Ltd. in Yokohama • i2y on github (https://github.com/i2y) • @i2y_ at twitter (https://twitter.com/i2y_) • Fan of several programming languages • Ruby, Python, Lisp and more… • Creator of some programming languages Creator of Jet Language (https://github.com/i2y/jet) • Jet is dynamic typed concurrent object oriented language runs on top of Erlang VM.
years, the performance improvement of a single CPU core has been stagnant. • Therefore, it is common to deal with CPU load by combining scale-up and scale-out. • Scale-up Parallel processing using multi-core CPU • Scale-out Distributed processing to multiple CPUs (machines)
has Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). • To utilize multi-core … • Multi os-processes • large overhead of process creation and interprocess communication • Releasing GIL properly with native library implementation • large number of man-hours for handling in existing libraries
creator of Ruby like dynamic typed language) 3VCZMJLF MBOHVBHF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO XJUIPVU(*- ɾ(PCZ ɾ&MJYJS ɾ3FJB 3VCZMBOHVBHF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO XJUIPVU(*- ɾ+3VCZ ɾ*SPO3VCZ ɾ&S3VCZ .PEJpDBUJPOPG D3VCZ ɾ3FNPWBMPG(*- ɾ"EEJOHNFDIBOJTNGPS QBSBMMFMQSPDFTTJOH ྫ͑ (VJMEʣ The languages work on Erlang VM (BEAM). Erlang VM (BEAM) supports concurrency. => The strategy of getting on the shoulder of the giant
language released by Ericsson as open source in 1998. • Erlang gets concurrent programming and distributed programming easy. • Lightweight processes by Actor Model on Erlang VM (BEAM) • Single assignment and pattern matching • All data structures are immutable data.
send messages to another actors • Each actor can receive messages from other actors • Each actor does not share any data Actor Model Advantages • Increasing the number of actors makes it easy to scale-up using multi- core. • The processing of closing inside an actor is thread-safe (actor-safe?ʣ. • Scale-out can be done easily if messaging between actors is location transparent.
lightweight and like an actor on actor model. • Preemptive Scheduler (on multicore) • Each process queues messages from other processes. • Each process has a Process Dictionary. The process dictionary is a mutable Hash. • BEAM's GC is independent in each process. • If a process crashes, it does not affect other processes.
language derived from Prolog. • For above reason, the Erlang language has many specifications that are difficult for major language users. • For example, • Variables are capitalized beginnings. • It is necessary to separate sentences (expressions) appropriately using commas, semicolons, and periods.
Three solutions (from the standpoint of implementor of Ruby like dynamic typed language processing system) 3VCZMJLF MBOHVBHF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO XJUIPVU(*- ɾ(PCZ ɾ&MJYJS ɾ3FJB 3VCZMBOHVBHF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO XJUIPVU(*- ɾ+3VCZ ɾ*SPO3VCZ ɾ&S3VCZ .PEJpDBUJPOPG D3VCZ ɾ3FNPWBMPG(*- ɾ"EEJOHNFDIBOJTNGPS QBSBMMFMQSPDFTTJOH ྫ͑ (VJMEʣ The languages work on Erlang VM (BEAM). Erlang VM (BEAM) supports concurrent programming. => The strategy of getting on the shoulder of the giant
Oriented Programming Functional Programming Compiler Generating BEAM Bytecodes Interpreter AST Interpreter or VM on BEAM Good ✔ Bad ✖ Neutral Neutral A class instance is a process. → Is not it inefficient?
Oriented Programming Functional Programming Compiler Generating BEAM Bytecodes Interpreter AST Interpreter or VM on BEAM Good ✔ Bad ✖ Neutral Neutral Development of Reia has been discontinued.
can be expressed in Jet language. 2. Jet inherits my favorite Ruby’s features. 3. Jet is not Ruby. I want to make Jet simpler than ruby. Jet doesn’t inherits some features from Ruby. 4. Jet has heigh level interface for concurrency.
can be expressed in Jet language. 2. Jet inherits my favorite Ruby’s features. 3. Jet is not Ruby. I want to make Jet simpler than ruby. Jet doesn’t inherits some features from Ruby. 4. Jet has heigh level interface for concurrency.
in Erlang language can be expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead Design Policy and Spec Summary # Map (Ruby’s Hash-like) m = {foo: “bar”} m2 = m.put(:foo, “΄͛΄͛”) m2.get(:foo) # => “΄͛΄͛” m.get(:foo) # => “bar” # List l = [1, 2] l2 = l.add(3) l2 # => [1, 2, 3] l # => [1, 2]
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead # Pattern matching [a, b, c] = [1, 2, 3] [a, b, c] # => [1, 2, 3] match [1, 2, 3] case [x, y, z] x + y + z end # => 6 Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead Design Policy and Spec Summary # Function(Method) Overloading by arity module Adder def add(a, b) a + b end def add(a, b, c) a + b + c end end
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead # Lightweight process def echo(message) receive case name (“Hello ” ++ name).puts end end # Creating a lightweight process p = erlang::spawn(&echo/1, [“Hello”]) # You can omit “erlang::”. p ! “Ruby” # Sending a message # -> Hello Ruby Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead # Module is just a erlang’ module… # Single jet file contains single module. Nothing can’t be written outside of a module. module Adder def add(a, b) a + b end def add(a, b, c) a + b + c end end # Nothing can’t be written outside of a module. Design Policy and Spec Summary
expressed in Jet language. • Immutable data • Pattern matching, Function overloading by arity • Lightweight processes shared nothing • Module is just a erlang’s module. • Operator overloading is not supported. • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead. Design Policy and Spec Summary
can be expressed in Jet language. 2. Jet inherits my favorite Ruby’s features. 3. Jet is not Ruby. I want to make Jet simpler than ruby. Jet doesn’t inherits some features from Ruby. 4. Jet has heigh level interface for concurrency.
Ruby’s features. • Syntax looks like Ruby • Ruby like object system (Class Definition, Mixin etc.) As you can see on the previous slide, Jet's syntax is Ruby-like syntax.
Ruby’s features. • Syntax looks like Ruby • Ruby like object system (Class Definition, Mixin etc.) # Class definition module Examples class MyList include Enumerable def initialize(list) {list: list} end def each(func) lists::foreach(func, @list) end end end ml = Examples::MyList.new([1, 2, 3]) ml.each do |item| item + 1 end
can be expressed in Jet language. 2. Jet inherits my favorite Ruby’s features. 3. Jet is not Ruby. I want to make Jet simpler than ruby. Jet doesn’t inherits some features from Ruby. 4. Jet has heigh level interface for concurrency.
I want to make Jet simpler than ruby. Jet doesn’t inherits some features from Ruby • You can omit parentheses enclose arguments when calling a method in Ruby. • But, you can omit the parentheses when only calling a method with zero-arguments in Jet. • Ruby supports for class inheritance. • But, currently, Jet don’t supports for class inheritance.Mixin and class inheritance are for specification and implementation inheritance. Either one may be enough.
closure (anonymous function). • Method calling with block is supported by trailing closure like Swift. # Class definition module Examples class MyList include Enumerable def initialize(list) {list: list} end def each(func) lists::foreach(func, @list) end end end ml = Examples::MyList.new([1, 2, 3]) ml.each do |item| item + 1 end
can be expressed in Jet language. 2. Jet inherits my favorite Ruby’s features. 3. Jet is not Ruby. I want to make Jet simpler than ruby. Jet doesn’t inherits some features from Ruby. 4. Jet has heigh level interface for concurrency.
instance of Actor Metaclass can create objects like a Celluloid 's Concurrent Object. Actor Metaclass # Class definition module Demo class DemoActor meta Actor def initialize() put(:x, 3) end def x() @x end end end
instance of Actor Metaclass can create objects like a Celluloid 's Concurrent Object. Actor Metaclass # Class definition module Demo class DemoActor meta Actor def initialize() put(:x, 3) end def x() @x end end end obj = Demo::DemoActor.spawn # DemoActor hasn’t “new” method. obj.x # => 3 (synchronous method call) obj2 = obj.async future = obj2.x # Asynchronous method call future.await # => 3 (wait for return value) obj3 = obj.cast obj3.x # => :ok (not wait for return value (one direction messaging))
with mixin (not supports inheritance) • Immutable data • Immutable object (immutable state and method) • Method overloading by arity • Block definition syntax, Method calling with block (by trailing closure like Swift) • Immutable data, Pattern matching • Lightweight processes shared nothing by Actor Metaclass • Erlang code can be called from Jet with zero-overhead
A class instance (object) is represented as a triple tuple (fixed length array). Immutable Hash (key = {name of a method, arity}, value=reference of a function) Immutable Hash (key=name of an instance variable, value=value) Tag indicating that it is an instance (object) It may change to record in erlang because Dialyzer may be able to check the type of the element.
A. If it is cached in the process dictionary, Jet’s runtime gets it from the process dictionary. B. Otherwise, Jet’s runtime copies the references of the function defined as the instance method to the method table (Hash), then cache it in the process dictionary. 2. Jet’s runtime creates an instance with the method table and empty status. 3. Jet’s runtime creates an instance with the method table and initial status that is gotten by calling the instance's initialize method. Creation and Initialization of an instance adder = Foo::Adder.new(1) class Adder def initialize(value) {value: value} end def add(value) @value + value end end :__object__ {value: 1} {initialize: ⚫, add: ⚫} :__object__ {} {initialize: ⚫, add: ⚫} {initialize: ⚫, add: ⚫}
objects like a Celluloid 's Concurrent Object. • OTP gen_server module is used for lightweight process generation • A method call is converted to a messaging to the lightweight process by ghost method (method_missing). • An asynchronous method call is converted async_call of erlang’s rpc module by ghost method. • A synchronous method call to self is converted to a function call (that is, a normal method call), not a message transmission by ghost method. • When realizing synchronous method invocation to self by sending messages, waiting for call result acquisition will last forever.
call (Actor) Synchronous method call (Actor) Asynchronous method call (Actor) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 3,632 2160 1376 168 20 Measuring method • Average of 250 times execution time • The function or method body to be measured only returns :ok. in nanoseconds Evaluation • The difference between function calls and method calls and method calls to method calls and method calls are large. Simple Countermeasure? • Use of the C extension library (NIF) as much as possible • Compiling Jet's Runtime Module with HiPE => As a result of trying this, there was no change :’-(
Dialyzer • Dialyzer is a static analysis tool that detects type errors. • Dialyzer supports Erlang source code or AST (ASF). • Jet compiler generates Erlang AST. • Therefore I think that it is easy for Jet to support Dialyzer. • Improving the perfection and documentation
specification and implementation. I am very happy if there are people who cooperate in development of Jet. You can reflect your preferences in the language specification by participating in its development.
background image of the second page was acquired from Wikipedia (Wikimedia). • It’s license is “CC BY-SA 4.0”. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0) • The author is https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kakidai. • The title of the image is “ΈͳͱΈΒ͍21ͷܠʢ201412݄ʣ" (https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ %E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:The_night_view_of_Minato_Mirai_21.jpg) • Trademarks • ERLANG is a trademark or registered trademark of Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson. • Other company names and product names mentioned are trademarks or registered trademarks of each company. • About the Keynote template used in this presentation • I customized https://github.com/shoya140/zebra and used it.
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