and Far East J. Murali Krishnan Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras [email protected] ISAP/AAPT International Forum at AAPT - 2016 J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 1 / 34
2 Bitumen Specification Systems and Production Process 3 Challenges and Way Forward J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 7 / 34
and C Different grades for different climate PI, Viscosity at 60◦C, Ductility at 10◦C optional WMA in a big way - Mostly surfactant based technology SBS modification mainly for modified binders J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 8 / 34
– 1938, 1956, 1967 - Pen at 25◦C 1967 - Introduction of TFOT and Viscosity at 70 and 135◦C Second revision - AS2008 – 1977 : Viscosity at 60 ◦C based specification Limits on viscosity at 135◦C Pen at 15◦C, 200 g, 60 s Third revision - AS2008 – 1997: Pen back to 25◦C, 100 g, 5 s; Viscosity at 60 and 135◦C capped J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 9 / 34
Rheology Wide range of temperature susceptibility and chemical composition in overseas bitumen (imported after 1990’s) APT110/08, 2008 J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 11 / 34
of penetration based specification - 25◦C is close to the average pavement surface temperature TNZ M/1: 1995 followed by TNZ M/1: 2007 A 70◦C viscosity requirement those days!!! J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 12 / 34
Method 40/50 grade produced initially by blending 180/200 bitumen 1:1 with BDA - New route bitumen Final 40/50 grade produced by blending blown 40/50 with NR bitumen J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 13 / 34
- NZ experience Structure vs. Phase Angle Holleran et al. ARRB, 2012 J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 14 / 34
- NZ experience Heavy vs. Light crude and performance Holleran et al. ARRB, 2012 J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 15 / 34
and Blending Air blowing (Biturox) and component blending (PDA) Arab mix, Basrah light, Upper Zakum - Mixed crudes Same PEN grade, different PG - Depends on process and crude source J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 16 / 34
Specification IS73, 1950: Specification for asphaltic bitumen and fluxed native asphalt for road making purpose 5 grades: S35, S45, S65, S90 and S200 IS73, 1961 : Fluxed native asphalt grades deleted IS73, 1992 Type 1 – Non-waxy crude – 6 grades – Penetration Type 2 – Waxy crude - 4 grades IS73, 2006 : First viscosity based specification 4 grades – VG10, VG20, VG30 and VG40 – Bounds for penetration and min. values for viscosity IS73, 2012 : First extensive database collection - 300 samples Bounds for viscosity with min. values for penetration IS73, 2017 : Data is currently being collected - Refineries have expressed difficulties due to indigenous crudes!!! J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 17 / 34
Mostly driven by Pen and Vis. requirement Either Vis. or Pen is capped!!! J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 21 / 34
not certify PG (to large extent) Lack of knowledge of road authorities New set of equipments?? Can PG discriminate modified binders? Indirect PG!!! AP-T113/08, 2008 J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 22 / 34
Specification Systems and Production Process 3 Challenges and Way Forward J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 23 / 34
Modification process - What is the role of crude source and processing method? LAOS? Are the binder correctly characterized? Normal forces during shear?? A temperature sensitivity based specification system!!! J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 24 / 34
on Modified Binders Clear difference in micro-structure for blended and air blown bitumen - Rubber modified binder Divya et al. 2013 J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 25 / 34
Lag between peak normal force and strain? One more lag!!! Padmarekha et al. 2013 J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 27 / 34
al. 2012 Different relaxation time for torque and normal force Clear demarcation between unaged/aged and unmodified/modified binders J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 28 / 34
et al. 2015 Non-linear viscoelastic model simulated for steady shear Draft AASHTO protocol!! J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 31 / 34
source/processing method data in binder models - AFT? Heithaus? LAOS, Sophisticated non–linear models and binder simulations! Wide range of temperature, substantial kilometers of pending road construction in Asia - A rich testing ground! J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 32 / 34
Visit IIT Madras for the 71st Annual RILEM Week & International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems (ICACMS 2017). Sep. 2–7, 2017 at Chennai, India http://www.concrete2017.org J. Murali Krishnan (IIT Madras) Bitumen - India and Far East Mar. 14, 2016 33 / 34
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