Introduction to Statistics

Through this power point presentation students can understand and learn the basics of statistics at under graduation level.

Transcript

1. INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS By Dr.R.Kurinji Malar
2. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I | Introduction, Meaning, Scope, Uses and Data Collection Learning focus: understand statistics and its role in economic analysis. Explore the meaning, characteristics, nature and scope of statistics. Examine uses and limitations of statistics. Understand primary and secondary data and methods of collection. Identify the qualities of a good questionnaire. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 01/10
3. Introduction to Statistics Meaning and definition The term ‘statistics’ has different meanings in everyday use. It may refer to numerical facts, tables, charts and figures. Statistics provides scientific methods for collecting, organising, summarising, presenting and analysing data. It helps draw conclusions and make reasonable decisions. A. L. Bowley: “Statistics are numerical statements of facts … placed in relation to each other.” STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 02/10
4. Characteristics of Statistics What makes information statistical? Deals with aggregates of facts rather than isolated cases. Facts are expressed numerically or can be quantified. Data are collected for a definite purpose. Collection is carried out systematically. Facts are affected by multiple causes. Data should be comparable and related to one another. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 03/10
5. Nature and Scope Two broad branches Descriptive statistics: organises, summarises and presents data. Common tools include tables, diagrams, graphs and averages. Inferential statistics: draws conclusions about a population using sample data. It supports estimation, prediction and evidence-based decisions. The statistical process includes collection, classification, tabulation, presentation, analysis and interpretation. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 04/10
6. Uses of Statistics Applications in economics and society Economics: production, consumption, income, prices, employment and growth. Business: market research, demand estimation, planning and forecasting. Government: policy formulation, budgeting and programme evaluation. Education and research: analysis and interpretation of findings. Population and social studies: migration, poverty, inequality and living standards. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 05/10
7. Limitations of Statistics Use statistical results with care Mainly studies aggregates, not individual cases. Primarily deals with quantitative information. Findings are not universally true; they depend on data and conditions. Statistical tools alone cannot provide a complete solution to every problem. Results can be misused or misinterpreted if data or methods are unsuitable. Subject knowledge and careful interpretation are essential. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 06/10
8. Sources of Data Primary and secondary data Primary data: original, first-hand information collected for the present study. Examples: surveys, interviews, questionnaires and observation. Secondary data: information already collected by another person or organisation. Published sources: government reports, books, journals, newspapers and research publications. Unpublished sources: institutional, departmental, business and research records. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 07/10
9. Methods of Primary Data Collection Four commonly used methods Surveys and questionnaires: open-ended or closed-ended questions. Interviews: direct verbal interaction with respondents. Focus group discussions: guided group conversations about a specific topic. Observation: systematic watching, recording and analysis of behaviour or events. Select a method according to the research objective and nature of the study. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 08/10
10. Questionnaire Design Qualities of a good questionnaire Clear objective: every question must relate to the research purpose. Simple language: avoid jargon, ambiguity and double negatives. Logical order: move from general to specific questions. Neutral wording: avoid leading or suggestive questions. Proper formatting, numbering and response options. Keep it brief; provide clear instructions and avoid complex calculations. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 09/10
11. Unit I – Recap Key points Statistics converts data into organised information for analysis and decisions. Its methods include descriptive and inferential statistics. Statistics is useful in economics, business, government and social research. Its limitations require careful use and interpretation. Primary data are collected first-hand; secondary data already exist. A good questionnaire is clear, simple, logical, neutral and concise. STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS – I UNIT I • 10/10