RailsConf 2016: Pat Packet visits Ruby Rails

Pat Packet Visits Ruby Rails by: Jeremy Fairbank @elpapapollo |
github.com/jfairbank illustrations: Marissa Roeper marissaroeper.com

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HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING GET / HTTP/1.1   Host: rubyonrails.org
Accept: text/html Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive   Hello World The Message

HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING The Destination rubyonrails.org 192.30.252.153

The Transportation HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING

The Directions HTTP DNS TCP/IP ROUTING

Package Address Continent Kingdom Train Router Station Network Packet IP
Address Physical Device Software Server Connection Router/Switch Legend

WAN - Wide Area Network The Internet LAN - Local
Area Network Router + computers Protocol Official rules/guidelines to follow HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Protocol for HTML, JSON, XML

Can you send me your home page? Request Sure thing!
Here you go! Reply

GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: rubyonrails.org Accept: text/html Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate,
sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive   Hello World Request Line Method Resource HTTP Version HTTP Request Headers Optional Message

GET POST PUT DELETE HTTP Methods

GET Can you send me your home page? GET /
HTTP/1.1 POST PUT DELETE HTTP Methods

GET Can you send me your home page? POST Here
is my shopping cart for checkout. PUT DELETE POST /checkout HTTP/1.1 HTTP Methods

is my shopping cart for checkout. PUT I changed my name. Can you please update your records? DELETE PUT /user/info HTTP/1.1 HTTP Methods

is my shopping cart for checkout. PUT I changed my name. Can you please update your records? DELETE I no longer use this address. Can you remove it? DELETE /address/2 HTTP/1.1 HTTP Methods

Meta data is like saying I’d prefer the list of
friends in HTML. Data is like saying Please send me a list of my friends. HTTP Headers

Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42
Key Value HTTP Headers

Send back whatever you have. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type:
application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

Send back HTML please. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type: application/json
Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

I’m sending you some JSON. Accept: */* Accept: text/html Content-Type:
application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

Please give this message to rubyonrails.org. Accept: */* Accept: text/html
Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

Here’s how much information I’m sending. Accept: */* Accept: text/html
Content-Type: application/json Host: rubyonrails.org Content-Length: 42 Key Value HTTP Headers

Status Line Headers Message HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: GitHub.com Date:
Sun, 17 Apr 2016 11:19:48 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 4127 Last-Modified: Tue, 01 Mar 2016 10:32:49 GMT   <html><body>Ruby on Rails!</body></html> HTTP Version Status Code Status Description HTTP Reply

200 304 404 401 500 HTTP Statuses

HTTP/1.1 200 OK 200 All good. Here’s your reply. 304
404 401 500 HTTP Statuses

HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified 200 All good. Here’s your reply.
304 Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 401 500 HTTP Statuses

HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found 200 All good. Here’s your reply.
304 Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 Sorry, I can’t find that. 401 500 HTTP Statuses

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized 200 All good. Here’s your reply. 304
Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 Sorry, I can’t find that. 401 Sorry, you’re not allowed to request that. 500 HTTP Statuses

HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error 200 All good. Here’s your
reply. 304 Nothing changed. Keep what you already have. 404 Sorry, I can’t find that. 401 Sorry, you’re not allowed to request that. 500 Sorry, we’re having problems right now. HTTP Statuses

sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive

DNS - Domain Name System Where is rubyonrails.org? Oh, you
can find it at 192.30.252.153. Translate domain names into IP addresses. Client DNS Server

Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) Root Kingdoms DNS

Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) rubyonrails.org? RECURSIVE Root
Kingdoms DNS

Kingdoms DNS ? ITERATIVE (keep trying)

Kingdoms DNS TLDs .org .com .net .io ? ITERATIVE (keep trying)

Kingdoms DNS TLDs .org .com .net .io NS a0.org… a2.org… ? Try these kingdoms. ITERATIVE (keep trying)

Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) TLD Kingdoms DNS
NS Kingdoms

Please associate rubyonrails.org with my IP address. ns1.gratisdns.dk. ns2.gratisdns.dk. NS Kingdoms Please associate us with rubyonrails.org.

? NS ns1.gratisdns.dk. ns2.gratisdns.dk. Try these kingdoms. NS Kingdoms

Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) DNS NS Kingdoms

rubyonrails.org?

rubyonrails.org? A 192.30.252.153

rubyonrails.org? A 192.30.252.153 rubyonrailsftw.com?

rubyonrails.org? A 192.30.252.153 rubyonrailsftw.com? CNAME rubyonrails.org.

Local Resolver (e.g. at internet service provider) Root Kingdoms TLD
Kingdoms DNS NS Kingdoms A Hierarchy

x 4 billion IP addresses = LOTS of storage Can
you all update my address?

TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol

ACKnowledging the package. Here’s your reply. ACK

ACKnowledging the package. Here’s your reply. ACK I’m not sure
you got that package. I’ll try again! ? X

X X X X X X X X X X
X X X Congestion

Sliding Window (being delivered) Awaiting delivery 1 TCP Congestion Control

Sliding Window (being delivered) Awaiting delivery 1 1 TCP Congestion
Control

Sliding Window (being delivered) Awaiting delivery 1 ACK 1 1
TCP Congestion Control

ACK 1 1 Awaiting delivery 2 Delivered Sliding Window (being
delivered) TCP Congestion Control

2 3 ACK 1 1 Awaiting delivery 2 Delivered Sliding
Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control

Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control X X

Window (being delivered) TCP Congestion Control X X 2

TCP Connections - 3 way handshake

SYN TCP Connections - 3 way handshake 1. Client (requester)
requests connection with SYNchronize packet. 1

ACK-SYN Window = 1 SYN TCP Connections - 3 way
handshake 1. Client (requester) requests connection with SYNchronize packet. 2. Server (recipient) ACKnowledges SYN and sends its own SYN. Server can specify initial window size to prevent too much coming in. 1 2

ACK-SYN Window = 1 SYN TCP Connections - 3 way
handshake ACK 1. Client (requester) requests connection with SYNchronize packet. 2. Server (recipient) ACKnowledges SYN and sends its own SYN. Server can specify initial window size to prevent too much coming in. 3. Client ACKnowledges server’s SYN and connection is established. 1 3 2

1 Sliding Window 1 2 2 1 Sequence Numbers

1 Sliding Window 1 2 2 1 Sequence Numbers Got
#1… ACK 1

Sliding Window 1 2 2 1 Sequence Numbers Got #1…
And #2! 2 ACK 1 ACK 2

Destination Next Hop 23.235.44.0/24 192.168.1.1 104.0.0.0/8 192.168.2.1 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.3.1 23.21.0.0/16
192.168.4.1 Routing Tables Tell which location to go to next for a range of IP addresses. IP Address Range with CIDR Path to follow, i.e. the next router

CIDR — Classless Inter-domain Routing 192.30.0.0/16

192.30.252.153 8 bits = 2^8 = 256 numbers => 0-255
4 of 2^8 => 0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255 IPV4 Addresses - Dotted Quads 0—255 1st quad 0—255 2nd quad 0—255 3rd quad 0—255 4th quad

CIDR — Classless Inter-domain Routing 192.30.0.0/16 192.30.0.0/8 1. Use the
first /8 bits to mask the first quad. Masks “lock” a number in. 2. Use the next /8 bits to mask the second quad. 3. This leaves a range of possible IP addresses to find a match in. 192.30.0.0/0 192.30.0-255.0-255 -or- 192.30.0.0 - 192.30.255.255

Destination Next Hop 23.235.44.0/24 192.168.1.1 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.3.1 23.21.0.0/16 192.168.4.1 Destination
Next Hop 107.20.0.0/16 192.168.5.1 192.30.252.0/24 192.168.6.1 Destination Next Hop 192.30.252.50.144/28 192.168.7.1 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.8.1 192.30.252.153? Routing Range grows smaller and more specific (mask grows larger).

Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets)

Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets) No room for packets. They
must be dropped. Requester must try again and potentially slow down sending rate.

Router Buffer (hold unprocessed packets) No room for packets. They
must be dropped. Requester must try again and potentially slow down sending rate. Slow down please! X X

sdch Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.8 Cache-Control: no-cache Connection: keep-alive

DNS Destination Next Hop 192.30.0.0/16 192.168.3.1 Routing TCP/IP ACK Recap

• Physical distance and latency unavoidable • Persistent/shared TCP connections
• Caching DNS queries • Caching HTML, scripts, images, etc. • Content distribution networks (CDNs) and mirrors • HTTP 2 Performance Matters!

• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cartoon_cloud.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Checkmark_green.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Computer.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gnome-web-browser.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Modern_clock_chris_kemps_01.svg
• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Network-server.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Server-web.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Server.svg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_crown_icon.svg • https://pixabay.com/en/metro-subway-tramway-159004/ • https://pixabay.com/en/postal-parcel-post-package-32383/ • https://pixabay.com/en/subway-map-transportation-metro-576776/ • https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/I-80_Eastshore_Fwy.jpg • https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Osa_device-wireless-router.svg Sources

Acknowledgement Illustrations by Marissa Roeper marissaroeper.com

Thanks! by: Jeremy Fairbank @elpapapollo | github.com/jfairbank illustrations: Marissa Roeper
marissaroeper.com

RailsConf 2016: Pat Packet visits Ruby Rails

RailsConf 2016: Pat Packet visits Ruby Rails

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