Slides I used for FinTech - Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall at Graduate School of Business and Finance, Waseda University on October 28, 2022.
Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) Kenji Saito, Graduate School of Business and Finance, Waseda University Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.1/34
be online only. When online, Camera ON is recommended, but not required You do need to speak often anyway (we are going to have a lot of dialogue) We will use breakout rooms a lot, but those won’t be recorded unless you do it yourselves (need to be allowed) Keep your Zoom client updated! We might use latest features The recordings could be used for research on (online) learning Transcribed for use and anonymized Will let you know when the necessity arises Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.2/34
and chat text will be posted at Moodle and Discord Trial automatic transcriptions will be posted at Discord Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.3/34
publish APIs (Application Programming Interface), think of a new and unusual example application, and describe it briefly Deadline and how to submit October 25, 2022 at 17:59 JST From Moodle (Q&A Forum) (mandatory) Optionally, you can also post to #assignments channel at Discord So that your classmates can read your report, refer to it, and comment on it Just plain text, please Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.8/34
Measures . . . how to improve the class 19 out of 28 students submitted (as of Wednesday morning)(always better late than never) Applications : Not so new or unusual : 9 / Explains what API is and how it works : 4 / Not payment or bank API : 2 Health care / Investment / Credential / Commercial customization / Recurring payment counseling / Zero-knowledge proof money transfer / Travel information / Risk and security management / Simulated stock market for learning Very interesting! But . . . Often with a long preamble Write the most important points first, so that if readers stop reading in the middle, they can still get the important information You’ve learned the elevator pitch, right? Example from how to write an abstract for a scientific paper I know you are business-oriented, but since this is also academia Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.9/34
is to give it a good title (probably 3 below is your title), then Abstract in 4 simple sentences, by Kent Beck: Sentence 1 : State the problem Sentence 2 : Why the problem is a problem Sentence 3 : A “startling” sentence Sentence 4 : Implications of the startling sentence Example: The rejection rate for OOPSLA papers is near 90% 1 Most papers are rejected not because of a lack of good ideas, but because they are poorly structured 2 Following four simple steps in writing a paper will dramatically increase your chances of acceptance 3 If everyone followed these steps, the amount of communication in the object community would increase, improving the rate of progress 4 cf. https://plg.uwaterloo.ca/∼migod/research/beckOOPSLA.html Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.10/34
used today, and its contain so much of transaction records, that if can securely and legally reveal would make a lot of impacts on customer financing and spending sectors. Market place platform such as Amazon are now using their collected cookies which are your digital footprints to suggest ‘best interest products /services’ for you, given that APIs as such mentioned above are provided, and they’re now know what you’ve been spending for in the past, what’s your spending behavior look likes, what is your preferred price point, and so on, this is totally a game changer for both sellers and customers ⇒ Perhaps PayPay, for example, is aiming for this kind of future Reason why there are no fees for some payment services is because of the information that can be obtained from the users for the analysis of the commercial flow But it’s important to be able to explain it from the side of better customer experience Otherwise, it would be mere exploitation Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.11/34
a lean, privacy-friendly proof of funds could be to use a bank API to provide a zero-knowledge proof of the account balance exceeding a requested threshold Either the external requester or the account holder initiates the request for a specific threshold amount The account holder then confirms the request, the API confirms the amount, and the result is transmitted to the requester in the form of a cryptographically verifiable yes or no response about the availability of funds ⇒ Privacy protection with zero-knowledge proof is interesting We will probably cover it at a later class Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.12/34
technology and evolution of World Wide Web Consequences and problems of World Wide Web Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.13/34
3BJMT .JUB-JOF .JUB4U ̖&YJU ,FJP6OJW .JUB 3BJMT ɹ0UFNBDIJ4U .JUB-JOFc5P[BJ-JOF "QQMJDBUJPO 8BTFEB6OJWFSTJUZ JTMJTUFOJOHPO BTQFDJpDQPSU *1 BEESFTT 1PSUOVNCFS * * 5 5 Like many web servers used to be listening mainly on port 80 (when HTTP was OK) Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.14/34
GPSSFRVFTUTGSPN DMJFOUTPOBTQFDJpD QPSU $MJFOU4PGUXBSF "QQMJDBUJPOUIBU DPNNVOJDBUFTXJUI TFSWFSTPGUXBSF TFOEJOHSFRVFTUT XIFOOFFEFE One of the basic models of communication on the Internet Two types of computers Servers: computers providing services Clients: computers to be serviced Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.15/34
still out there) Window system (X window) Mail (SMTP/POP) Netnews (NNTP) There were already “flaming” File transfer (FTP) Below came around the same time as Web Chat (IRC) Information retrieval (gopher) Now little used Now actually sounds more like an iconic mascot of the Go project Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.16/34
storage and sharing services Save file on server (upload) Users access the server to download files (Files at the time were often scientific papers and program code) ⇓ WWW : World Wide Web Embed “Relation” links in the file → Hypertext (by Ted Nelson, 1963, 1974) The way files around the world link to one another is referred to as “Cobweb (web)”, and is named “World-Wide Web” Birth of a digital information infrastructure in which various data are organically linked Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.17/34
MJOLT MJOLT CSPXTF CSPXTF CSPXTF CSPXTF CSPXTF CSPXTF XXXHPPHMFDPKQ XXXZBIPPDPKQ A browser fetches a page, and if a user clicks on (or touches) a link, fetches another page Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.18/34
Meeting of Hypertext and the Internet Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.19/34
Tim Berners-Lee at CERN Adopts the concept of hypertext In 1990 WWW server and browser implemented on NeXT, HTML 1.0 Draft In 1991 Released WWW system (server, browser, library), started to be used by universities and laboratories In 1993 Mark Andreessen et al. developed the Mosaic browser, which made WWW widely spread In 1994 Tim Berners-Lee founded the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) In 1995 Published HTML 2.0 In 2014 HTML5 In 2021 HTML Living Standard Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.20/34
Protocol (Secure) Protocol used for transferring HTML files HTML Hyper Text Markup Language Markup language for describing web pages Designed and recommended by the W3C → WHATWG URI Uniform Resource Identifier Identifier of an information resource on the Internet (not necessarily on WWW) URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is one way to implement URI Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.21/34
scheme Scheme https://www . google . com Host name : Port # 443/search Path ? Search string q = refrigerator Port number, path, and search string are optional For https scheme, the port number defaults to 443 Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.22/34
Install openssl in your environment and try it out You may want to try www.google.com:443 and GET /search?q=refrigerator instead Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.23/34
request Each request is independent (state-less) It was enough to achieve its original purpose Original purpose → easy access to documents such as scientific papers But then there appeared a lot of applications for which this is inadequate . . . Want to treat a series of requests as a session Shopping, logging into membership site, etc. Art of maintaining states for that purpose Unique URL generation including a representation of the state HTTP cookies (like shared magic numbers) Access tokens Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.24/34
links and information is organically linked across distributed servers Information providers create information (data) with links in mind Information users follow links to obtain new information (data) Finding information (data) Need some way to find a server that stores information (data) Large numbers of servers and distributed volumes of information (data) Search engine is important How information (data) is collected Distributed across the Internet, servers with popular information (data) are being accessed intensively as the number of users increases Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.27/34
(Finance is irrelevant) Users themselves are the producers of the data A little off topic Quite off topic lift (Aufheben) 1989 Web3.0 ˠ web3 2014 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2005 2006 Web3.0 Is the data freely available for the users themselves and for the public good? Get your data back in your hands! Don't let organizations control it Solve all problems by making everything a financial token! Berners-Lee’ s Berners-Lee’ s O’ Reilly’ s Wood’ s Bitcoin Ethereum How did this happen? Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.29/34
World Wide (spider’s) Web You can get scientific papers in hypertext (a starting point) Everyone had the potential to be a producer of data Web 2.0 (O’Reilly, 2005) : Rise of blogging and social media Everyone became a producer of data → But data fragmented by platform barriers? ⇑ Common issues shared by Web 3.0 and web3 Web 3.0 (Berners-Lee, 2006) : Undivided and free information exchange infrastructure again Ontology-based Semantic Web (standardization of data handling) → Not popular Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.30/34
Get the data back to everyone The following 4 elements were assumed to allow you to manage your data yourself 1) Publishing system that cannot be censored (realized w/ Ethereum) 2) Messaging with pseudonyms (realized w/ Ethereum) 3) Consensus engine (?) (naïve understanding that this was achieved with Ethereum) · Haven’t created any mechanism for human beings to agree (What is being done is “replication” as part of 1)) 4) Browsers and user interfaces that integrate them (Ethereum to be available on the web) The {Javascript|Python} library to achieve 4) above is called web3.{js|py} (2014∼) Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.31/34
. “What makes Web3 different — and more than a little weird — is that it would build financial assets, in the form of tokens, into the inner workings of almost anything you do online” — Olga Kharif, “What You Need to Know About Web3, Crypto’s Attempt to Reinvent the Internet”, Bloomberg (2021) Why do they want to do it? (Do you want to do it?) Perhaps because, after all, only tokens can express “ownership” in the blockchain? (original development motivation) Tokens can be freely disposed of by their holders → realization of the modern concept of ownership But does that mean you own the data? Is “owning” a “better way” in the first place? Is it a belief (or assumption) that all of society’s problems can be solved by incentives? This may be a belief that we can’t solve our problems without using humans, Because the only party to whom assets can be exercised is human (nature does not accept money) What about the fear of being wiped out in some way as a result of diversity being compromised because everyone works with the same incentives? Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.32/34
you want to do, this class will always answer it with true stories Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.33/34
be on November 11 (Pocky & Pretz Day) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocky_%26_Pretz_Day Lecture 5 : The World of Apps (1) — FinTech — Financial Innovation and the Internet 2022 Fall — 2022-10-28 – p.34/34
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