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Evaluating Moisture in Brick Masonry Walls Using WUFI and THERM

Pallavi Mantha
September 06, 2012

Evaluating Moisture in Brick Masonry Walls Using WUFI and THERM

Pallavi Mantha

September 06, 2012
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  1. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. BUILDING

    AMERICA National Labs + Research Teams • Reduce home energy use by 50% • Durable, Healthy & Comfortable Homes • Best Practice Research & Technologies PROGRAM GOALS: :
  2. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Our

    Research WUFI vs. ACTUAL MONITORED WALLS :Document boundary conditions :How do they perform? :Do they fail? Why? Compare:
  3. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. PHASE

    I Establish Methodology Failure Criteria Simulations
  4. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 500

    WUFI Simulations 04 Climate Zones 4, 5, 6 & 7 03 Moisture Regimes A-moist, B-dry and C-marine
  5. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 78

    IECC WALLS + HYBRID INSULATION 16 R-40 & R-60 WALLS 06 BRICK WALLS WITH INTERIOR INSULATION
  6. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 78

    IECC WALLS + HYBRID INSULATION 16 R-40 & R-60 WALLS 06 BRICK WALLS WITH INTERIOR INSULATION
  7. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. PHASE

    II Monitor Wall Assemblies Calibrate Models Compare Actual vs. Simulated
  8. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. OVERVIEW:

    SOFTWARES + STANDARDS MATERIAL PROPERTIES MODEL SET-UP FAILURE CRITERIA + COMPLIANCE
  9. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. OVERVIEW:

    SOFTWARES + STANDARDS MATERIAL PROPERTIES MODEL SET-UP FAILURE CRITERIA + COMPLIANCE
  10. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. WUFI

    + THERM Transient Moisture and Heat transport Model 1D, 2D, PLUS Heat Transfer Model 2D IBP + ORNL LBNL
  11. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. ASHRAE

    STANDARD 160: SETS CRITERIA FOR • Analytical Procedures • Inputs • Evaluation and Outputs
  12. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 30-DAY

    RUNNING AVERAGE T = Surface Temperature RH = Surface Relative Humidity ASHRAE STANDARD 160: RH < 80% when 41 >T (oF)< 104
  13. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. DOES

    NOT APPLY TO EXTERIOR SURFACES ASHRAE STANDARD 160: Naturally/chemically mold resistant materials may be exempt! (Case by Case)
  14. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. INITIAL

    CONDITIONS ASHRAE STANDARD 160: 2 x 90% RH for concrete 2 x 80% RH for all other materials NEW CONSTRUCTION [NC] with wet construction materials EXISTING & NC* *with dry construction materials 90% RH for concrete 80% RH for all other materials T = 68 oF
  15. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. OVERVIEW:

    SOFTWARES + STANDARDS MATERIAL PROPERTIES MODEL SET-UP FAILURE CRITERIA + COMPLIANCE
  16. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. NEW

    OR OLD, GET THAT BRICK TESTED Calibrate WUFI to match tested material properties
  17. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

    Brick Varieties 80 100 120 140 Brick Old Buff Matt Clay Brick Red Matt Clay Brick Calcium Silicate Brick Solid Brick Masonry Solid Brick Extruded Solid Brick Historical Solid Brick Hand Formed Density [lb/ft3] 0 0.2 0.4 Thermal Conductivity [Btu/h ft oF] 0 10 20 Permeability [Perm in] From WUFI Database
  18. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Face

    Brick Selection 80 100 120 140 Brick Old Buff Matt Clay Brick Red Matt Clay Brick Calcium Silicate Brick Solid Brick Masonry Solid Brick Extruded Solid Brick Historical Solid Brick Hand Formed Density [lb/ft3] 0 0.2 0.4 Thermal Conductivity [Btu/h ft oF] 0 10 20 Permeability [Perm in] 120.8 0.28 0.94 From WUFI Database
  19. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Fill

    Brick Selection 80 100 120 140 Brick Old Buff Matt Clay Brick Red Matt Clay Brick Calcium Silicate Brick Solid Brick Masonry Solid Brick Extruded Solid Brick Historical Solid Brick Hand Formed Density [lb/ft3] 0 0.2 0.4 Thermal Conductivity [Btu/h ft oF] 0 10 20 Permeability [Perm in] 103 0.34 13.5 From WUFI Database
  20. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Brick

    Properties 120.8 103 80 100 120 140 Red Matt Clay Brick Solid Brick Extruded Density [lb/ft3] 6% 37% 0% 20% 40% Free Saturation Wf [Vol-%] 5% 33% 0% 20% 40% Critical Saturation W90 [Vol-%] From WUFI Database Fill Brick Face Brick
  21. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. OVERVIEW:

    SOFTWARES + STANDARDS MATERIAL PROPERTIES MODEL SET-UP FAILURE CRITERIA + COMPLIANCE
  22. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 12”

    thick / 3 wythe 1 Wythe Face Brick A 2 Wythes Fill Brick OUT IN + •High Density •Low Permeability •Med. Density •High Permeability B 3 Wythes Fill Brick •Med. Density •High Permeability Simulation Cases
  23. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. CASE

    1 Uninsulated CASE 2 1” Air + R-13 FGB CASE 3 1” SPF + R-13 FGB Simulation Cases FGB = Fiberglass Batts SPF: Spray Foam
  24. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 12”

    thick / 3 wythe All headers? Header and Stretcher? Which Section of The Wall to Model?
  25. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Face/

    Fill Brick Fill Brick 1” Air Gap / SPF Cavity Insulation OUT Mortar Joint Interior Gyp. Class III Vapor Retarder IN
  26. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Face/

    Fill Brick Fill Brick 1” Air Gap / SPF Cavity Insulation OUT Mortar Joint Interior Gyp. Class III Vapor Retarder Nashville, TN Climate: 4A ASHRAE 160 Conditions: Heat T: 70oF Cool T: 75oF ACH: 0.2 [1/h] Moisture Generation Rate: 1.3 lb/h IN
  27. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Face/

    Fill Brick Fill Brick 1” Air Gap / SPF Cavity Insulation OUT Mortar Joint Interior Gyp. Class III Vapor Retarder Nashville, TN Climate: 4A ASHRAE 160 Conditions: Heat T: 70oF Cool T: 75oF ACH: 0.2 [1/h] Moisture Generation Rate: 1.3 lb/h IN Monitoring Positions
  28. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. SIMULATION

    RUN TIME INITIAL CONDITIONS [ASHRAE 160] : 03 Years [typical] : 10 Years [to assess brick drying time] : 80% RH : 68 oF T T = Temperature RH = Relative Humidity For Existing Buildings
  29. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. OVERVIEW:

    SOFTWARES + STANDARDS MATERIAL PROPERTIES MODEL SET-UP FAILURE CRITERIA + COMPLIANCE
  30. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. How

    Does Interior Insulation Affect The Brick Wall? WALL TEMPERATURE DRYING CAPACITY RISK OF FAILURE DROPS DROPS RISES
  31. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Failure

    Criteria MOISTURE CONTENT DRYING TIME MOLD GROWTH [ASHRAE] CONDENSATION POTENTIAL FREEZE-THAW
  32. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. MOLD

    GROWTH POTENTIAL [ASHRAE] T and RH at Potential Condensation Surfaces CONDENSATION POTENTIAL Interior Air T and RH MOISTURE CONTENT + DRYING TIME Moisture Content in Brick [ Vol-%] FAILURE CRITERIA WUFI OUTPUT FILES FROST DAMAGE T at Outer Wythe
  33. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Failure

    Criteria MOISTURE CONTENT DRYING TIME MOLD GROWTH [ASHRAE] CONDENSATION POTENTIAL FREEZE-THAW
  34. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Wythe

    1 0 5 10 15 20 MAX. MOISTURE CONTENT 3 Fill bricks 1 Face + 2 Fill bricks Maximum Moisture Content in Vol-% 1” SPF + R-13 FGB 1” AIR + R-13 FGB UNINSULATED Wythe 2 Wythe 3 1” SPF + R-13 FGB 1” AIR + R-13 FGB UNINSULATED
  35. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Failure

    Criteria MOISTURE CONTENT DRYING TIME MOLD GROWTH [ASHRAE] CONDENSATION POTENTIAL FREEZE-THAW
  36. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Brick

    Drying Time [Years] 1 Face + 2 Fill bricks 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Mean Moisture Content [Vol-%] Uninsulated 1” Air + FGB 1” SPF + FGB Drying Time 1 Face + 2 Fill bricks
  37. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Brick

    Drying Time [Years] 3 Fill bricks Mean Moisture Content [Vol-%] Uninsulated 1” Air + FGB 1” SPF + FGB Drying Time 3 Fill bricks 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
  38. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Failure

    Criteria MOISTURE CONTENT DRYING TIME MOLD GROWTH [ASHRAE] CONDENSATION POTENTIAL FREEZE-THAW
  39. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 3%

    45% 38% 16% 60% 44% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% MOLD GROWTH POTENTIAL: ALL CASES 3 Fill bricks 1 Face + 2 Fill bricks ASHRAE Criteria: % Failure Over 3 Year Period 1” SPF + R-13 FGB 1” AIR + R-13 FGB UNINSULATED 1” SPF + R-13 FGB 1” AIR + R-13 FGB UNINSULATED
  40. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Failure

    Criteria MOISTURE CONTENT DRYING TIME MOLD GROWTH [ASHRAE] CONDENSATION POTENTIAL FREEZE-THAW
  41. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. POTENTIAL

    CONDENSATION PLANES Uninsulated 1” Air + R-13 FGB 1” SPF + R-13 FGB
  42. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. CONDENSATION

    BY DIFFUSION 1” Air + R-13 FGB Diffusion Avg. Dew point 28 F
  43. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. CONDENSATION

    BY AIR LEAKAGE Avg. Dew point 51 F 1” Air + R-13 FGB Air Leakage Diffusion Avg. Dew point 28 F
  44. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. 2%

    23% 9% 3% 27% 11% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% CONDENSATION POTENTIAL: WUFI 3 Fill bricks 1 Face + 2 Fill bricks % of 3 Years when Condensing Surface Dew Point < Interior Dew Point 1” SPF + R-13 FGB 1” AIR + R-13 FGB UNINSULATED 1” SPF + R-13 FGB 1” AIR + R-13 FGB UNINSULATED
  45. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. COLD

    OUT WARM IN Uninsulated 1” Air + R-13 FGB 1” SPF + R-13 FGB CONDENSATION POTENTIAL: THERM
  46. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Failure

    Criteria MOISTURE CONTENT DRYING TIME MOLD GROWTH [ASHRAE] CONDENSATION POTENTIAL FREEZE-THAW
  47. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. FREEZE-THAW

    DAMAGE Moisture in Brick is GREATER than Critical Moisture Content Occurs ONLY when: Critical Moisture Content [W90 ] = 90% of Free Saturation [Wf ]
  48. © 2012 Steven Winter Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Time

    [Years] 1 Face + 2 Fill bricks Moisture Content [lb/ft3] Temperature [oF] FREEZE-THAW DAMAGE
  49. SEP 20th @ SUPERSTRUCTURES, NYC Where Should I Put My

    Vapor Barrier: How To Use WUFI and THERM for Hygrothermal Modeling Upcoming Seminar: bit.ly/RKeiDw SimBuild 2012 Paper: bit.ly/Phf1X0 Our Technical Report: Can’t get enough?