Either.applicativeError() fun <E> errorAccumulation(): ErrorAccumulation<E> = Validated.applicativeError(NonEmptyList.semigroup()) / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 42
43. Controlling Strategy with Effect The Entry point of execution private fun validateEmailFailFastX(email: String): Either<NonEmptyList<ValidationError>, Tuple2<String, StringC = failFast<ValidationError>().run { validateEmailWithRules(email).fix() } private fun validateEmailErrorAccumulationX(email: String): Validated<NonEmptyList<ValidationError>, Tuple2<String, StringC = errorAccumulation<ValidationError>().run { validateEmailWithRules(email).fix() } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 43
44. Controlling Strategy with Effect The Product fun <S> ValidatorAE<S, ValidationError>.validateEmailWithRules(email: String): Kind<S, Tuple2<String, StringC = tupledN( F Product contains(email, "@"), maxLength(email, 250) ).handleErrorWith { raiseError(it) } / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 44
45. Controlling Strategy with Effect The Validations private fun <S> ValidatorAE<S, ValidationError>.contains(email: String, needle: String): Kind<S, String> = if (email.contains(needle, false)) just(email) else raiseError(ValidationError.DoesNotContain(needle).nel()) private fun <S> ValidatorAE<S, ValidationError>.maxLength(email: String, maxLength: Int): Kind<S, String> = if (email.length H maxLength) just(email) else raiseError(ValidationError.EmailMaxLength(maxLength).nel()) / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 45
46. Done! ! / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 46
47. Please Feedback DM on twitter @GopalAkshintala Email me - gopal.akshintala@gmail.com / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 47
48. Show me the Code github.com/overfullstack/ad-hoc-poly / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 48
49. Let's Slack together! bit.ly/overfullstack-slack / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 49
50. Thanks! ! / ! @GopalAkshintala " overfullstack.github.io 50