The Past, Present, and Future of Enterprise Java

Over the last 30 years, Java has been the preferred technology for developing enterprise applications. Frameworks and approaches such as J2EE, Spring Framework, Java EE, Spring Boot, and Jakarta EE all contribute to this success story.

The Jakarta EE 11, with features for increasing performance and developer productivity, such as support for virtual threads and the new Jakarta Data specification.

This session will give you a history lesson of Enterprise Java as well as an overview of everything brought to you by Jakarta EE 11 with lots of code demos. We will also look forward and check out what's in the pipeline for Jakarta EE 12.

Transcript

1. No AI was harmed in th e crea ti on of th ese slides Ivar Grimstad
 Jakarta EE Developer Advocate Eclipse Foundation The Past, Present, and Future of Enterprise Java
2. https://github.com/ivargrimstad https://www.linkedin.com/in/ivargrimstad @ivar_grimstad@mastadon.social ivargrimstad_of fi cial @ivar_grimstad https://www.threads.net/@ivargrimstad_of fi cial @theguywiththeduketattoo.com
3. Past Present Future
4. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0)
5. 1995 1999
6. Hello The following slide contains some disturbing content that may not be suitable for all audiences. Viewer discretion is advised.
7. SessionBean Hello EnterpriseBean Serializable Remote EJBObject HelloRemote HelloObject EBJHome HelloHome EBJLocalHome HelloLocalHome EJBLocalObject HelloLocal HelloHomeObject HelloLocal Home Object HelloLocalObject
8. … … EAR ejb-jar XML XML
9. 2004 1995 1999
10. Hello
11. Hello XML XML XML WAR
12. 2004 1995 1999 2006 JSR 330 2009
13. public class Hello { public String say() { return “Happy Birthday, Duke!”; } }
14. @Stateless public class Hello { public String say() { return “Happy Birthday, Duke!”; } }
15. Hello
16. Hello WAR/JAR
18. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0)
19. 2004 2024/5 1995 1999 2006 2017 2020 javax.* -> jakarta.* 2014 JSR 330 2009
20. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) 2022 2024/5 2020 javax.* -> jakarta.* Jakarta EE Core Pro fi le Java 21 Embrace Records Jakarta Data CDI Centric Removals and Deprecations
21. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Speci fi cation Document API TCK Final Speci fi cation Compatible Implementation(s) Speci fi
24. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta EE 11
25. RESTful Web Services 4.0 JSON Processing 2.1 JSON Binding 3.0 Annotations 3.0 CDI Lite 4.1 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.1 Pages 4.0 Expression Language 6.0 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.0 Faces 4.1 WebSocket 2.2 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.0 Persistence 3.2 Transactions 2.0 CDI 4.1 Authentication 3.1 Concurrency 3.1 Security 4.0 Validation 3.1 Data 1.0 Authorization 3.0 Activation 2.1 Batch 2.1 Connectors 2.1 Mail 2.1 Messaging 3.1 Enterprise Beans 4.0 Jakarta EE 11 Platform Jakarta EE 11 Web Pro fi Updated Not Updated New
26. Jakarta EE 11 Web Pro fi le RESTful Web Services 4.0 JSON Processing 2.1 JSON Binding 3.0 Annotations 3.0 CDI Lite 4.1 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.1 Pages 4.0 Expression Language 6.0 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.0 Faces 4.1 WebSocket 2.2 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.0 Persistence 3.2 Transactions 2.0 CDI 4.1 Authentication 3.1 Concurrency 3.1 Security 4.0 Validation 3.1 Data 1.0 Jakarta EE 11 Core Pro fi Updated Not Updated New
27. Jakarta EE 11 Core Pro fi le Updated Not Updated New RESTful Web Services 4.0 JSON Processing 2.1 JSON Binding 3.0 Annotations 3.0 CDI Lite 4.1 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0
28. Jakarta EE 11 API source level: Java SE 17 API binary level: Java SE 17 TCK run with: Java SE 17+21 App Developers (YOU) can use Java SE 21 features if you like !!
29. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Release Cadence ~ a Year after the latest LTS of Java
30. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Q4, 2024 (Core Pro fi le) Q1, 2025 (Web Pro fi le) Q2, 2025 (Platform)
31. Authorization 3.0 Activation 2.1 Batch 2.1 Connectors 2.1 Mail 2.1 Messaging 3.1 Enterprise Beans 4.0 RESTful Web Services 4.0 JSON Processing 2.1 JSON Binding 3.0 Annotations 3.0 CDI Lite 4.1 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.1 Pages 4.0 Expression Language 6.0 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.0 Faces 4.1 WebSocket 2.2 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.0 Persistence 3.2 Transactions 2.0 CDI 4.1 Authentication 3.1 Concurrency 3.1 Security 4.0 Validation 3.1 Jakarta EE 11 Platform Updated Not Updated New Data 1.0
32. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Virtual Threads
33. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) ManagedExecutorService ManagedScheduledExecutorService ContextService ManagedThreadFactory
34. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta EE 11 API source level: Java SE 17 API binary level: Java SE 17 TCK run with: Java SE 17+21 ?
35. @ManagedThreadFactoryDefinition( name = “java:app/concurrent/myFactory”, virtual = true )
36. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Concurrency API Java 17 Platform Thread virtual = “true” Java SE Runtime Aware Support for Virtual Threads Java 21 Virtual Thread
37. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Demo
38. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta Concurrency 3.1 https://jakarta.ee/speci fi cations/concurrency/3.1/
39. Authorization 3.0 Activation 2.1 Batch 2.1 Connectors 2.1 Mail 2.1 Messaging 3.1 Enterprise Beans 4.0 RESTful Web Services 4.0 JSON Processing 2.1 JSON Binding 3.0 Annotations 3.0 CDI Lite 4.1 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.1 Pages 4.0 Expression Language 6.0 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.0 Faces 4.1 WebSocket 2.2 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.0 Persistence 3.2 Transactions 2.0 CDI 4.1 Authentication 3.1 Concurrency 3.1 Security 4.0 Validation 3.1 Jakarta EE 11 Platform Updated Not Updated New Data 1.0
40. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta Data 1.0 Standardizes the repository pattern for data access https://jakarta.ee/speci fi cations/data/1.0/ NEW in Jakarta EE 11
41. @Repository public interface GreetingRepository extends CrudRepository<Greeting, Long> { Optional<Greeting> findByName(String name); } import jakarta.data.repository.CrudRepository; import jakarta.data.repository.Repository;
42. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta Data Query Language (JDQL) https://github.com/jakartaee/data/blob/main/spec/src/antlr/JDQL.g4
43. @Query("where title like :title") List<Book> booksByType(String title);
44. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0)
45. 2026 2024/5 2020 Java 21 Embrace Records Jakarta Data CDI Centric Removals and Deprecations Jakarta EE Core Pro fi le 2022 COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) javax.* -> jakarta.*
47. Jakarta EE 12 API source level: Java SE 21 API binary level: Java SE 21 TCK run with: Java SE 21+25 App Developers (YOU) can use Java SE 25 features if you like !!
48. Authorization 2.1* Activation 2.1 Batch 2.2 Connectors 2.2 Mail 2.1 Messaging 3.1 Enterprise Beans 4.1 RESTful Web Services 5.0 JSON Processing 2.2 JSON Binding 3.1 Annotations 3.1 CDI Lite 5.0 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.2 Pages 4.1 Expression Language 6.1 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.1 Faces 5.0 WebSocket 2.3 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.1 Persistence 4.0 Transactions 2.1 CDI 5.0 Authentication 3.0* Concurrency 3.2 Security 5.0 Validation 4.0 Jakarta EE 12 Platform Updated Not Updated New Data 1.1 Query 1.0 MVC NoSQL Subject to Change
49. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) De fi nes an object-oriented query language for Java https://jakarta.ee/speci fi cations/query/1.0/ NEW in Jakarta EE 12 Jakarta Query 1.0
50. Data Query Persistence NoSQL
51. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Standardizes integration with NoSQL databases https://jakarta.ee/speci fi cations/nosql/1.1 Candidate Jakarta NoSQL 1.1
52. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Eclipse JNoSQL implements Jakarta Data FUN Fact
53. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta MVC 3.1 Standardizes the action-based model-view-controller pattern https://jakarta.ee/speci fi cations/mvc/3.1 Candidate
54. @Controller @View(“hello.jsp”) public void hello() model.put(“Hello Duke!”); }
55. 2026 2024/5 2020 Java 21 Embrace Records Jakarta Data CDI Centric Removals and Deprecations Jakarta EE Core Pro fi le 2022 COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) javax.* -> jakarta.* Java 25 Jakarta Query Jakarta NoSQL CDI Centric Deprecations
56. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) https://github.com/jakartaee/platform/issues EE12
57. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0)
58. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Replace EJBs? An Idea?
59. @Stateless public class Hello { public String say() { return “Happy Birthday, Duke!”; } }
60. @Service public class Hello { public String say() { return “Happy Birthday, Duke!”; } } CDI Stereotype @ApplicationScoped @Transactional @Lock(READ_WRITE) @MaxConcurrency(10) @Monitored @Stereotype @Target(TYPE) @Retention(RUNTIME) public @interface Service{}
61. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta CRaC An Idea?
62. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta An Idea?
63. COPYRIGHT (C) 2025, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0)
64. AI Application
65. https://github.com/langchain4j/langchain4j-cdi
66. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Demo
67. Open AI Application
68. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) https://omnihai.org
69. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) 2028 2024 2026 COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) 2030 ready Full ULTRA capable 13 14 Som ewhat Speculative AI Roadmap for Jakarta EE https://omnihai.org ?
70. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) 2028 2024 2026 COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) 2030 ready Full ULTRA capable 13 14 Som ewhat Speculative AI Roadmap for Jakarta EE
71. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Summary
73. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) javax.* -> jakarta.*
74. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Transformation
75. Eclipse Transformer Apache Tomcat Migration Tool b.com/eclipse/transformerhttps://tomcat.apache.org/download-migration.cgi
77. Jakarta EE 10 Platform Updated Not Updated New Authorization 2.1 Activation 2.1 Batch 2.1 Connectors 2.1 Mail 2.1 Messaging 3.1 Enterprise Beans 4.0 RESTful Web Services 3.1 JSON Processing 2.1 JSON Binding 3.0 Annotations 2.1 CDI Lite 4.0 Interceptors 2.1 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.0 Server Pages 3.1 Expression Language 5.0 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.0 Faces 4.0 WebSocket 2.1 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.0 Persistence 3.1 Transactions 2.0 Managed Beans 2.0 CDI 4.0 Authentication 3.0 Concurrency 3.0 Security 3.0 Bean Validation 3.0
79. Authorization 3.0 Activation 2.1 Batch 2.1 Connectors 2.1 Mail 2.1 Messaging 3.1 Enterprise Beans 4.0 RESTful Web Services 4.0 JSON Processing 2.1 JSON Binding 3.0 Annotations 3.0 CDI Lite 4.1 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.1 Pages 4.0 Expression Language 6.0 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.0 Faces 4.1 WebSocket 2.2 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.0 Persistence 3.2 Transactions 2.0 CDI 4.1 Authentication 3.1 Concurrency 3.1 Security 4.0 Validation 3.1 Jakarta EE 11 Platform Updated Not Updated New Data 1.0
80. Jakarta EE 11 API source level: Java SE 17 API binary level: Java SE 17 TCK run with: Java SE 17+21 App Developers (YOU) can use Java SE 21 features if you like !!
82. Authorization 2.1* Activation 2.1 Batch 2.2 Connectors 2.2 Mail 2.1 Messaging 3.1 Enterprise Beans 4.1 RESTful Web Services 5.0 JSON Processing 2.2 JSON Binding 3.1 Annotations 3.1 CDI Lite 5.0 Interceptors 2.2 Dependency Injection 2.0 Servlet 6.2 Pages 4.1 Expression Language 6.1 Debugging Support 2.0 Standard Tag Libraries 3.1 Faces 5.0 WebSocket 2.3 Enterprise Beans Lite 4.1 Persistence 4.0 Transactions 2.1 CDI 5.0 Authentication 3.0* Concurrency 3.2 Security 5.0 Validation 4.0 Jakarta EE 12 Platform Updated Not Updated New Data 1.1 Query 1.0 NoSQL 1.1 Subject to Change
83. Jakarta EE 12 API source level: Java SE 21 API binary level: Java SE 21 TCK run with: Java SE 21+25 App Developers (YOU) can use Java SE 25 features if you like !!
84. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) +
85. 2004 2024/5 1995 1999 2006 2017 2020 javax.* -> jakarta.* 2014 JSR 330 2009
86. 2026 2024/5 2020 Java 21 Embrace Records Jakarta Data CDI Centric Removals and Deprecations Jakarta EE Core Pro fi le 2022 COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) javax.* -> jakarta.* Java 25 Jakarta Query Jakarta NoSQL CDI Centric Deprecations
87. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) 2028 2024 2026 COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) 2030 ready Full ULTRA capable 13 14 Som ewhat Speculative AI Roadmap for Jakarta EE
88. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Jakarta EE https://jakarta.ee Get Started
 https://start.jakarta.ee Ivar’s Hashtag Jakarta EE https://www.agilejava.eu/category/jakarta-ee/ Demo Code https://github.com/ivargrimstad/dukes-data
 https://github.com/ivargrimstad/virtual-duke https://github.com/ivargrimstad/augmented-duke https://theguywiththeduketattoo.com
89. COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) COPYRIGHT (C) 2026, ECLIPSE FOUNDATION, INC. | THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE (CC BY 4.0) Thank You!