Ruth Ahnert and Sebastian Ahnert: Tudor Letter Networks

Transcript

1. Tudor Letter Networks: The Case for Quantitative Network Analysis Ruth Ahnert, School of English and Drama, Queen Mary, University of London Sebastian Ahnert, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge
2. Sources • Manuscript letters in British Library and Emmanuel College Library • Printed letters in John Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’ (1563) and Henry Bull’s ‘Letters of the Martyrs’ (1564)
3. Metadata • From and to • Date • Location of both parties • Commendations and reported contacts
4. 1: letter link (sender and recipient) A ➔ B 2: requested link (commendation: sender and person to whom commended) A ➔ C 3: implied link (letter recipient to the commendee) B ➔ C 4: reported link (I talked to X; or X talked to Y) 5: messenger link A ➔ messenger ➔ B 6: link to places (locations of sender, recipients and any commendees if known) 7: spousal links 8: sibling links
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8. “Betweenness”: For any two nodes in a network, there is a shortest path. Betweenness tells us how many times shortest paths go through a given node. It tells us how central they are to the network’s organisation or, more simply put, how important they are in connecting other people.
9. Social betweenness, top 20: 1. John Bradford 11. George Marsh 2. John Careless 12. 3. John Hooper 13. 4. John Philpot 14. 5. Laurence Saunders 15. 6. Nicholas Ridley 16. Rowland Taylor 7. Robert Smith 17. 8. William Tyms 18. Thomas Hawkes 9. Bartlett Green 19. Robert Glover 10. 20. Thomas Whittle
10. Social betweenness, top 20: 1. John Bradford 11. George Marsh 2. John Careless 12. 3. John Hooper 13. 4. John Philpot 14. 5. Laurence Saunders 15. Henry Hart 6. Nicholas Ridley 16. Rowland Taylor 7. Robert Smith 17. 8. William Tyms 18. Thomas Hawkes 9. Bartlett Green 19. Robert Glover 10. 20. Thomas Whittle
11. Social betweenness, top 20: 1. John Bradford 11. George Marsh 2. John Careless 12. Barthram Calthorpe 3. John Hooper 13. Boyer 4. John Philpot 14. 5. Laurence Saunders 15. Henry Hart 6. Nicholas Ridley 16. Rowland Taylor 7. Robert Smith 17. 8. William Tyms 18. Thomas Hawkes 9. Bartlett Green 19. Robert Glover 10. Anne Smith 20. Thomas Whittle
12. From Bartlett Green to Calthorpe, Boyer and others Maister Fletewode, I besech you remember wittrance and Cooke, two singular men amongest cōmō prysoners. Maister Fernham & maister Bel wt M. Hussey (as I hope) wil dispatche Palmer & Richardson with his companions. I pray you M. Calthorp think on Iohn Groue, an honeste poore man, Traiford, and Rice Aprice his accomplices. My Cosin Thomas Wittō (a scriuener in Lōberdstrete) hathe promised to further theyr deliuery: at the least he can instructe you which way to work. I doubt not but þt maister Boyer wil labor for the good wife Cooper (for she is worthy to be holpen) & Berard þe French man.There be also diuers other well disposed men, whose deliuerance if ye wil not labor for: yet I hūbly besech you to seke theyr reliefe as you shal se cause, namely of Henrye Aprice, Launose Lot, Hobbes, Lother, Homes, Carre, & Bockingham, a yong man of goodly gifts in wit & lerning, & (sauing þt he is somwhat wild) likely to do well hereafter. There be also two women, Coningham, & Alice Alexander that may proue honest. For these & all other poore prisoners here I make this my hūble suit & praier to you al my masters & especial good frends,
13. Social betweenness, top 20: 1. John Bradford 11. George Marsh 2. John Careless 12. Barthram Calthorpe 3. John Hooper 13. Boyer 4. John Philpot 14. Augustine Bernher 5. Laurence Saunders 15. Henry Hart 6. Nicholas Ridley 16. Rowland Taylor 7. Robert Smith 17. 8. William Tyms 18. Thomas Hawkes 9. Bartlett Green 19. Robert Glover 10. Anne Smith 20. Thomas Whittle
14. Letter betweenness, top 20: 1. John Bradford 11. Lawrence Saunders 2. John Careless 12. Rowland Taylor 3. John Hooper 13. John Jackson 4. John Philpot 14. Thomas Whittle 5. Nicholas Ridley 15. Nicholas Sheterden 6. Bartlett Green 16. Richard Gibson 7. Henry Hart 17. John Tudson 8. James Bradshaw 18. Augustine Bernher 9. George Marsh 19. Thomas Cranmer 10. William Tyms 20. Stephen Gratwick
15. Social eigenvector centrality top 20: 1. Bradford 11. Cranmer 2. Careless 12 Latimer 3. Hooper 13. William Punt 4. Philpot 14. Taylor 5. Ridley 15. Joan Wilkinson 6. Margery Cooke 16. Ferrar 7. Saunders 17. Robert Harrington 8. Bernher 18. Anne Warcup 9. Joyce Hales 19. Lucy Harrington 10. William Tyms 20. Robert Cole
16. Letter eigenvector centrality top 20: 1. Bradford 11. Bernher 2. Philpot 12. Margery Cooke 3. Ridley 13. Robert Harrington 4. Hooper 14. Rowland Taylor 5. Careless 15. Robert Ferrar 6. Saunders 16. Catherine Hall 7. Cranmer 17. Joyce Hales 8. Latimer 18. John Jackson 9. Joan Wilkinson 19. Elizabeth Fane 10. William Punt 20. Anne Warcup
18. Predictions 5 thresholds (high/low): • Social betweenness • Social eigenvector centrality • Letter degree (no. different senders/recipients) • Letter strength (total no. letters sent/received) • Non-letter social degree
19. Categories • 3 levels of ‘leaders’ • 3 levels of ‘network sustainers’ • Peripheral figures
21. • Gale Document Number: MC4304000180 • Copyright: Crown copyright • Language: English • Document Ref.: SP 11/4 f.68 • Author: Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon • Reign: Philip and Mary I • Entry Number: 168 • Date: May 8 1555 • Recipient: James Bassett • Page Number: 93
22. King Edward VI • Total degree: 14 (4th in ranking) • In-degree: 3 (8) • Out-degree: 11 (1) • Total strength: 17 (7) • In-strength: 3 (12) • Out-strength: 14 (5) • Betweenness: 0.0144041041831 (3) • Eigenvector centrality: 0.354717377408 (3)
23. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector Total degree: 35 (2) In-degree: 24 (2) Out-degree: 11 (1) Total strength: 54 (3) In-strength: 35 (2) Out-strength: 19 (2) Betweenness: 0.0419828789995 (1) Eigenvector centrality: 0.395479405406 (1) John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland Total degree: 14 (4) In-degree: 4 (7) Out-degree: 10 (3) Total strength: 80 (2) In-strength: 4 (9) Out-strength: 76 (1) Betweenness: 0.00867686641167 (4) Eigenvector centrality: 0.389934512597 (2) Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley Total degree: 16 (3) In-degree: 7 (4) Out-degree: 9 (4) Total strength: 27 (4) In-strength: 11 (4) Out-strength: 16 (4) Betweenness: 0.0145811830895 (2) Eigenvector centrality: 0.141690415182 (11)
24. William Cecil, later Lord Burghley • Total degree: 89 (1) • In-degree: 88 (1) • Out-degree: 1 (23) • Total strength: 235 (1) • In-strength: 234 (1) • Out-strength: 1 (51) • Betweenness: 0.00388561714529 (8) • Eigenvector centrality: 0.0 (45)
25. 1. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector 2. Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley 3. King Edward VI 4. John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 5. Sir Thomas Smith 6. Cardinal Reginald Pole 7. William Paget 8. William Cecil 9. Princess Mary 10. William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke 11. Nicholas Ridley 12. Richard Rich 13. Lady Jane Grey 14. William Parr, Marquess of Northampton 15. John Russell, Earl of Bedford 16. Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk 17. Sir William Petre 18. William May 19. Dr William Turner, Dean of Wells 20. Sir Edward North 21. Sir William Woodhouse Non-zero betweenness, Edward VI’s reign
27. 1. Edward Seymour 2. Thomas Seymour 3. King Edward VI 4. John Dudley 5. Sir Thomas Smith 6. Cardinal Reginald Pole 7. William Paget 8. William Cecil 9. Queen Mary I 10. William Herbert 11. Nicholas Ridley 12. Richard Rich 13. Lady Jane Grey 14. William Parr 15. John Russell 16. Henry Grey 17. Sir William Petre 18. William May 19. Dr William Turner 20. Sir Edward North 21. Sir William Woodhouse
28. 1. Edward Seymour 2. Thomas Seymour 3. King Edward VI 4. John Dudley 5. Sir Thomas Smith DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 6. Cardinal Reginald Pole 7. William Paget DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 8. William Cecil DOWN ➔ 19 9. Queen Mary I 10. William Herbert DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 11. Nicholas Ridley 12. Richard Rich DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 13. Lady Jane Grey 14. William Parr UNRANKED 15. John Russell DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 16. Henry Grey 17. Sir William Petre 18. William May UNRANKED 19. Dr William Turner UNRANKED 20. Sir Edward North UNRANKED 21. Sir William Woodhouse DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness)
29. 1. Edward Seymour 2. Thomas Seymour 3. King Edward VI 4. John Dudley 5. Sir Thomas Smith DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 6. Cardinal Reginald Pole DOWN ➔ 21 7. William Paget DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 8. William Cecil DOWN ➔ 19 9. Queen Mary I UP ➔ 3 10. William Herbert DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 11. Nicholas Ridley 12. Richard Rich DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 13. Lady Jane Grey 14. William Parr UNRANKED 15. John Russell DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness) 16. Henry Grey 17. Sir William Petre UP ➔ 3 18. William May UNRANKED 19. Dr William Turner UNRANKED 20. Sir Edward North UNRANKED 21. Sir William Woodhouse DOWN ➔ 23 (joint bottom - zero betweenness)
30. 1. Queen Mary I 2. Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon 3. Sir William Petre 4. Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, Lord chancellor 5. William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham 6. King Philip II of Spain 7. Sir Thomas Denys, sheriff of Devon 8. Sir John Mason 9. Sir Francis Englefyld 10. Anthony Browne, Viscount Montagu 11. Sir Philip Hoby 12. Sir Thomas Cheyne 13. George Brooke, Baron Cobham 14. William Paulet, Marquess of Winchester 15. Sir Robert Southwell 16. Edward, Lord Hastings of Loughborough 17. Sir Henry Jerningham 18. Sir John St Leger 19. William Cecil, Lord Burghley 20. Sir Gawain Carew 21. Cardinal Reginald Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury 22. Henry Neville, Lord Abergavenny Non-zero betweenness, Mary I’s reign
32. 1. Queen Elizabeth I 2. Sir Francis Walsingham 3. William Cecil, Lord Burghley 4. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester 5. Sir Francis Knollys 6. Richard Cox, Bishop of Ely 7. Daniel Hechstetter 8. William Herle 9. John Johnson 10. William Paulet, Marquess of Winchester 11. Sir Henry Sydney (Lord President of Wales) 12. Gilbert Berkeley Bishop of Bath and Wells 13. Sir John Hawkins 14. Lord Henry Howard 15. Thomas Thurland 16. Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk 17. Sir Nicholas Bacon 18. Henry Parker, Baron Morley 19. Cornelius de Alneto 20. James Blount, Baron Mountjoy Eigenvector centrality, Elizabeth I’s reign