イーサリアムの技術 / Ethereum Technology

Transcript

1. Chief Science Officer / ks91@blockchainhub.co.jp — — 2021-09-01 – p.1/29

2. https://speakerdeck.com/ks91 — — 2021-09-01 – p.2/29

3. ( ) SFC ( ) CSO (Chief Science Officer) 1993

   ( ) 2006 ( ) SFC 20 P2P (Peer-to-Peer) ( 2019 9 ) 2011 2018 2019 VR 2021.7 , VR 2021.8 “PREFAB THE WORLDS”, VR 2021.8 “ALL THESE WORLDS ARE YOURS” VR 2021.9 & ( ) ( (VR) ) → ( ) — — 2021-09-01 – p.3/29

4. (EVM) — — 2021-09-01 – p.4/29

5. Ethereum Vitalik Buterin, “Ethereum White Paper: A NEXT GENERATION SMART

   CONTRACT & DECENTRALIZED APPLICATION PLATFORM” (Dec. 2013∼) 15 (= ) = = ( ) CPU ⇒ DApps DApps = / — — 2021-09-01 – p.5/29

6. = ( ) run = → — — 2021-09-01 –

   p.6/29

7. Ether Ethereum EOA : Externally-Owned Account ( ) ( )

   Ether ( ) EVM EVM = Ethereum = — — 2021-09-01 – p.7/29

8. EVM : Ethereum Virtual Machine Gas ( EVM = (

   burn)) → — — 2021-09-01 – p.8/29

9. Ethereum Frontier (2015) Homestead (2016) Metropolis Byzantium (2017) zk-SNARKs (

   ) → Zcash on Ethereum (ZoE) Constantinople + St.Petersburg (2019) (for 2nd Layer) Proof of Stake Istanbul (2019) Zcash zk-SNARKs/STARKs Serenity(?) Ethereum 2.0 phase 0 (2020∼) Berlin (2021) London (2021) ( burn ) ← — — 2021-09-01 – p.9/29

10. Ethereum — — 2021-09-01 – p.10/29

11. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( vs. ) (

    ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ⇒ ( : BBc-1) : : — — 2021-09-01 – p.11/29

12. Ethereum ( ) ⇒ (Casper; ) ( ) ⇒ ZoE

    (Zcash on Ethereum) ( ) ( vs. ) ( ) ⇒ Plasma ( ) ( ) ⇒ ( ) (Benevolent Dictator For Life (BDFL)) ( ) ( ) ⇒ — — 2021-09-01 – p.12/29

13. Ethereum Proof of Work + Proof of Stake + Ethereum

    1.0 — — 2021-09-01 – p.13/29

14. SHA-256 × SHA-256 ( /TX ) SHA-256 × RIPEMD-160 (

    = ) (1 ) . . . scrypt ( ) Ethereum Ethash (Dagger-Hashimoto ) (Proof of Work) DAG : Directed Acyclic Graph ( ) https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethash Keccak-256 (≈SHA-3) ( ) (Ethash ) — — 2021-09-01 – p.14/29

15. GHOST (Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree) ⇒ GHOST ( ) “uncles”

    proof of work ( ) uncle Ethereum uncles 7 GHOST uncle gender-neutral ommer — — 2021-09-01 – p.15/29

16. Merkle Bitcoin Digest = SHA-256 × SHA-256 Merkle root TX

    ( ) TX Ethereum TX TX 3 Merkle root TX Gas — — 2021-09-01 – p.16/29

17. IUUQTFOXJLJQFEJBPSHXJLJ3BEJY@USFF key OK PATRICIA (Practical Algorithm To Retrieve Information Coded

    In Alphanumeric) Trie ( ) trie = retrieval ( ) (key, value) RLP (recursive length prefix encoding) Ethereum (key, value) — — 2021-09-01 – p.17/29

18. Ethereum Proof of Stake Casper — — 2021-09-01 – p.18/29

19. Proof of Stake ( ) ( ) ( ) →

    ( ) Ethereum — — 2021-09-01 – p.19/29

20. Nothing at Stake - = — — 2021-09-01 – p.20/29

21. Nothing at Stake - 100% Proof of Stake — —

    2021-09-01 – p.21/29

22. Casper : Ethereum Nothing at Stake (Slasher) stake 100 ⇒

    (( ) ) ( ) → — — 2021-09-01 – p.22/29

23. Ethereum 2.0 Phase 0 Beacon Chain Beacon Contract 32 ETH

    32 ETH2 1 10% ETH2 ETH2 ETH Beacon Contract — — 2021-09-01 – p.23/29

24. PoS . . . PoW ( ) ( ) (

    ) — — 2021-09-01 – p.24/29

25. ( ) PoS PoW PoS — — 2021-09-01 – p.25/29

26. (Bitcoin ) A-B — — 2021-09-01 – p.26/29

27. µRaiden Raiden Network Plasma — — 2021-09-01 – p.27/29

28. Ethereum 2.0 Phase 0 ← Beacon Chain Phase 1 (

    ) ( ) (Beacon Chain ) 64 Phase 1.5 ( ) 1.0 (PoW) 2.0 (PoS) Phase 2 ← Polkadot EVM → eWASM (Ethereum WebAssembly) Ethereum 1.0 EVM eWASM (2022 ) — — 2021-09-01 – p.28/29

29. — — 2021-09-01 – p.29/29