0 chapter 2 ࣾձ՝ ػձ֨ࠩͷ۩ମঢ়گ ͜Ͳࣗͷࢿຊෆ 1 ʲܦࡁతශࠔͷதʹ͋Δ͜Ͳʙܦࡁࢿຊͷ՝ʙʳ ਓʹਓ͕૬ରతශࠔঢ়ଶ ຊͷ͜Ͳͷශࠔ͔Βԣഝ͍Ͱ͋Γɺ0&$%ՃໍࠃͷதͰߴ͍ਫ ४Ͱ͢ɻઈରతශࠔͱҟͳΓɺ͢ͳΘͪҥ৯ॅʹࣄܽ͘͜ͱΛද͢Θ͚Ͱ͋Γ· ͤΜ͕ɺܦࡁతͳཁҼʹΑΓ༷ʑͳ໘Ͱෆརͳঢ়گʹஔ͔Εͯ͠·͏ʹ͋Γ·͢ɻ ͻͱ ΓੈଳͰ ਓʹਓ͕ශࠔঢ়ଶʹ ͻͱΓੈଳͷශࠔʹ ୡ͠ɺͦͷଟ͕͘ࢠੈଳͰ͢ɻੜ ׆ҙࣝͱͯ͠ʮ͍ۤ͠ʯͱ͑Δׂ ߹ɺશੈଳͷͱൺֱͯ͠ ࢠੈଳͱߴ͘ɺͦͷཁ Ҽʹۚ֨ࠩཆҭඅͷະ͍ͳ Ͳ͕͋Δͱߟ͑ΒΕ·͢ɻ ຊͷ૬ରతශࠔͷਪҠ පʹۤ͠Ή͜ͲͷͷਪҠ ֶߍ֎ͷମݧΛͤͯ͋͛͞ΒΕͳ͍ཧ༝ͱͯ͠ ʮܦࡁతཧ༝ʯ Λબׂͨ͠߹ 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0 2021 11.5 2018 13.5 2015 13.9 2012 16.3 2009 15.7 2006 14.2 2003 13.7 2000 14.4 1997 13.4 1994 12.2 1991 12.8 1988 12.9 51.4 50.1 63.1 58.2 58.7 54.3 50.8 54.6 50.8 48.1 44.5 খࣇຫੑಛఆ࣬පࣇಐ σʔλϕʔεͷొਓ ࡏͷҩྍతέΞࣇͷ ਪܭ ʢࡀʣ 53.5 ॴಘՈఉ΄Ͳܦࡁతཧ༝Ͱ ͜ͲͷମݧΛఘΊ͍ͯΔ εϙʔπμϯεɺԻָͳͲɺ͜Ͳͷࠒ ͷମݧ׆ಈɺࣗଚײֶशҙཉͳͲʹ ϙδςΟϒͳӨڹΛ༩͑·͢ɻ͔͠͠ɺ ॴಘՈఉʹΛ͚Δͱɺܦࡁతͳཧ༝Ͱ ͜Ͳ͕ͬͯΈ͍ͨͱࢥ͏ମݧ׆ಈʹࢀ Ճͤͯ͋͛͞ΒΕ͍ͯͳ͍࣮͕͋Γ·͢ɻ ग़య ɿ ްੜ࿑ಇল ʰ ʢྩ̐ʣ ࠃຽੜ׆جૅௐࠪʱ ग़య ɿ ެӹࣾஂ๏ਓνϟϯε ɾ ϑΥʔ ɾ νϧυϨϯ ʰࢠͲͷ ʮମݧ֨ࠩʯ ࣮ଶௐࠪʱ ʢʣ ສԁະຬ ʢOʣ ੈଳ ऩ ʙສԁ ʢOʣ ສԁҎ্ ʢOʣ 56.3% 43% 16.9% ʲපʹۤ͠Ή͜Ͳʙମࢿຊͷ՝ʙʳ පͷ͜ͲສਓҎ্ͱਪܭ ࣇಐظʹൃ͢Δ࣬පͰɺຫੑʹܦա͠ɺੜ໋ΛظʹΘͨͬͯڴ͔͠ɺঢ়࣏ྍ ͕ظʹΘͨͬͯੜ׆ͷ࣭ΛԼͤ͞ɺ ظʹΘͨͬͯߴֹͳҩྍඅͷෛ୲͕ଓ͘ ʮখ ࣇຫੑಛఆ࣬පʯɺৗੜ׆͓Αͼࣾձੜ׆ΛӦΉͨΊʹ߃ৗతʹҩྍతέΞΛड ͚Δ͜ͱ͕ෆՄܽͳʮҩྍతέΞࣇʯΛؚΊͨපʹ͖߹͏͜ͲສਓΛ ͑Δͱਪܭ͞Ε·͢ɻ ࣏ྍΛ༨ّͳ͘ ͞Ε ֶߍੜ׆ɾڭҭػձʹ͕֨ࠩੜ͡Δ ຊͷप࢈ظɾ৽ੜࣇҩྍٕज़ͷਐาʹΑͬͯٹΘΕΔ໋͕૿ ͍͑ͯΔҰํɺҩྍతέΞΛৗతʹඞཁͱ͢Δ͜Ͳ͕૿͑ɺ ͦ͏͍ͬͨՈఉΛαϙʔτ͢Δ੍͕͍͍͍ͭͯͳ͍ͷ͕ݱ ঢ়Ͱ͢ɻපͷ͜ͲͱͦͷՈࣾձͷແཧղภݟʹ໘ ͠ɺੜ׆ڥͷมԽෆ҆ʹ͖߹͍ͳ͕Βੜ׆͍ͯ͠·͢ɻ ҩྍέΞࢱɺڭҭͳͲͷแׅతΞϓϩʔνʹΑͬͯɺࣾձ ͔Βݽཱ͢Δ͜ͱ͕ͳ͍Α͏ͳࢧԉ͕ඞཁͱ͞Ε͍ͯ·͢ɻ ग़య ɿ පͷࢠͲ ͱՈΛࢧ͑ΔϓϩάϥϜ ʢຊࡒஂʣ ɺ খࣇຫੑಛఆ࣬පࣇಐσ ʔλϕʔεͷొঢ়گ ʢখࣇຫੑಛఆ࣬ පใηϯλʔʣ ɺ ʮҩྍతέΞࣇٴͼͦͷՈ ʹର͢Δࢧԉʹؔ͢Δ๏ʯ ʹ͍ͭͯ ʢް ੜ࿑ಇলࣾձ ɾ ԉޢہোอ݈ࢱ෦ো ࢱ՝োࣇ ɾ ൃୡোऀࢧԉࣨ࡞ʣ 130,000 120,000 110,000 100,000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 9,987 9,967 8,438 10,413 13,968 10,702 14,886 13,585 15,892 16,575 17,209 18,272 18,951 19,712 20,155 113,159 120,585 107,952 118,277 ౷ܭ։࢝લ ౷ܭ ະެද ʲຌྫʳ ͻͱ Γੈଳͷ߹ ͜Ͳͷශࠔ ʲຌྫʳ