[TLVPHPUG] HTTP/2 and Asynchronous APIs

H T T P/ 2 A N D A SY N C H R O N O U S A P I S

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D AV E Y S H A F I K
• Author of Zend PHP 5 Certification
Study Guide, Sitepoints PHP
Anthology: 101 Essential Tips, Tricks &
Hacks & PHP Master: Write Cutting
Edge Code
• A contributor to Zend Framework 1 &
2, phpdoc, & PHP internals
• Original creator of PHAR/
PHP_Archive
• @dshafik

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h tt p : / /d e v e l o p e r. a ka m a i .co m

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Let’s&start&a&conversation&about&
mental&health&in&tech
mhprompt.org/support

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H T T P/ 2
A KA : H 2

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W H AT I S H T T P/ 2 ?
CC-BY:

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R F C 7 5 4 0
H Y P E RT E XT T R A N S F E R P R OTO CO L V E RS I O N 2

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R F C 7 5 4 1
H PA C K - H E A D E R CO M P R E SS I O N FO R H T T P/ 2

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C R E AT E D BY I E T F H T T P W O R K I N G
G R O U P
C H A I R E D BY A K A M A I ' S M A R K N OT T I N G H A M

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–J O H N N Y A P P L E S E E D
CC-BY:
1991 1996 1999
HTTP/0.9
HTTP/1.0
HTTP/1.1
2015
HTTP/2
2009
SPDY

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B R O W S E R S U P P O RT
• Chrome + Chrome Mobile
• Firefox
• IE 11 on Windows 10
• MS Edge
• Safari (El Capitan/iOS 9)
• Opera

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B I N A R Y I N ST E A D O F T E XT
CC-BY:

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F U L LY M U LT I P L E X E D
CC-BY:
I N S T E A D O F O R D E R E D A N D B L O C K I N G

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C A N US E O N E CO N N E CT I O N  
FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS
CC-BY: Alosh Bennett

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US E S H E A D E R CO M P R E SS I O N
CC-BY-SA:
R E D U C E S O V E R H E A D

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S E R V E R P U S H
I S S U P E R CO O L ( N O R E A L LY )
CC-BY-SA:

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S E R V E R P U S H
• Allows the server to proactively push assets like stylesheets and
images to the client without them needing to parse the HTML page
and make subsequent requests
• Done by pushing the assets into the client cache, avoiding the
roundtrip necessary to pull them up once the client makes the
request

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W H AT D O E S H T T P/ 2 M E A N F O R M Y
A P P L I C AT I O N ?

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T R A N S PA R E N T
CC-BY-SA:
H A N D L E D B Y N G I N X / A PA C H E

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S O W H AT ’ S T H E P O I N T ?

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H T T P/ 1 . X S U C K S
CC-BY: Flóra Soós

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H T T P/ 1 . X S U C K S
• Minify + Concat JavaScript and CSS
• Inlining small JavaScript and CSS
• Using image sprites
• Using data: URIs
• Domain sharding

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T H E S E T H I N G S A R E A L L " C L E V E R " H AC K S
CC-BY: Matt Biddulph

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R E M E M B E R T H I S ?
CC-BY:
C A N US E O N E CO N N E CT I O N  
FO R PA R A L L E L R E Q U E STS

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U P LO A D I N G M U LT I P L E I M A G E S
CC-BY:

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S E R I A L U P LO A D S
Ȑ

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Ȑ 

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Ȑ 


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Ȑ 



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CO N CU R R E N T
Ȑ 

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A P I S

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F E TC H I N G A B LO G P O ST + CO M M E N TS
CC-BY:

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Ȑ

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Ȑ
GET /post/1

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Ȑ
GET /post/1
200 OK application/json

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{
"type": "post",
"id": "1",
"title": "JSON API paints my bikeshed!",
"tags": ["json", "api", "relationships"],
"author": "http://example.com/posts/1/author",
"comments": "http://example.com/posts/1/comments"
}

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Ȑ

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Ȑ
GET /posts/1/comments

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[
"http://example.org/post/1/comment/1",
"http://example.org/post/1/comment/4"
]

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Ȑ

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Ȑ
GET /post/example/comments/1

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Ȑ
GET /post/example/comments/
1

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2
Ȑ
1

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2
3
Ȑ
1

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2
3
4
Ȑ
1

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{
"type": "comment",
"id": "1",
"title": "FIRST!",
"author": "http://example.com/post/1/comment/1/author"
}

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6
requests
(possibly connections)

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14
requests
(possibly connections)

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M U LT I P L E X E D
Ȑ

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Ȑ

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CO D E

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$numRequests = 378;

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : SY N C H R O N O US
$url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
for ($i = 0; $i <= $numRequests; $i++) {
$ch = curl_init();
$conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i);
curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
}

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4 7 . 6 7  
s e co n d s
CC-BY:

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H T T P/ 2 : SY N C H R O N O US
$url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png';
$ch = curl_init();
$conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, $i);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION, HTTP_VERSION_2_0);
curl_exec($ch);
curl_close($ch);
}

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6 2 . 1 9  
s e co n d s
CC-BY-NC:

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$mh = curl_multi_init(); 
$url = 'https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-%d.png'; 
$handles[] = $ch = curl_init();
$conf[CURLOPT_URL] = sprintf($url, ‘%d');
curl_multi_add_handle($mh, $ch);
}
H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T ( CO N T. )
do {
$exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);
} while ($exec == CURLM_CALL_MULTI_PERFORM);
while ($running && $exec == CURLM_OK) {
$ready = curl_multi_select($mh);
if ($ready != -1) {
do {
$exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running); 
}
}

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8 . 6 6  
s e co n d s

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}
H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D
$mh = curl_multi_init();

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}
curl_multi_setopt($mh, 
CURLMOPT_PIPELINING,
CURLPIPE_MULTIPLEX
);
$mh = curl_multi_init();

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H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D ( CO N T. )
do {
$exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running);
while ($running && $exec == CURLM_OK) {
$ready = curl_multi_select($mh);
if ($ready != -1) {
do {
$exec = curl_multi_exec($mh, $running); 
}
}

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2 . 1 4  
s e co n d s
CC-BY:

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H T T P/ 2 N E G OT I AT I O N
CC-BY-ND:

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P R OTO CO L I D E N T I F I E RS
• h2 — HTTP/2 over TLS, negotiated via ALPN (Application-Layer
Protocol Negotiation)
• h2c — HTTP/2 over TCP (plain text), uses an HTTP/1.1 request with
a 101 Switching Protocols status response if supported

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– W I K I P E D I A /A P P L I C AT I O N - L AY E R _ P R OTO CO L _ N E G OT I AT I O N
Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is a Transport Layer
Security (TLS) extension for application layer protocol negotiation. ALPN
allows the application layer to negotiate which protocol should be
performed over a secure connection in a manner which avoids additional
round trips and which is independent of the application layer protocols. It
is used by HTTP/2. […] On July 11, 2014, ALPN was published as RFC 7301

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H 2 C U P G R A D E N E G OT I AT I O N
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: server.example.com
> Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings
> Upgrade: h2c
> HTTP2-Settings:
< HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
< Connection: Upgrade
< Upgrade: h2c
<
< [ HTTP/2 connection ...

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H 2 C U P G R A D E N E G OT I AT I O N ( CO N T. )
• May be an OPTIONS request if concurrency of multiple requests is
important
• May be any request type (e.g. PUT/POST/GET/HEAD/DELETE) but
any body must be sent in it's entirety before HTTP/2 can start
• A server must ignore an "h2" token in an Upgrade header field.
Presence of a token with "h2" implies HTTP/2 over TLS, which is
instead negotiated via TLS-ALPN
• It must include a settings payload with the initial request

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A L L B R O W S E RS R E Q U I R E T LS FO R H T T P/ 2
CC-BY: Jason Baker

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D I R E CT CO N N E CT W I T H H T T P/ 2

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P R I O R K N O W L E D G E
• It is possible to set up a connection with HTTP/1.1 or ALPN
negotiation when prior knowledge of HTTP/2 is known
• Performance enhancement
• Client/Server must send the HTTP/2 connection prefix
• Not supported in curl yet

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S E R V E R P US H
CC-BY:

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Ȑ

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Ȑ
GET /post/1

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GET /post/1/comments
Ȑ
GET /post/1

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GET /post/1/comment/1
Ȑ
GET /post/1

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Ȑ

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Ȑ
GET /post/1/comment/1/author

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Ȑ
GET /post/1/comment/1/author/avatar.png

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CSS /J S M I N I F I C AT I O N I S U N E C E SS A R Y
CC-BY:
G Z I P CO M P R E SS I O N + M U LT I P L E X I N G + S E R V E R P US H

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ST R E A M S
CC-BY: Kylir Horton

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ST R E A M S
• Each request/response is a stream
• Streams are comprised of Frames
• Streams may have a weight (1-256)
• Streams may have a dependency

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ST R E A M W E I G H TS
Stream A
Weight: 1
Stream B
Weight: 2
Stream C
Weight: 3
2X Stream A 1.5X Stream B 
3X Stream A

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ST R E A M D E P E N D E N C I E S
Stream A
Stream B
Depends: A
Stream C
Depends: B
Delivered after A Delivered after B

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F R A M E S
CC-BY: Bart Everson

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F R A M E S
• Messages are composed of multiple frames, e.g. headers, data,
and settings
• Each frame has a common header
• 9 byte, length prefixed
• Easy & efficient to parse
• Frames can be interleaved — this is multiplexing

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F R A M E S
POST /search HTTP/1.1
Host: example.org
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 58
{ 
"keywords":"example", 
"location":"posts" 
}
HEADERS 
frame
Data 
frame
}
}

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H E A D E RS : H PAC K
CC-BY-SA:

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H E A D E RS : H PA C K
• Uses a table of known values as an index
• Can represent a header name and value (e.g. :status: 404), or
just a header name (e.g. accept:)
• Values are either statically encoded, or use a static Huffman code

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# Name Value
1 :authority
2 :method GET
3 :method POST
4 :path /
5 :path /index.html
6 :scheme http
7 :scheme https
8 :status 200
9 :status 204
10 :status 206
11 :status 304
12 :status 400
13 :status 404
14 :status 500
15 accept-charset

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A KA M A I { O P E N } E D G E G R I D F O R P H P

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W E US E G U ZZ L E

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G U ZZ L E S U P P O RT
• Some support
• Doesn’t handle lack of http2 support in libcurl
• Doesn’t handle multiplexing
• Untested (but should be OK, as libcurl itself is tested)
• Details: http://daveyshafik.com/guzzle-http2

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CO D E
CC-BY:

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use GuzzleHttp\Client;
 
$client = new Client();
$client->get(sprintf($url, $i));
}

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$client = new Client();
$client->getAsync(sprintf($url, $i));
}
$results = Promise\unwrap($promises);

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$client = new Client(
}
);

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$client = new Client(
}
['version' => 2]
);

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$client = new Client(['version' => 2]);
$client->getAsync(sprintf($url, $i));
}

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H T T P/ 1 . 1 : CO N CU R R E N T U P LOA D S
use \Akamai\NetStorage\Handler\Authentication as AuthHandler;
use \Akamai\NetStorage\Authentication;
$stack = \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack::create();
 
$handler = new AuthHandler(); 
$handler->setSigner(
(new Authentication())->setKey($key, $keyName)
);
$client = new Akamai\Edgegrid\Open\Client([
'handler' => $stack
]);

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$url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s"; 
foreach ($_FILES as $file) {
$fileName = Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4();
$promises = $client->putAsync( 
sprintf($url, $filename),  
[
'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+')
]
);
} 
H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )

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H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( P O S S I B L E A P I )
use \Akamai\NetStorage\Handler\Authentication as AuthHandler;
use \Akamai\NetStorage\Authentication;
$stack = \GuzzleHttp\HandlerStack::create();
 
$handler = new AuthHandler(); 
$handler->setSigner(
(new Authentication())->setKey($key, $keyName)
);
$client = new Akamai\Edgegrid\Open\Client([
'handler' => $stack,  
'version' => 2
]);

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$url = "http://example.akamaihd.net/cpCode/%s"; 
foreach ($_FILES as $file) {
$fileName = Ramsey\Uuid\Uuid::uuid4();
$promises = $client->putAsync( 
sprintf($url, $filename),  
[
'body' => fopen($file['tmp_name'], 'r+')
]
);
} 
H T T P/ 2 : M U LT I P L E X E D F I L E U P LO A D ( CO N T. )

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R FC : CU R L H T T P/ 2 P US H S U P P O RT
https://daveyshafik.com/curl-http2-push

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I N S U M M A R Y

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N O M O R E H AC K S !

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H U G E P E R FO R M A N C E W I N S

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6 0 % + M A R K E T S H A R E

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H T T P / 2 I S A W E S O M E !
CC-BY-SA:

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F E E D B A C K & Q U E S T I O N S
Twitter:
Email:
Slides:
@dshafik
[email protected]
http://daveyshafik.com/slides

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[TLVPHPUG] HTTP/2 and Asynchronous APIs

[TLVPHPUG] HTTP/2 and Asynchronous APIs

Davey Shafik

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