POOJA_IPR_2.pdf

Transcript

1. Sharad Institute of Technology College of Engineering, Yadrav Department of AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ENTITLED “INTELLECTAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ” Name Assi. Prof. Pooja Powar A&R Engg Department SITCOE,YADRAVICHALKARANJI.
2. What is Hypothesis?  The hypothesis is a statement that is yet to be tested  It is a tentative answer to the research question  There could be many hypotheses in a research  The hypothesis proposes a relationship between two or more variables  Example: Increasing apple consumption will result in decreasing the frequency of doctor’s visit
3. Hypothesis or Assumption  The assumption is the statement that the researcher accepting that it is true without attempting to prove. Example: Most kids are likely to eat ice cream.  The hypothesis is a statement that is yet to be tested. Hypothesis purposes a relationship between two or more variables Example: More than 60% of the children in a Kolhapur city likely to eat ice cream
4. WHEN IS A HYPOTHESIS FORMULATED? A hypothesis is formulated after the problem has been stated and the literature study has been concluded.  It is formulated when the researcher is aware of the theoretical and empirical background to the problem.
5. Sources of Hypotheses ◦ Theory ◦ Observation ◦ Analogies ◦ Intuition and personal experience ◦ Findings of studies ◦ State of Knowledge ◦ Culture ◦ Continuity of Research
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYPOTHESIS It should have elucidating power. It should strive to furnish an acceptable explanation of the phenomenon. It must be verifiable. It must be formulated in simple, understandable terms. It should corresponds with existing knowledge.
7. Characteristics of a Good Hypotheses C o n c e p t u a l C l a r i t y S p e c i f i c i t y Te s t a b i l i t y Av a i l a b i l i t y o f Te c h n i q u e s T h e o r e t i c a l r e l e v a n c e C o n s i s t e n c y O b j e c t i v i t y S i m p l i c i t y
8. Types of Hypothesis  Simple Hypothesis  Complex hypothesis  Null Hypothesis  Alternate Hypothesis  Directional Hypothesis  Non Directional Hypothesis
9. Simple Hypothesis  A simple hypothesis that shows the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable. For Example – If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster Where vegetables are the independent variable and weight loss is the dependent variable on the independent variable.
10. Complex hypothesis  A COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS that shows the relationship between two or more independent and two or more dependent variables. For Example – Eating more vegetables and fruits and exercising daily leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and minimizing the risk of a heart attack. Where, vegetables, fruits, and exercise are the independent variable, and weight loss, glowing skin, and heart attack is the dependent variable on the independent variable.
11. Null Hypothesis  A NULL HYPOTHESIS it state that there is no relationship between the two variables under research.No changes in the dependent variable due to changes in the independent variable. It is denoted by H0. For Example – There is no relationship between sugar intake and obesity. Age has no effect on how cell phones are used for internet access.
12. Alternate Hypothesis  ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS it states that there is no relationship between the two variables under research. No changes in the independent variable effect the dependent variable. It is denoted by Ha or H1 For Example – There is a strong relationship between sugar intake and obesity.
13. Directional Hypothesis  DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS a hypothesis that shows the direction of relationship between independent and dependent variables. It can be predict the direction of change and degree of the change Gives the (Positive/negative / Greater / Smaller / Less / More etc) direction of the relationship For Example – There is a strong POSITIVE relationship between sugar intake and obesity.
14. Non Directional Hypothesis  NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS a hypothesis that shows the EFFECT of relationship between independent and dependent variables. But it can not be predict the direction of change and degree of the change (Positive/negative / Greater / Smaller / Less / More etc.) For Example – There is a strong POSITIVE / NEGATIVE relationship between sugar intake and obesity.
15. Some Other Hypothesis        Descriptive Hypotheses Relational Hypotheses Causal Hypotheses Working Hypotheses Statistical Hypotheses Common Sense Hypotheses Analytical Hypotheses
16. Testing of Hypothesis  Chi square test  ANOVA  Multivariate analysis
17. CHI SQUARE TEST EXAMPLE  To find the whether the relationship between two variables Qualification and marital status are exist or not Table of observed values QIALIFICATION / MARITAL STATUS Middle High Bachlo Master Ph.D. School school rs s Total NEVER MARRIED 18 (x1) 36 21 9 6 90 MARRIED 12 36 45 36 21 150 DIVORCED 6 9 9 3 3 30 To calculate the expected value (Ref- Next table) WIDOWED 3 9 9 6 3 30 𝑥1 = TOTAL 39 90 84 54 33 300 𝑥1 = 11.7 90 ∗ 39 300
18. Relationship / Hypothesis  Null Hypothesis  Alternate Hypothesis
19. CHI SQUARE TEST EXAMPLE  To find the whether the relationship between two variables Qualification and marital status are exist or not QIALIFICATION / MARITAL STATUS Middle School High school NEVER MARRIED 11.7 x1 27 25.2 16.2 9.9 MARRIED 19.5 45 42 27 16.5 Bachlors Masters Ph.D. DIVORCED 3.9 9 8.4 5.4 3.3 WIDOWED 3.9 9 8.4 5.4 3.3 To calculate the expected value (Ref- Next table) 90 ∗ 39 𝑥1 = 300 𝑥1 = 11.7 Table of Expected values
20. Find out the deviation Observed Value Expected value O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/ E 18 36 21 9 6 . 11.7 27 25.2 16.2 9.9 . 6.3 9 -4.2 -7.2 -3.9 . 39.69 81 17.64 51.84 15.21 . 3.392 3.000 0.700 3.200 1.536 . . . . . . Σ(O-E)2/E = 23.57 (𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)2 𝑥= 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
21. DEGREES OF FREEDOM DEGREES OF FREEDOM = (Column-1)*(Rows-1) = (5-1)*(4-1) = 4*3 = 12
22. Percentage point of chi Square Distribution Significance level = 0.05 21.026
23. Conclusion from the levels Tabulate value of = 21.026 Calculated value of = 23.57 Calculated value of Tabulate value of
24. Statement from Chi-square Test If the calculated value of the X square is greater than the tabulated value X square its rejection of null hypothesis and acceptance the alternate hypothesis Hence it is stated that “there is a significant relation between the marital status and the educational qualification”
25. References 1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f53nXHoMXx4 2) “Research Methodology and Communication” by Dr. Pandit Palande Y.C.M.O.U. 3) Kothari, C.R. (2019) Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. 4th Edition, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.