Minimum Viable Infrastructure

I'm building Convox, an open-source platform that expertly configures AWS to run and manage any application. In doing this I have discovered a minimal set of 11 cloud infrastructure services that form an architecture that supports any application.

Here I'll introduce the 11 service types that support our secure computing, application workload, and operational needs. I'll show how these services are used together to manage a secure computing cluster that can build Docker images for an app, roll out new images to production with zero downtime, and scale to handle any load.

Finally we'll look at the cloud computing landscape to see how all the cloud providers and software projects compare with offering these 11 service types.

Transcript

1. Minimum Viable
   Infrastructure
   Noah Zoschke
   noah@convox.com
   @nzoschke
   LA DevOps
   09-26-2016
   

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2. Goal
   • Take a web app
   • Run it in the cloud forever
   • Sleep well every night
   10000 Year Clock from http://www.mawer.com/insights/articles/the-10000-year-clock/
   

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3. Strategy
   • Developer provides app code
   and manifest
   • Community develops
   strategy and architecture to
   run it
   • Providers operate cloud
   services to support it
   • Software automates setup,
   monitoring and maintenance
   Leroy Buffington skyscraper (1888) from http://patentroom.com/architecture
   

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4. Single Node Architecture
   Well Understood
   Secure Compute
   • CPU
   • Memory
   • Network
   • Crypto
   ┌────────────────────────┐
   ┌──┤ HAProxy ├─┐
   │┌─┤ Load Balancer ├┐│
   ││ └────────────────────────┘││
   ││ ┌──────┐┌──────┐┌──────┐ ││
   ││ │apache││ php ││python│ ││
   ││ └──────┘└──────┘└──────┘ ││
   ││ iptables ││
   ││ Network Security ││
   │└───────────────────────────┘│
   │┌───────┐┌────────┐┌────────┐│
   ││syslogd││collectd││Postgres││
   ││ Log ││ Metric ││Database││
   │└───────┘└────────┘└────────┘│
   │┌───────────────────────────┐│
   ││ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ││
   ││ │ key.pem │ │ /var/ │ ││
   ││ │ Crypto │ │ Data │ ││
   ││ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ ││
   ││ ext4 ││
   ││ File System ││
   │└───────────────────────────┘│
   │ Ubuntu OS │
   └─────────────────────────────┘
   ┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐
   │CPU││RAM││ETH││SSD│
   └───┘└───┘└───┘└───┘
   App Workload
   • Package
   • Config
   • Data
   • Proxy
   Visibility
   • Logs
   • Metrics
   • Events
   

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5. Single Node Challenges
   Well Understood
   • OS and Software Versions
   • Single Point of Failure
   • Coarse Scaling
   • Constant Pricing
   ┌────────────────────────┐
   ┌──┤ HAProxy ├─┐
   │┌─┤ Load Balancer ├┐│
   ││ └────────────────────────┘││
   ││ ┌──────┐┌──────┐┌──────┐ ││
   ││ │apache││ php ││python│ ││
   ││ └──────┘└──────┘└──────┘ ││
   ││ iptables ││
   ││ Network Security ││
   │└───────────────────────────┘│
   │┌───────┐┌────────┐┌────────┐│
   ││syslogd││collectd││Postgres││
   ││ Log ││ Metric ││Database││
   │└───────┘└────────┘└────────┘│
   │┌───────────────────────────┐│
   ││ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ││
   ││ │ key.pem │ │ /var/ │ ││
   ││ │ Crypto │ │ Data │ ││
   ││ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ ││
   ││ ext4 ││
   ││ File System ││
   │└───────────────────────────┘│
   │ Ubuntu OS │
   └─────────────────────────────┘
   ┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐
   │CPU││RAM││ETH││SSD│
   └───┘└───┘└───┘└───┘
   

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6. Service Oriented Architecture
   Evolving Best Practices
   Secure Compute
   • CPU/Memory → VM
   • Network → VPC
   • Crypto → Crypto
   App Workload
   • Package → Image, Container
   • Config → Crypto, Blob
   • Data → Database
   • Proxy → Load Balancer
   Visibility
   • Logs → Logs
   • Metrics → Metrics
   • Events → KV, Blob
   

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7. Minimum Viable Infrastructure
   Simple Monolith → Simple SOA
   ┌────────────────────────┐
   ┌──┤ HAProxy ├─┐
   │┌─┤ Load Balancer ├┐│
   ││ └────────────────────────┘││
   ││ ┌──────┐┌──────┐┌──────┐ ││
   ││ │apache││apache││python│ ││
   ││ └──────┘└──────┘└──────┘ ││
   ││ iptables ││
   ││ Network Security ││
   │└───────────────────────────┘│
   │┌───────┐┌────────┐┌────────┐│
   ││syslogd││collectd││Postgres││
   ││ Log ││ Metric ││Database││
   │└───────┘└────────┘└────────┘│
   │┌───────────────────────────┐│
   ││ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ││
   ││ │ key.pem │ │ /var/ │ ││
   ││ │ Crypto │ │ Data │ ││
   ││ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ ││
   ││ ext4 ││
   ││ File System ││
   │└───────────────────────────┘│
   │ Linux OS │
   └─────────────────────────────┘
   ┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐┌───┐
   │CPU││RAM││ETH││SSD│
   └───┘└───┘└───┘└───┘
   ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
   ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
   │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
   │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
   ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
   │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
   ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
   ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
   │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
   │ ┌────────┐ │
   │ │Database│ │
   │ └────────┘ │
   │ VPC │
   └──────────────────────────────────────┘
   ┌──────┐┌─────┐┌───┐┌──────┐┌──┐┌────┐
   │Crypto││Image││Log││Metric││KV││Blob│
   └──────┘└─────┘└───┘└──────┘└──┘└────┘
   

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8. SOA Advantages
   Somewhat Understood
   • Service Level Agreements
   • Versioned APIs
   • Independent Scaling
   • Utility Pricing
   ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
   ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
   │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
   │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
   ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
   │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
   ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
   ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
   │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
   │ ┌────────┐ │
   │ │Database│ │
   │ └────────┘ │
   │ VPC │
   └──────────────────────────────────────┘
   ┌──────┐┌─────┐┌───┐┌──────┐┌──┐┌────┐
   │Crypto││Image││Log││Metric││KV││Blob│
   └──────┘└─────┘└───┘└──────┘└──┘└────┘
   

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9. SOA Challenges
   Somewhat Understood
   • Competing providers, services
   and software solutions
   • Configuration
   • Customization
   • Impedance Mismatch
   ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
   ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
   │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
   │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
   ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
   │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
   ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
   ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
   │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
   │ ┌────────┐ │
   │ │Database│ │
   │ └────────┘ │
   │ VPC │
   └──────────────────────────────────────┘
   ┌──────┐┌─────┐┌───┐┌──────┐┌──┐┌────┐
   │Crypto││Image││Log││Metric││KV││Blob│
   └──────┘└─────┘└───┘└──────┘└──┘└────┘
   

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10. Virtual Machine (VM)
    Secure Compute
    A Virtual Machine (VM)
    service provides CPU,
    Memory, Networking and a
    server Operating System.
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
    ┃ ┃
    ┃ ┃
    ┃ ┃
    ┃ VM ┃
    ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
    

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11. Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
    Secure Compute
    A Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
    service provides private
    networking.
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
    ┃ ┃
    ┃ ┃
    ┃ ┌─────────────────┐ ┃
    ┃ │ │ ┃
    ┃ │ │ ┃
    ┃ │ │ ┃
    ┃ │ VM │ ┃
    ┃ └─────────────────┘ ┃
    ┃ ┃
    ┃ ┃
    ┃ VPC ┃
    ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛
    

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12. Cryptography
    Secure Compute
    A Cryptography (Crypto)
    service provides a way to
    create, import and rotate an
    unguessable key for
    encrypting data, and
    provides a way to get and
    audit access to the key for
    decrypting data.
    ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
    │ │
    │ │
    │ ┌─────────────────┐ │
    │ │ │ │
    │ │ │ │
    │ │ │ │
    │ │ VM │ │
    │ └─────────────────┘ │
    │ │
    │ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┏━━━━━━┓
    ┃Crypto┃
    ┗━━━━━━┛
    

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13. Image
    App Workload
    An Image service provides a
    private place to push, store
    and pull binary application
    and dependency data.
    ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
    │ │
    │ │
    │ ┌─────────────────┐ │
    │ │ │ │
    │ │ │ │
    │ │ │ │
    │ │ VM │ │
    │ └─────────────────┘ │
    │ │
    │ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┏━━━━━┓
    │Crypto│┃Image┃
    └──────┘┗━━━━━┛
    

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14. Container
    App Workload
    A Container service provides
    a way to run many
    specialized process types,
    defined by Images and
    commands, on fewer
    homogeneous VMs.
    ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
    │ │
    │ │
    │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
    ││┏━━━━━┓┏━━━━━━━━┓││ ┏━━━━━┓ ││
    ││┃web 1┃┃worker 1┃││ ┃web 2┃ ││
    ││┗━━━━━┛┗━━━━━━━━┛││ ┗━━━━━┛ ││
    ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
    │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
    │ │
    │ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┌─────┐
    │Crypto││Image│
    └──────┘└─────┘
    

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15. Load Balancer
    App Workload
    A Load Balancer service
    provides a single, stable
    hostname that accepts
    network requests and
    proxies them to one or more
    healthy Containers.
    ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
    ┌┫ Load Balancer ┣┐
    │┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛│
    │ │
    │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
    ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
    │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
    ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
    ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
    │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
    │ │
    │ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┌─────┐
    │Crypto││Image│
    └──────┘└─────┘
    

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16. Database
    App Workload
    A Database service provides
    a single network hostname
    that is used to save, update
    and delete application data
    records concurrently by one
    or more Containers.
    ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
    ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
    │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
    │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
    ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
    │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
    ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
    ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
    │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
    │ ┏━━━━━━━━┓ │
    │ ┃Database┃ │
    │ ┗━━━━━━━━┛ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┌─────┐
    │Crypto││Image│
    └──────┘└─────┘
    

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17. Log
    Visibility
    A Log service provides a
    place to send ordered text
    from app Containers’ stdout
    and stderr streams, so all the
    application events can be
    tailed in real-time and
    searched later.
    ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
    ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
    │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
    │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
    ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
    │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
    ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
    ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
    │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
    │ ┌────────┐ │
    │ │Database│ │
    │ └────────┘ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┌─────┐┏━━━┓
    │Crypto││Image│┃Log┃
    └──────┘└─────┘┗━━━┛
    

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18. Metric
    Visibility
    A Metric service provides a
    place to save numerical data
    from apps and underlying
    cloud services so
    operational properties of the
    entire system can be
    aggregated, analyzed and
    graphed in real-time and
    reviewed later.
    ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
    ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
    │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
    │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
    ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
    │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
    ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
    ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
    │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
    │ ┌────────┐ │
    │ │Database│ │
    │ └────────┘ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┌─────┐┌───┐┏━━━━━━┓
    │Crypto││Image││Log│┃Metric┃
    └──────┘└─────┘└───┘┗━━━━━━┛
    

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19. Key-Value (KV)
    Visibility
    A Key-Value (KV) service
    provides a way to save small
    amounts of structured data in
    a highly-available (HA)
    fashion while still being easy
    to query for reporting
    purposes.
    ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
    ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
    │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
    │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
    ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
    │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
    ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
    ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
    │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
    │ ┌────────┐ │
    │ │Database│ │
    │ └────────┘ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┌─────┐┌───┐┌──────┐┏━━┓
    │Crypto││Image││Log││Metric│┃KV┃
    └──────┘└─────┘└───┘└──────┘┗━━┛
    

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20. Blob
    Visibility
    A Blob service provides a
    way to save and retrieve
    large amounts unstructured
    data in a HA fashion.
    ┌────────────────────────────────────┐
    ┌┤ Load Balancer ├┐
    │└────────────────────────────────────┘│
    │┌─────────────────┐┌─────────────────┐│
    ││┌─────┐┌────────┐││ ┌─────┐ ││
    │││web 1││worker 1│││ │web 2│ ││
    ││└─────┘└────────┘││ └─────┘ ││
    ││ VM 1 ││ VM 2 ││
    │└─────────────────┘└─────────────────┘│
    │ ┌────────┐ │
    │ │Database│ │
    │ └────────┘ │
    │ VPC │
    └──────────────────────────────────────┘
    ┌──────┐┌─────┐┌───┐┌──────┐┌──┐┏━━━━┓
    │Crypto││Image││Log││Metric││KV│┃Blob┃
    └──────┘└─────┘└───┘└──────┘└──┘┗━━━━┛
    

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21. MVI Apps
    

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22. Rails App
    Production Grade
    ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┐
    web:
    │ build: . │
    labels:
    │ - convox.port.443.protocol=tls │
    - convox.port.443.proxy=true
    │ links: │
    - db ┌───────────────────┐
    │ - redis │ │ TLS Load Balancer │
    ports: ┌┤https + websockets ├┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐
    │ - 80:4000 │ │└────────┬─┬────────┘│ │┌───────┐│ │┌───────┐│
    - 443:4001 │ ┌─────┐ │ │ ┌─────┐ │ ││ rake ││ ││ rake ││
    │ │ ┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ │ │nginx│ │ │ │nginx│ │ ││resque ││ ││resque ││
    worker: Rails Image │ │ └─────┘ │ │ └─────┘ │ │└───────┘│ │└───────┘│
    │ build: . │ │ │ ┌─────┐ │ │ ┌─────┐ │ │ worker │ │ worker │
    command: rake resque work ──────▶ Ubuntu 16.04 OS │──────▶│ │ruby │ │ │ │ruby │ │ │Container│ │Container│
    │ │ │ pg, redis gems │ │puma │ │ │ │puma │ │ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
    db: + code │ │ └─────┘ │ │ └─────┘ │ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐
    │ image: convox/postgres │ └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ │ web │ │ web │ │┌───────┐│ │┌───────┐│
    labels: │Container│ │Container│ ││ rake ││ ││ rake ││
    │ - convox.health.timeout=60 │ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ ││resque ││ ││resque ││
    ports: ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ │└───────┘│ │└───────┘│
    │ - 5432 │ │Postgres │ │ Redis │ │ worker │ │ worker │
    volumes: │Database │ │Database │ │Container│ │Container│
    │ - /var/lib/postgresql/data │ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
    │redis: │
    image: convox/redis
    │ ports: │
    - 6433
    └ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┘
    

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23. Challenges
    • Containers, Images, Load balancers and data services only
    • Just like Heroku / Twelve-Factor, but more ports and
    protocols
    • Constraints are good
    • Orchestration
    • Rolling deploys
    • Health Checks
    • Resilience is good
    

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24. MVI Systems
    

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25. Build System
    API docker build
    Load Balancer Blob KV Container daemon Container Image
    ┌┐ ┌┐ ┌┐ ┌┐ ┌┐ ┌┐ ┌┐
    POST code ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ──────────────▶││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ PUT obj ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││──────────────▶││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ PUT item ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││───────────────┼┼──────────────▶││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ RUN container ││ ││ ││ RUN container ││ ││ ││
    ││───────────────┼┼───────────────┼┼──────────────▶││─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ▶││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    GET logs ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ──────────────▶││─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─│┼ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┼│─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─│┼ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─▶││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ GET obj ││ ││
    ││ ││◀──────────────┼┼───────────────┼┼───────────────┼┼───────────────││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ BUILD ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││◀──────────────││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ TAG ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││◀──────────────││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ PUSH ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││◀──────────────││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─│┼ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─▶││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ UPDATE item ││ ││
    ││ ││ ││◀──────────────┼┼───────────────┼┼───────────────││ ││
    ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    GET result ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    ──────────────▶││─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─│┼ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─▶││ ││ ││ ││ ││
    └┘ └┘ └┘ └┘ └┘ └┘ └┘
    

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26. MVI Landscape
    

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27. IaaS Providers
    Amazon Google Microsoft
    VM EC2 Google Compute Engine Azure Virtual Machines
    VPC VPC GCE Firewall Rules Azure Virtual Network
    Crypto KMS Azure Key Vault
    Image ECR GCE Registry
    Container ECS Google Container Engine
    (Kubernetes)
    Azure Container Service
    (DC/OS or Swarm)
    Load Balancer ELB Google Cloud Load Balancing Azure Load Balancer
    Database RDS Google Cloud SQL Azure SQL
    Log CloudWatch Logs Stackdriver Logging Azure Log Analytics
    Metric CloudWatch Metrics Stackdriver Monitoring Azure Monitor
    KV DynamoDB Google Cloud Bigtable Azure Tables Storage
    Blob S3 Google Cloud Storage Azure Blob Storage
    https://cloud.google.com/docs/compare/aws/
    https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/
    

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28. Service Providers
    VM VPC Crypto Image Container LB DB Log Metric KV Blob
    Digital Ocean Heroku CloudFlare
    Heroku
    Postgres
    Sumo logic MongoLab
    Rackspace
    Cloud Files
    Linode CircleCI Compose Loggly DataDog Compose
    Rackspace Docker Hub Papertrail Newrelic
    Quay Librato
    

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29. Software Projects
    VM VPC Crypto Image Container LB DB Log Metric KV Blob
    KVM OpenStack Vault
    Docker
    Distribution
    Docker
    Swarm
    HAProxy Postgres
    Elastic
    Search
    RRD Redis minio
    Xen Knox GitLab Kubernetes nginx MySQL Splunk Graphite MongoDB
    VMWare Jenkins Mesos Prometheus Cassandra
    VirtualBox Nomad CouchDB
    

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30. MVI Open Questions
    • Future additions or simplifications?
    • Three database types?
    • Shared File System
    • Lambda
    • Anti-patterns?
    • Service discovery
    • Overlay networking
    • Naming Things
    • What knobs and gauges?
    

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31. MVI Key Takeaways
    • We can support any app or system with 11 component SOA
    • Building with MVI services has advantages:
    • Off-the-shelf components
    • Privacy
    • Reliability
    • Scale
    • Time to first deploy
    • Total cost of ownership
    

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32. Thanks!
    • Feedback and questions to @nzoschke
    • See MVI in action
    • https://github.com/convox/rack
    • https://github.com/nzoschke/mvi
    

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