Possible Words

Possible Words Marc Alexander, Jean Anderson, Fraser Dallachy University of
Glasgow Satellite 4 Eastercon, 18 April 2014

Christian Kay, Jane Roberts, Michael Samuels and Irené Wotherspoon (eds).
2009. Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 03.01 Society/the community 03.01.01 Kinship/relationship 03.01.02 Study of society 03.01.03 Society in relation to customs/values/beliefs 03.01.04 Social communication/relations 03.07.00.13 Conformity 03.07.00.14 Non-conformity 03.07.00.15 Apostasy 03.07.00.16 Sectarianism 03.07.00.17 Catholicity The Histori of the OED —the large in the world historical th created in a Based on th English Dic contains ev English from to the prese RUS nary ociety/the community 6A40C6A40C6A0=350C74A 74A a 1693 02.05 great- 05R34A oe g 6A40C6A40C 03 grandmother 4;3<>C74A =30<4 a 1225– g 6A0=3<>C74A 09 ( Scots & N. English ) g 14;30<4 4 1663– g 6A0=3<0<<0 0= 1863– g 6A0=3<0 olloq. ) 03.01 condition of 03.02 step-grandmother 03.03 great-grandmother 6A0=3<>C74A 1530– g 6A40C 1340– g F7>;41A>C74A 1377– 02.01 collectively A87C641A>SAD oe 03 half-brother 70;51A>C74A c 1330– 03.01 by same father 5R34A4=1A>S>A oe g 1A>C74A2>=B0=6D8=40= 1880 03.02 by same mother F><11A>C74A 1647– a 1661 04 bastard brother 7>A=D=61A>S>A oe 05 stepbrother BC4?1A>C74A 1440– g BC4? 1933 ( colloq. ) 06 twin-brother CF8=1A>C74A 1598– 07 younger brother 2034C 1610– g 1A>C74A:8= 1827–1856 g :831A>C74A 1895– ( orig. US ) 08 foster-brother 5>BC4A1A>C74A 5>BC>A1A>S>A oe – g BD2:8=654A4 1382 g =>DA8B7431A>C74A 1470/85 g =DAB454;;>F 1526 g 5>BC4A4A 03 03 Society

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2%X%C)< lexemic !%$)' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!&%!)! % =-&1 clipung .12. · dæl .12. · word< word .12.' · vocable !$#*'!+#(/.!"(+' · diction !$)&'!+%" · whid !$+"'!(+!...,+,<(*',,,.. · vowel !$"('!+)( · accent !$%$' · phrase !$%"'!+%% · quatch .".!+#$/.!"(#'...,+,1)(2I,,,.. · mot .!.!+)$ · verb .".!"!+ · verbalism !"("' · monolog !%&%'!%)" · dicky-bird !%#&'...,+,42(*+,,,.. · dicky !%)#...,+,42(*+,,,.. · word-type !%+!' · lexical item !%+)' · lexon !%+)' !, 9&)''%* word< word .12.' !" 4$-D%* ideophone !((!'!%*% !- $&-$%&#($$&-$&)('%, 9-&1 the word !$%+' !. +6-4',9-&1 ghost word !((+' · ghost name !(%+ · ghost form !%## !/ 9-&1,9)'6,-*2?, -*%,&%<-&1%1,-<<3&&%*<% hapax legomenon !((&' · hapax !%+& !0 9-&1,%X$&%44)*+,$6&(4%#4%*'%*<% sentence- word !()(' · holophrasm !(+&'!%** · holophrase !(%%' · phrase-word !%##' · monorheme !%#"' !0#!, 34%,-" holophrasis !(+% !1 *-*4%*4%,9-&1 nonsense-name !()& · nonsense word !%!%' !$ -'6%&,4$%<)! ,<,'?$%4, -",9-&1 cyneword .12. · froforword .12. · grandame words !$%( · household word !$%%' · wordy/wordie !"!('...,+,;<-'4,,,.. · my whole .!.!"(%' · foundling !(&"0#( · Mesopotamia !(&"' · book-word !($! · thought-word .".!(++' · pillow-word !(""' · nonce-word !(() · word- symbol !%*)' · blessed word !%!*' · object word !%!)' · bogy-word !%!% · key-word !%&+' · fossil !%#!' · nursery word !%##' · four-letter word !%#)' · pseudo-word !%$!' · plus word !%$%' · non-word !%+!' !2 %U3)G(2%*', -",(,9-&1,)*,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% synonym !$%)/.!(*) ,! 9-&14,<-22%<')G%2?#G-<(B32(&? wordhord .12. · wordloca .12. · vocabulary !"(&' · wordage !(&%' · wordhoard !(+%' · wordlore !%*) · word-stock !%!!' · lexicon !%##' · lexis !%+*' · vocab !%"!' ,!#!, -",(,4$6%&%,-", (<')G)'? lexicon !+)"'!(#% ,!#!" -",(,U3(2)'?#"%%2)*+ vocabulary !""*' ,!#!- -",(,&%+)-*#4$%(D%& lexicon !%$)' ,!#!. C)*)C3C minimum vocabulary !%))'!%)" ,!#!/ 7(4)<,>*+2)46 Basic English !%&%' ,, 4)C)2(&# <-*"34(B2%,9-&14 homoeoteleft !+$& · word-pair !%#+' · confusables/confusibles !%"%' ,,#!, 4)C)2(&)'?, <(34)*+,C)4'(D%4,)*,<-$?)*+ homoeoteleuton !(+!' · homoeoarchy !((# · homoeotel !((# · homoeotopy !((# · homoe(o)archon !(%+' ," -'6%&,4$%<)! ,<, +&-3$4#4%'4,-",9-&14 doublet !("%' · word square !(%* ,- 2%''%&#4-3*1,(',B%+)**)*+#%*1,-",9-&1 word-fi nal !%!(' · word-initial !%!(' ,. 4?CB-2,&%$&%4%*')*+,9-&1 word-symbol !%## · lexigram !%"#' ,/ 4'31?,-",9-&14 lexicology !(&(0#&...,+,H)<'I,,,../.!%)%' · lexis !%+*' ,/#!, -*%, 96- wordster !%+$'...,+,*-*<%,9-&1,,,.. ,0 2-G%,-",9-&14 logolatry !(!*' · epeolatry !(+*'!%+( · verbomania !%&#' · logophilia !%(*' ,0#!, -*%,96- logophile !%$%' ,1 -*%,96-,+4D)2"322?,,34%4,9-&14 verbalist !"%)' · wordmonger !%!+' · wordster !%"!'...,+,*-*<%, 9-&1,,,.. ,$ "%(&,-",9-&14 logophobia !%&#' ,2 <-*<%&*, C%&%2?,9)'6,9-&14 verbality !+)$'!("" ,2#!, -*%, 96- verbalist .!.!+*%' "! *3CB%&#"&%U3%*<?,-",9-&14 word-frequency !%&(' · word-count !%#*' · wordage !%"$' ", (B3*1(*<%,-",9-&14 copiousness !(&"'!($* "" <6(*+%,-","-&C,-",9-&1,'-,+)G%,4)+*)! ,<(*<% parasynesis !("" · popular etymology !((*' · folk etymology !((#' "- %X$&%44)-*,B?,C%(*4,-",2%X)<-* lexicalization !%)%' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,(,9-&1 verbal !+*$'!"*! · lexonic !%++ !, )*,&%4$%<',-", %(<6,4)*+2%,9-&1 verbal !"%*' !" $%&'()*)*+,'-, 9-&14 vocabular !+*(' · verbatical !+!& · vocabulary !+!+' · verbarian !(#* · lexical !(#+' · lexicalic !(+* · morpholexical !%#%' !- <-*4)4')*+,-"#%X$&%44%1, )*,9-&14 verbal !$#*' · wordy !+&"' !-#!, )*, C%&%,9-&14 wordish .".!$(+'!+%" · wording !+*! · verbal !+*$' · syllabical !+*+ · wordly !+##,&-/. !%&"' !-#!,#!, <-*4)4')*+,C%&%2?,)*,9-&14#4$%%<6 verbal !+!('!+$# !-#!" 9)'6-3',C(*)"%4'(')-*,)*,(<')-* verbal !+&&' !-#!- *-' non-verbal !%&"' · textless !%$"' !. 6(G)*+#&%2(')*+,'-,4$%<)! ,<,*3CB%&,-",9-&14 triverbal !(!" · diverbal !(&$ · many-worded .".!(#&' · monepic .".!(#&' !/ 4D)22%1,)*,'6%,34%,-",9-&14 wordy !+*#'!+(* !/#!, *-' non-verbal !%"& !0 6(G)*+, 2(&+%,G-<(B32(&? copious !$)%...,+,;<-'4,,,../.!+$!'!""&0" · worded !"#) !1 (1-&*%1,9)'6,9-&14 word-painted !("*' !$ 1%4<&)B%1,)*,9-&14 word-painted !%#"' !2 9)'6)*,(,9-&1 intraverbal !%*%...,+,H)<'I,,,../.!%$#' !2#!, )*, 4$%<)! ,<,$-4)')-* word-fi nal !%)%' · word-initial !%)%' · word-medial !%)%' ,! $%&'()*)*+,'-,4'31?,-",9-&14 lexicological !(+"' ,, &%"%&&)*+,'-,"&%U3%*<?,-",9-&14 word frequency !%")' ," -",9-&14a,6(G)*+,4)C)2(&, %*1)*+4 homoteleutic !(&! · homoeoteleutic !(%* ,"#!, &%432')*+,(4,(*,%&&-&,13%,'- homoeoteleutic !((* ,- $%&'()*)*+,'-,-'6%&,4$%<)! ,<,'?$%4,-",9-&1 gefeged .12. · manidel .12. · teart .12. · long-tailed !$)%...,+,;<-'4,,,../.!"+% · communicable .".!++! · unanalogical !"$$...,+,H)<'I,,,.. · learned !(+%,&- · parasynetic !(($ · monorrhemic !%#% ,. 9-&1/"-&/9-&1 word-for-word .!.!+!!/.!($(0% · verbatim !(#)' · word-by-word !(+$' ,/ %X$&%44)*+,96-2%,$6&(4%, B?,-*%,9-&1 holophrastic !(+*' ,0 %X$&%44%1,B?,C%(*4, -",2%X)<-* lexicalised !%)%' ,1 $(44)G%,G-<(B32(&? passive !%#$' ,$ 2)C)'%1,G-<(B32(&? basic !%&%' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!"#'%!)! % 7?,C%(*4,-"#)*,&%4$%<',-",9-&14 verbally !+)+' · lexically !($('!(++ !, B?,C%&%,9-&14 verbally !($$0+' !,#!, 9)'6-3',(<<-C$(*?)*+,&%(2)'? verbally !+!*'!+"( !" )*,4$%<)! ,<,$-4)')-*,)*,9-&1 word- internally !%+)' · word fi nally !%+$' · word-medially !%+(' · word-initially !%"#' !- )*,4-,C(*?,9-&14 in so many words !"&*' !. 9-&1,"-&,9-&1 word after word .!.!&** · word by word !#"%' · word for word .".!)**' · after the word .!.!)** · fro word unto word .!.!)"$ · verbatim !)(!' · word in word !)%# · verbally !$((' · verbatimly !$%" · syllabically !+$)'.".!""( · totidem verbis !+$%'!%*& · verbatim et literatim !")&' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!')%!)! % 53&*)46,9)'6,9-&14 vocabularize !($! !, (<<%$',)*'-,2%X)<-* lexicalise !%#"' !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!&%!)! % J6&(4% cwide .12. · foresettedness .12. · forsetnes .12. · word .12. · wordcwide .12. · locution !)#&0$*' · saying !$#* · phrase !$#*' · comma !$(+'!"!# · word !$%#/.!"(*/. !%*#...,+,(&<6I,,,.. · speech !$%+'!+"$ · stand !+!+ · gramm !+)" · diction .".!++*'!"*% · road .".!+%* · slip-slop !(&# · construct !("!' · group-word !%$# !, <-22%<')G%2? speakings .".!#&$'!+$# · saying .!.!$"* · verbalism !(** · verbalities !()*' !" 4%&)%4,-" routine !(&& !- 34%,-" phrasing !+!!' · phraseology !+"*'!+"(...,+,H)<'I,,,.. !. <-*'&(<')-*, -",(,$6&(4% short !%&* !/ '%&C#%X$&%44)-* word< word .12.' · term .!.!)""' · conveyance !$(+ · termination !$%% · epithet !$%%'!+*) · notion !+$$'!+$" !/#!, 34%, -" terming .!.!)!*'!$%! !/#!" ($'#! ,'')*+ a word on its/upon the wheels !+$$'.!.!+$" · mot juste !%!&' !/#!- 9)'6,-*2?,-*%,9-&1 mononym !(()' · monomial !(($ !/#!-#!, 4?4'%C,-" mononymy !(($ !/#!-#!" <-*G%&4)-*,)*'- mononymization !((% !0 <('<6/$6&(4%#4'-<D,$6&(4% byword !$+#0("'!"!* · phrase !$"%' · cant !+(!'.!.!(!$ · cant phrase !"!&'!(+( · cant word !"$#'!"%* · cant term !"") · catch-phrase .".!($*' · wheeze !(%*'...,+,42(*+,M,<-22-UI,,,.. !1 <2)<6c glittering generality !()%'...,+,-&)+I,R;,,,.. · cliché !(%&'...,+,! ,+I,,,.. · thought- saver !%#!' !$ "-&C32( formala .12. · hiw .12. · formula .".!+#(' · cant !+(!'!"!& !2 )1)-C wise .12. · idiom !+&(' ,! $&-G%&B proverb .!.!#"$' · ditton !$"&'!+$# ,!#!, <-22%<' folksay/folk-say !%&%'...,+,R;,,,.. ,, -'6%&,4$%<)! ,<,'?$%4,-",$6&(4% et cetera !$%"' · chr(e)ia !+!&'!+$$0+* · hob-nob !"+!'!""* · phraseograph !()$' · continentalism !($) · snapper !($"'...,+,R;,,,.. · humilifi c !%*$ · binomial !%$%'!%+) ," 34%,-",! ,*%/4-3*1)*+, $6&(4%4 phrase-making !(+"'!%&% ,"#!, -*%,96- sententiolist !++* · phrase-maker !(&&' ,"#!" -*%,96-, %X$2()*4 phraseologist !"&" !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,$6&(4%4 phrasical !+!$ · phrasal !("!,&- · construct !("!' !, 34)*+,$6&(4%4 phraseological !++)' · phrasing !((( !" (B-3*1)*+,)*,$6&(4%4 phrasy !()%' !- %X$&%44%1, )*,$6&(4%4 phrased !$$"' · worded !()(' !. 1%(2)*+, 9)'6,$6&(4%4 phraseological !++)' !/ -",$6&(4%4a, "&%U3%*'2?,34%1#6%(&1 rife !$!#'!+"!/.!("( !0 %X$&%44)*+, )*,'%&C4 terming !+)# !1 <-*4)4')*+,-",-*%/9-&1,'%&C mononymic !("& · monomial !(() !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!"#'%!)! % @4#9)'6,(,$6&(4% phraseologically !(+"' !, )*,'6%,C(**%&,-",(,"-&C32( formulaically !%$"' !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!'(%!)! % R4%,(,$6&(4%#$6&(4%4 phrase .".!$$*/.!((( · phrasify !+##'!+") !, 34%,(,<2)<6c coin a phrase !%)*' !"#!$#!.#!/#!" !(!')%!)! % >X$&%44,)*,$6&(4%4 have .!.!))%' · phrase !$$+' · speak !$"% !, )*,1)""%&%*', $6&(4%4 reword !((&' · rephrase !(%$' · retune !%$% !" <-*G%&',)*'-,-*%/9-&1,'%&C mononymize !((% !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!&%!)! % R4%#"-&C(')-*,-",*%9,9-&14# $6&(4%4 coining .".!+(*'!"!& · coinage !+%#' · neology !"%"' · neologism !(**' · minting !()! · neologization !()+ · neonism !()+ · neoterism !("# !, -*%,96- logodaedalus !+!!'!++) · mint-master !+)!'!+%* · logodaedalist !"&"'!(*+ · neologist !"($' · neoterist !("# · verbarian !("# !" *%9,9-&1#$6&(4% mint phrase !+&+ · mintage !+#(' · neologism !(*#' · neology !()+' · neoterism !("# · coinage !("#' !- 9-&1# $6&(4%,B-&&-9%1,"&-C,-'6%&,2(*+3(+% loan-word !(")' · foreignism !(""' · lending !(() · loan-form !%*&' !-#!, *('3&(2)T%1 denizened word !$$+ · denizen .".!+&+/. !%##'!%#) · hobson-jobsonism !%#) · replica !%$+' !-#!,#!, $&-<%44,-" nativization !%"* !-#!,#!" *-' alien !(()' · translation loan(-word) !%**' · loan- translation !%##' · calque !%#"' !-#!" &%B-&&-9%1,9-&1 reborrowing !%$#' !-#!"#!, (<')-*,-" reborrowing !%##' !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,34%,-",*%9, 9-&14#$6&(4%4 new-fashion !"&% · neological !"$)'!"") · neologous !(!& · neologismal !(#+ · neoteristic !("# · neologistic !%#$ !, <-)*%1 new-minted !$%('!"!# · new-coined !$%(' · made !+*"'!+(" · coined !((!' !,#!, (B2%,'-, B% coinable !(#% !" -",(,2-(*/9-&1a,(1($'%1,'-,*(')G%, 2(*+3(+% nativized !%## !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!'(%!)! % R4%#<-)*,*%9,9-&14#$6&(4%4 neologize !()+' · neoterize !("# !, <(2U3% calque !%$(' !"#!$#!.#!/#!- !(!')%!)! % A-)*,*%9,9-&1#$6&(4% coin !$(%' · feign !+*" · mint !+$%' · new-coin !"**'!(*) !, B-&&-9,"&-C,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% usurp !$#!'!+%*/. !($% · borrow !"*+' !,#!, *('3&(2)T% enfranchise !++('.".!")(...,+,! ,+I,,,.. · nativize !%"* !"#!$#!.#!/#!. !(!&%!)! % K%X)<-+&($6? dictionary-making !++(' · lexicography !+(*' · lexigraphy !(&(0#&'...,+,H)<'I,,,.. · dictionary-work !(("' !, 2%X)<-+&($6%& dictionarist !+!" · lexicographer !+$(' · dictionary-maker !"&"'!((& · word-catcher !"#$' · dictionary-writer !")& · lexicographist !(#)0)#' !" 2%X)<-+&($6)<(2,9&)')*+4 lexicographics !"!+ !- 1)<')-*(&? dictionary !$&+' · calepin !$+('!++& · world of words !$%('!+%+ · lexicon !+*#'!()( · thesaurus !"#+'!(+& !-#!, 4$%<)! ,<,1)<')-*(&)%4 alveary !$(* · gradus .".!"+)' · Webster !()#' · the/an unabridged !(+*'!(%) · O.E.D. !(%(' !-#!" 4$%<)! ,<, '?$%4,-",1)<')-*(&? interpreter !+*"'!+"& · etymologicon !+)$'!(+& · pronouncing dictionary !"+)'!($" · rhyming dictionary !""$' · idioticon !()&'!((# · collegiate !(%(...,+,.I,@C%&IW,(24-,H)<'I,,,.. · collegiate dictionary !(%('...,+,-&)+I, H)<'I,,,.. · desk dictionary !%)(' · learner’s dictionary !%)(' · reverse dictionary !%$)' !-#!- $(&'4,-",(, 1)<')-*(&?,%*'&? !-#!-#!, 6%(1/9-&1#/"-&C main word !((( · head-form !%+& · entry form !%+&' · head-word !%++' !-#!-#!" 2%CC( lemma !%$!' !-#!-#!"#!, (<', -",4-&')*+,)*'- lemmatisation !%+"' !-#!-#!- 2(B%2 label !%!!' !. G-<(B32(&?#<-22%<')-*,-",9-&14 vocabular !$#* · vocabulist !$#*,&- · vocabuler !$#*'!"*+ · vocabulary !$#&' · nomenclator !$($'!"*" · word- book !$%(' · verbal !$%%'!+&# · lexicon !+$+'!(&# · nomenclature !+$%'!")$ · vocabula !+%( · vocab !%** !.#!, -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 vocabulist !$)$/.!(** · nomenclator !+*%'!+&& !/ G-<(B32(&?,-",$&-$%&,*(C%4 onomasticon !"!*' !/#!, -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 onomastic !+*%'!"!+ !0 +2-44(&? glossary !)(#' !0#!, 4$%<)! ,< microglossary !%$$' !0#!" -*%,96-,<-C$)2%4 glossarist !"(&' !1 1)<')-*(&?,-",4?*-*?C4#(*'-*?C4 sylva !+"$ · synonymicon !(!# · thesaurus !(%('...,+,R;,,,.. !$ '6%4(3&34 thesaurus !($&' !$#!, 4$%<)! ,< Roget !%)*' !2 2)4',-",D%?/9-&14 word-index !%#"' · thesaurus !%$"' !2#!, <-*<-&1(*<% concordance !#("'!(+% · concordant !+&$ !2#!,#!, -*%,96-,9&)'%4 concordist !(!! · concordancer !((( ,! $6&(4%/B--D phrase-book !$%)' · phraseology !""+ !"#!$#!.#!/#!. !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2%X)<-+&($6? lexicographal !+($ · dictionarial !"$* · lexicographical !"%!' · lexicographian !(!$ · lexicographic !(!+'!()# · lexical !("#' · lexigraphical !(%$ !, $%&'()*)*+,'-, 4$%<)! ,<,1)<')-*(&? Websterian !(")' !" $%&'()*)*+,'-, (,2%CC( lemmatic !%$$' !- $%&'()*)*+,'-,(,+2-44(&? glossarial !(&!' !. $%&'()*)*+,'-,(,<-*<-&1(*<% concordantial !++*'.".!(*& !.#!, 4$%<)! ,< key-word-in- context !%$%' !"#!$#!*#!( !"#$"%!&%'(")*%!&%*'$$+,% n. adj. adv. v. vi. v. pass. vt. v. refl. v. impers. phr. int. conj. prep. !&%$

.".!(++' · pillow-word !(""' · nonce-word !(() · word- symbol
!%*)' · blessed word !%!*' · object word !%!)' · bogy-word !%!% · key-word !%&+' · fossil !%#!' · nursery word !%##' · four-letter word !%#)' · pseudo-word !%$!' · plus word !%$%' · non-word !%+!' !2 %U3)G(2%*', -",(,9-&1,)*,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% synonym !$%)/.!(*) ,! 9-&14,<-22%<')G%2?#G-<(B32(&? wordhord .12. · wordloca .12. · vocabulary !"(&' · wordage !(&%' · wordhoard !(+%' · wordlore !%*) · word-stock !%!!' · lexicon !%##' · lexis !%+*' · vocab !%"!' ,!#!, -",(,4$6%&%,-", (<')G)'? lexicon !+)"'!(#% ,!#!" -",(,U3(2)'?#"%%2)*+ vocabulary !""*' ,!#!- -",(,&%+)-*#4$%(D%& lexicon !%$)' ,!#!. C)*)C3C minimum vocabulary !%))'!%)" ,!#!/ 7(4)<,>*+2)46 Basic English !%&%' ,, 4)C)2(&# <-*"34(B2%,9-&14 homoeoteleft !+$& · word-pair !%#+' · confusables/confusibles !%"%' ,,#!, 4)C)2(&)'?, <(34)*+,C)4'(D%4,)*,<-$?)*+ homoeoteleuton !(+!' · homoeoarchy !((# · homoeotel !((# · homoeotopy ! ! !"#!$#!.#!/ !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2)*+3)4')<,3*)'4 !, 2%X%C)< lexemic !%$)' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!&%!)! % =-&1 clipung .12. · dæl .12. · word< word .12.' · vocable !$#*'!+#(/.!"(+' · diction !$)&'!+%" · whid !$+"'!(+!...,+,<(*',,,.. · vowel !$"('!+)( · accent !$%$' · phrase !$%"'!+%% · quatch .".!+#$/.!"(#'...,+,1)(2I,,,.. · mot .!.!+)$ · verb .".!"!+ · verbalism !"("' · monolog !%&%'!%)" · dicky-bird !%#&'...,+,42(*+,,,.. · dicky !%)#...,+,42(*+,,,.. · word-type !%+!' · lexical item !%+)' · lexon !%+)' !, 9&)''%* word< word .12.' !" 4$-D%* ideophone !((!'!%*% !- $&-$%&#($$&-$&)('%, 9-&1 the word !$%+' !. +6-4',9-&1 ghost word !((+' · ghost name !(%+ · ghost form !%## !/ 9-&1,9)'6,-*2?, -*%,&%<-&1%1,-<<3&&%*<% hapax legomenon !((&' · hapax !%+& !0 9-&1,%X$&%44)*+,$6&(4%#4%*'%*<% sentence- word !()(' · holophrasm !(+&'!%** · holophrase !(%%' · phrase-word !%##' · monorheme !%#"' !0#!, 34%,-" holophrasis !(+% !1 *-*4%*4%,9-&1 nonsense-name % , , m c l , ! B - p !"# v v v i ! m

Level 1 I The External World II The Mental World
III The Social World Level 2 26 major categories Level 3 354 categories 236,400 categories and subcategories in all

I: The External World 01. The world 01.01. The earth
01.02. Life 01.03. Physical sensibility 01.04. Matter 01.04.01. Alchemy 01.04.02. Chemistry 01.04.03. Properties of materials 01.04.04. Constitution of matter 01.04.05. Liquid 01.04.06. Gas 01.04.07. Physics 01.04.08. Light 01.04.09. Colour 01.04.09.07. Named colours 01.04.10. Condition of matter 01.05. Existence in time and space 01.06. Relative properties 01.07. The supernatural

.".!(++' · pillow-word !(""' · nonce-word !(() · word- symbol
!%*)' · blessed word !%!*' · object word !%!)' · bogy-word !%!% · key-word !%&+' · fossil !%#!' · nursery word !%##' · four-letter word !%#)' · pseudo-word !%$!' · plus word !%$%' · non-word !%+!' !2 %U3)G(2%*', -",(,9-&1,)*,(*-'6%&,2(*+3(+% synonym !$%)/.!(*) ,! 9-&14,<-22%<')G%2?#G-<(B32(&? wordhord .12. · wordloca .12. · vocabulary !"(&' · wordage !(&%' · wordhoard !(+%' · wordlore !%*) · word-stock !%!!' · lexicon !%##' · lexis !%+*' · vocab !%"!' ,!#!, -",(,4$6%&%,-", (<')G)'? lexicon !+)"'!(#% ,!#!" -",(,U3(2)'?#"%%2)*+ vocabulary !""*' ,!#!- -",(,&%+)-*#4$%(D%& lexicon !%$)' ,!#!. C)*)C3C minimum vocabulary !%))'!%)" ,!#!/ 7(4)<,>*+2)46 Basic English !%&%' ,, 4)C)2(&# <-*"34(B2%,9-&14 homoeoteleft !+$& · word-pair !%#+' · confusables/confusibles !%"%' ,,#!, 4)C)2(&)'?, <(34)*+,C)4'(D%4,)*,<-$?)*+ homoeoteleuton !(+!' · homoeoarchy !((# · homoeotel !((# · homoeotopy ! ! !"#!$#!.#!/ !(!"#$%!)! % J%&'()*)*+,'-,2)*+3)4')<,3*)'4 !, 2%X%C)< lexemic !%$)' !"#!$#!.#!/#!, !(!&%!)! % =-&1 clipung .12. · dæl .12. · word< word .12.' · vocable !$#*'!+#(/.!"(+' · diction !$)&'!+%" · whid !$+"'!(+!...,+,<(*',,,.. · vowel !$"('!+)( · accent !$%$' · phrase !$%"'!+%% · quatch .".!+#$/.!"(#'...,+,1)(2I,,,.. · mot .!.!+)$ · verb .".!"!+ · verbalism !"("' · monolog !%&%'!%)" · dicky-bird !%#&'...,+,42(*+,,,.. · dicky !%)#...,+,42(*+,,,.. · word-type !%+!' · lexical item !%+)' · lexon !%+)' !, 9&)''%* word< word .12.' !" 4$-D%* ideophone !((!'!%*% !- $&-$%&#($$&-$&)('%, 9-&1 the word !$%+' !. +6-4',9-&1 ghost word !((+' · ghost name !(%+ · ghost form !%## !/ 9-&1,9)'6,-*2?, -*%,&%<-&1%1,-<<3&&%*<% hapax legomenon !((&' · hapax !%+& !0 9-&1,%X$&%44)*+,$6&(4%#4%*'%*<% sentence- word !()(' · holophrasm !(+&'!%** · holophrase !(%%' · phrase-word !%##' · monorheme !%#"' !0#!, 34%,-" holophrasis !(+% !1 *-*4%*4%,9-&1 nonsense-name % , , m c l , ! B - p !"# v v v i ! m

wordhord OE wordloca OE vocabulary 1782– wordage 1829– wordhoard 1869–
wordlore 1904 word-stock 1911– lexicon 1933– lexis 1960– vocab 1971–

HT: 02.08.04.05 (Words and Phrases) 430 words

HT: 02.08.04 (Study of Language) 4652 words

4652 words HT: 02.08.04 (Study of Language)

18582 words HT: 02.08 (Language)

Modern English 469,470 words; those cited after 1860AD or marked
as ‘current’

Food and Drink Health and Disease The Body Biology People
Clothing Death Cleanliness Textiles (Other) Plants Action Space Physics Chemistry Movement Time The Earth Colour Properties of Materials The Supernatural Physical Sensibility Relative Properties Number Wholeness Quantity Mental Capacity Travel Leisure Work Authority Communication Armed Hostility Faith Society Dwelling Morality Education Emotion Language Possession Faculty of Will Philosophy Refusal and Denial Aesthetics Existence, Creation, Causation Constitution of Matter Animals Modern English 469,470 words; those cited after 1860AD or marked as ‘current’

Modern English 469,470 words; those cited after 1860AD or marked
as ‘current’

1320 words HT: 01.06.04.15 (Computing)

HT: 02.02.22|04 (Terms of endearment, n.)

Dozois, Gardner (1976). "Living the future: You are what you
eat!": “Well, after all, science fiction is pretty easy to write, isn't it? It's just a matter of using fancy names — just change the names, apply a thin layer of technologese and jargon, right? Say 'helicar' instead of car, 'helipad' instead of driveway, 'tri-vid' instead of television, 'feelies' (or 'smellies,' or 'grabbies') instead of movies. Better still, use the word 'space' as a prefix for everything: spacesuit, spacegun, spacehelmet, spacehouse, spacedog, spacecow. ... Right? Just change the names and you can write a confession-magazine love story, a cowboy story, a gothic, or a nurse novel, and sell it as science fiction. Right?”

Diana Gabaldon: Cross Stitch (1991)

Wild (early Medieval) Crude (early Medieval) Barbar (14th century) Civility
(15th century) The ‘Other’ (16th century)

Sydney Smith, Letter to Francis Jeﬀrey (Mar 1814): When shall
I see Scotland again? Never shall I forget the happy days I passed there amidst odious smells, barbarous sounds, bad suppers, excellent hearts, and most enlightened and cultivated understandings.

Sounding Ancient

Elaborate sentence structure “Enough of this tampering with time! Causality
is not to be treated so lightly!” Moros, Stargate Atlantis, ‘Before I Sleep’

Archaic language: thou/you confusion “Thou art notified that thy kind
have infiltrated the galaxy too far already. Thou art directed to return to thine own solar system immediately.” Q, Star Trek: The Next Generation, ‘Encounter at Farpoint’

Archaic/uncommon vocabulary Marvel’s Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., ‘Yes Men’ • Lady
Sif: ‘grave danger’, perished, wreak havoc, sorcery, ensnare, antiquated, amassing, abode, ‘No matter’, ‘To what end?’, forsook • Lorelei: safe passage, ‘How grand!’, ‘bested you’, fortunate, in concert with

Everything all together! Ichabod Crane, Sleepy Hollow, ‘Blood Moon’ •
“What’s insane is a ten per-cent levy on baked goods.” • “What I’m about to tell you I myself would once have dismissed as superstitious folly.” • “just perusing, thank you” • “Were you and Luke formerly betrothed?” • “What was the impetus of your disbandment?” • “you could rekindle the relationship” • “as I am in need of currency”

Computers and Meaning A problem we will solve in the
near future? A description of a major step towards the solution - a new Historical Thesaurus project Jean Anderson

Synonyms for ‘sword’ and words about swords, from Old English
to the present beaduleoma, beadumece, fela laf, fyres and feole laf, guþþbill, gusweord, gu_wine, hamera laf, heoru, heoruwæpen, hildebill, hildeleoma, hildemece, hilting, mece, secg, wæpen, wigbill, iron, edge, brand, sword, brandellet, gare, tool, brank, tranchefer, flatchet, morglay, smiter, toasting-iron, brandiron, toledo, spit-frog, spit, spurtle, bilbo, tilter, porker, degen, toaster, slasher, cheese-toaster, toasting-fork, windlestraw, brad sweord, bill, falchion, glaive, broadsword, foutch, fawching, Andrew, curtan, Ferrara, claymore, sumyter, scimitar, shamsheer, Turk, badelar, ataghan, yataghan, sable, shable, sabre, tulwar, sabre-bayonet, spado, spadroon, stock, tuck, Spanish sword, rapier, bird-spit, walking-rapier, walking-sword, single-rapier, flamberg, handseax, hupseax, hypeseax, þeohseax, wælseax, knife, sax, short-sword, whinyard, hanger, whinger, half-sword, estocade, wacadash, whinion, estoc, dah, kirpan, simi, curtelace, curtal-ax, cutlass, curtaxe, brackmard, bolo, slaugh-sword, slaughter-sword, long sword, katana, cattan, bum-blade, swinger, espadon, whanger, two-hander, navy, boarding-brand, sharp, small-sword, epée, bilbo-blade, bilbo brodenmæl, hringmæl, malswyrd, sceadenmæl, wægsweord, hæftmece, hiltsweord, basket, sheephead sword, Swiss sword, Caliburn, Morglay, Excalibur, Caliburno, byrnsweord, sigemece, beag, maþumsweord, staﬀ-sword, Jacob's staﬀ, tuck-cane, tuck- stick, sword-cane, tickler, sword-stick, vinegar stick, heading-sword, tonsword, fox, back-sword, sahagun, diego, kleywang, pedang, sundang, tachi, ecgþracu, quickness, hilt, port, grip, fetelhilt, pannier-hilt, basket-hilt, sheep-head hilt, sword-knot, scenn, cross, guard, ward, shell, bow, basket, second guard, cross-guard, cross-piece, hilt-guard, tsuba, knuckle-bow, quillon, sword-blade, damaskeen, ure, mameluke point, ecglast, edge, plat, talon, ricasso, fetel sweordfætels, sword-girdle, sword-belt, hanger, carriage, frog, girdle-hanger, cocer, lecg, sceaþ, stanfæt, wælgim, crampet, locket, locker, sputcheon, sword-case, sword-stand, falchion, cut-and-thrust, beaduscearp, ecgheard, feolheard, fyrheard, heardecg, heaþusceard, stiþecg, stylecg, styled, wigcræftig, tranchant, dyhtig, feeble, brogdenmæl, fyrmæl, grægmæl, hringmæl, scirmæled, wundenmæl, wyrmfah, gebunden, gescæned, fealohilte, goldhilted, gyldenhilt, heorubunden, wreoþenhilt, silver-hilted, basket-hilt, basket-hilted, cross-hilted, brass-hilted, brazen-hilted, hiltleas, crossless, guardless, anecge, twain-edged, tway-biting, tway-edged, two-heeled, three-edged, stylecg, scabbardless, chapeless, sheathless, gefetelsod, scurheard, styled, heaþusceard cross, guard, ward, shell, bow, basket

“The problem of understanding human speech and writing—the semantic interpretation
problem—is quite diﬀerent from the problem of software service interoperability. Semantic interpretation deals with imprecise, ambiguous natural languages, whereas service interoperability deals with making data precise enough that the programs operating on the data will function eﬀectively. Unfortunately, the fact that the word “semantic” appears in both “Semantic Web” and “semantic interpretation” means that the two problems have often been conflated, causing needless and endless consternation and confusion.” Alon Halevy, Peter Norvig, and Fernando Pereira, Google: www.computer.org/intelligent

Historical Thesaurus applications will enable us to: ‣ Search for
words and all the synonyms for an idea ‣ Mark every word in a text with a tag denoting its meaning ‣ Diﬀerentiate between homonyms (river bank/money bank/rely on it bank) ‣ Check that words in translations fit the semantic categories of the context ‣ Oﬀer provisional dating of texts by identifying the meaning of words in context ‣ Identify anachronistic terms in texts (the Time Machine)

The SAMUELS Project . Semantic Annotation and Mark-Up for Enhancing
Lexical Searches ‣ A system for automatically annotating words in texts with their precise meanings. ‣ It will disambiguate between possible meanings of words in context. ‣ Annotated texts can be searched for ideas, not just a pattern of letters. http://www.glasgow.ac.uk/samuels/

The SAMUELS Project Semantic Annotation and Mark-Up for Enhancing Lexical
Searches ‣ Programming is underway at the University of Lancaster’s University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language (UCREL). ‣ The UCREL Semantic Analysis System (USAS) is already capable of tagging texts with semantic labels based on a thesaurus which contains 275 categories. ‣ The Historical Thesaurus dataset is considerably larger at almost 275,000 categories – this allows us to make much finer-grained distinctions in word meanings.

The SAMUELS Project Semantic Annotation and Mark-Up for Enhancing Lexical
Searches ‣ SAMUELS will tag and investigate: ‣ Hansard Corpus ‣ (2.3 billion words; approximately every word uttered in Parliament over the past two hundred years) ‣ EEBO-TCP Corpus ‣ (40,000 Early Modern English texts; almost all the books and pamphlets published in English before 1700)

Three projects will use the SAMUELS system this year: ‣
Hansard and Parliament from Above The University of Glasgow will analyse parliamentary concerns over the past two centuries; ‣ Is There a Baron in the Commons? The University of Huddersfield will create an analysis of the representation of trade unions and their members in Hansard across the past hundred years; ‣ Delineating Aggression Across Genres (1473-1700) The University of Central Lancashire will focus on the concept of aggression to explore the nuances of shifting meanings in Early English Books Online.

Dr Marc Alexander University of Glasgow Jean Anderson University of
Glasgow Professor Dawn Archer University of Central Lancashire Dr Alistair Baron Lancaster University Professor Jonathan Hope University of Strathclyde Professor Lesley Jeﬀries University of Huddersfield Professor Christian Kay University of Glasgow Dr Paul Rayson Lancaster University Dr Brian Walker University of Huddersfield Brian Aitken University of Glasgow Dr Fraser Dallachy University of Glasgow Dr Scott Piao Lancaster University Professor Mark Davies Brigham Young University Professor Anthony Johnson Åbo Akademi University Ilkka Juuso University of Oulu Professor Tapio Seppänen University of Oulu

Voyager and voyaging feþegest, ofergenga, sæwicing, wegferend, pilgrim, passager, traveller,
walker, passenger, voyager, viator, farer, journeyer, viadant, way-man, thwarter, migrant, inside, mover, starter, itinerarian, trekker, travelleress, gegenga, weggesi_a, samenfere, way-fere, lodes-mate, fellow-traveller, way-mate, synodite, escort, compagnon de voyage, travelling companion, comitive, convoy, caravan, outfit, safari/sefari, convoy, cafila, caravan, caravanner, trekkie, caravan, wanderluster, poster, galloper, popper, overnighter, bird of passage, transient, passage-migrant, overlander, overlander, coaster, iceman, wayfaring man, waygoer, wayferer, wayfarer, throughfarer, roadster, pathfarer, roadman, road-farer, round-tripper, ubiquarian, far traveller, far- goer, far-farer, globe-trotter, trekker, globe-trotteress, circulator, encompasser, trans-atlantician, traveller, peregrine, pilgrim, pelerin, pilgrimer, pilgrimager, pilgrimess, venturer, outloper, Ulysses, expeditioner, expeditionist, finder, Columbus, explorer, pioneer, path-finder, explorator, path-cleaner, trail-blazer, trail- hound, path-finding, exploratress, arctician, excursioner, trippist, tripper, excursionist, tourist, tourer, sight- seer, lionizer, comer about, resorter, comer by, repairer, visitant, visitor, visiter, stroller, summer resorter, overner, nose-bag, nose-bagger, progressor, passer, by-passer, passer-by, pass-by, passant, passage, repasser, repassage, passage and repassage, repassing, pass and repass, flux, pour, flood, processioner, processionist, parader, procession, traverser, crosser, commuter, shuttler, perambulator, circulator, scourer, circuitor, road patrol, travelling, cursory, peregrinating, passant, journeying, trekking, wending, inside, viaggiatory, wanderlusting, journey-proud, sy_gearu, roadworthy, loose-footed, transient, fly-by-night, overlanding, weyfering, wayfaring, road-faring, short-cutting, commuting, felageonge, forliden, geli_en, travel(l)ed, journeyed, well-travelled, traced, widferende, widlast, far-come, room-ridden, far-went, far- travelled, peregrine, pilgrimag, pilgrimatical, pilgrimatic, by-travelling, withgone, repassing, streaming, processional, jaunting, trippery, tripperish, touring, Cook's-tourist, summer, grockle, perambulating, in transitu, repass, pass and repass, beat a path/track, pilgrimize, ypass

Call our Bluﬀ!

slappaty-pouch

mulligrubs

fray-boggard

huggin

pollywog/ pollywiggle

galimatias

knuckylbonyard

scobberlotcher

spanghew

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