Computer Networks: from ARPANET to the modern battlefield

This is a short trip from the ARPANET's fundamental design decisions to the service-oriented intra deployed in tactical networks.

Transcript

1. Agenda Presentation title 1 yyyy-mm-dd Three things: M1HDi8ZKSwslVx3BooDuiPyqAMtRhPNuuiQWv+w66AthroSh7VVYyKYJUdgNzRUGR0UKCPdtkCzbdrgXfLLqPp1k1MldmaJw6MejBN5dqMIfqn4zbu0x70blYAk3/vsXYzclw9e50veFpVOmLI16W4N Ky8dnkVh9hXFXNBER7bdonBwdXAtT1+lyXUa6VO/BMwAIp+BNZ7A1bwjBoP0GmnlcA/doDUIvMVwi53FGKpysJx/Rn/VH9KthVklEP1bgRBK1tucK/FuuQFjIdhpzQqr7MhArMRWGjq2hg4fzHB1FK+ SJpD+0Ja1oWBMuC13ZAxHhyU2va4Hsf8+DRIbq4PQgxm+1QROWVlbkcAEz+T/19hqTNlZSql0Q3jhyBCMUtZDgx71y+8GQp4q+VdOGohAtFyWRb/Io76+uRUmg/jsxf+Yx+sdws6Uwm3ILyIxv4RDv tH5XBVNpZlbCSnCrHdDTuyjOZyEpzQbcuNSBsYbCW8oHSl8VR+VWNAJnV9S2JwARPqMbjQxn1FWkMhi6F26KHrpwY/y8d+TgQpr/K8k26auQEtJMpDHrxaMa30HdwrruzcQ8tOAOwBaeVfDW BbgKxEOmnbPuPOPx4XS+x/azMX+B41hL1V45zPOms7FXJ71pza0txYWs7t/ntTOw+djE0c4qIJqyYjzclf3Z3LK8Co7LnM5szibGdbc+b54JF/XFlLsIRFJix31T0yLyEQOE1M04NCHMKBLuRoaKHPLZu B85i6LyYlcvjF7prPbvQ0sSy9c4ztHB9arY4koKWb/YJI6feLWaLgJNFo+zn9nBqbL4CmaFLiVORp/6ra1YudmDHFS7eTx2cRfFcOGmcOKQWtJKwgUaTCuvUKNFvT2ollEJnj7H8tKqEwQxBNW5L29 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8T4LOI8EDL2FtxN8Om70z+AmhetG1TrCxvhgqzq9jANdJwhu27f5QCQLICuEk3+mRkCfKg9jibzGCTYLXIIRw7OI96PHDywn0KLE0wsGXHsCcaRcu5YHr6Y1jKCJ0If5MJcGD7bUW8+Ym3YyUgkR 4M+QBCbq2ia8TPkbQz29HLZBNvp1yIMc/JRuj/txDZcWGir3TnbPgN3bnamOFkIhAhELxBb+9haFwGWN1C59L+kgFQVKvkrhbOinJrcQZbHK47OupO/hrAuxPcyyQjvvXEz9IqIwuWKm/PPkoqnNQ Computer Networks: from ARPANET to the modern battlefield Roberto Rigolin Ferreira Lopes roberto.lopes@ntnu.no 18th May 2016 - Gjøvik, Norway # ifup wlan0
2. Agenda Three things: The Internet 2 One of the most important human inventions Wheel (3500 BC) (1960s) Transistor (1947) Microprocessor (1971) Airplane (1903) Nuclear fission (1939) Electricity (late 19th) Most of them also used/created for military purposes… THE Computer Network: network of networks Remember! <you>
3. Agenda Presentation title Three things: Agenda 3 SOA 13 years (2003) ARPANET 47 years (1969) TCP/IP ~42 years (1974) OSPF 27 years (1989) Nonlinear path from the origin to modern tactical networks PDP-10 Mobile Devices TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure OLSRv2 1 year (2014) <you> Cross-layer model 3 months (2016)
4. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: The references Where wizards stay up late The Origins of the Internet 4 How? Why? Who? Where? Computer Networking A top-down approach <you> TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure *
5. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: ARPANET RFCs Request For Comments Developing hardware + software for packet switching 5 Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Data Link <Network Interface> Network Transport Application (1960s) Telephone lines Circuit switching <you> TCP/IP Stack of protocols PDP-10 Host DDP-516 Interface Message Processor <No mobility + security at the design>
6. In Short Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure 6 <you> <Mobile device> Data Link <Network Interface> Transport Application Controller Service Mediator Message Handler Packet Handler TSI Node Southbound Interface Northbound Interface 1 2 3 Cross-layer 4 Service(s) Information System(s) Network 1 3 2 + TCP/IP
7. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: TCP/IP 7 Communication Layers Data Link <Network Interface> Network IPv4-6 Transport TCP, UDP Application HTTP, SMTP (RFC 1122, 1989) <you> You are handling two flows: sound and image. Nodes at the battlefield need to handle disruption/delay. Services: Blueforce tracking Event reports TSI Provider Clients <Radio(s)> <Voice> <Projector> <Eyes> <Ears> Multicast Publish /Subscribe Multicast Publish /Subscribe Error correction Congestion control <you running> <slides + ideas> <Disruption> <ideas>
8. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: The tactical network 8 Connectivity scenario ARPANET + Tactical network <you> Data Link <Network Interface> Network IPv4-6 Transport TCP, UDP Application HTTP, SMTP Services TSI <Radio(s)> The mobile nodes: Node A <Dismounted> UHF WLAN Node C <Mobile> VHF UHF WLAN SatCom HQ Node D <Deployed> SatCom VHF UHF WLAN Node B <Relay> SatCom VHF HQ Custom Mobile WLAN, UHF Dismounted VHF VHF, SatCom UHF, VHF, SatCom WLAN, UHF, VHF WLAN UHF, VHF, SatCom Connectivity graph SatCom VHF UHF WLAN <Disruption> Disruption/Delaty Tolerant Network (DTN)
9. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: What is service? 9 Wraped up logical process even carrying its semantics and requirements. <you> * What if we try a different service? <IP phone> <Voice> <Ears> TCP/IP Stack of protocols Orchestration of services? <Online payment> <Authentication, check funds and withdraw> <Online stores>
10. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: The power source 10 We all share the same source of power <Massive amount of energy> Remember! <Mobile devices> <Sun> <Humans> <meat> <apple> <milk> <plant> <cattle> <Physics, Mathematics, Engineering and etc> <you> <Hydro power> <Human-created universe> Science and Technology 149,600,000 km <Earth> <moon> *
11. In Short Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure 11 <you> Mission #1: local/distributed Services Mission #2: Core Services Mission #3: handle stable + unstable network conditions <Mobile device> Controller Service Mediator Message Handler Packet Handler TSI Node Southbound Interface Northbound Interface 1 2 3 Cross-layer PEP PEP PEP 4 Service(s) Information Systems
12.  Tactical Ground Report System  Gathering context information in the battlefield Example of services from the literature 12 Node C Node A Soldier localization Adversary localization Vehicle localization Live camera Aerial photos Node B J. Evans, B. Ewy, M. Swink, S. Pennington, D. Siquieros, and S. Earp, “TIGR: the tactical ground reporting system,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 42–49, October 2013. <Aerial photos> <Blue/Red force tracking> <Live camera, compile and share> <you>
13. TACTICS Connectivity Scenario 13 <Mobile> <Core> HQ (TN-H) Dismounted (TN-D) Mobile (TN-M) Custom (TN-C) Company Brigade Squads Platoon1 MEDEVAC Communication patterns: Mobility: Convoy RSTA Combat, … a) From Core to All Non-critical If possible b) From Core to All Immediate threat Reliable, 15s when pushed c) From Mobile to Core Blue Force Tracking Reliable, 60s when requested Quality of Service (QoS): Integral (complete/error-free) Reliable (confirmed) If possible (no guarantees) <you> RSTA: Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition
14. In Short TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure 14 <you> Connectivity states: i At two or more nodes, V = {TN-x1 , TN-x2 ,..., TN-xn } i o TN-D1 O1 O2 o i Odistributed (V,E,D) TN-x2 o On i TN-Coren ... i = {i1 , i2 , i3 } o = {o1 , o2 , o3 } Southbound interfaces reliable, 10 secs when pushed Dismounted i reliable, 30 secs when pushed Deployed Immediate threat Distributed service orchestrations <Mobile> <Core> ={ } S1 S2 Sn ... O1 How routing is done? s2 s3 Established DTN Unstable Stable <Stable> Good connectivity Poor connectivity
15. Agenda yyyy-mm-dd Three things: Routing 15 Humans <son> <you> <mom> <train> <buss> <buffer> <airplane> <timetable> Internet <Gjøvik> <Rio> <Sampa> IP Packets <routers> <routers> <Change once a YEAR> <Change very OFTEN> <son> <Gjøvik> <mom> <Anywhere> OSPF Open Shortest Path First BGP Border Gateway Protocol Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Metric Iface 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.19 2 eth0 10.1.1.3 10.1.1.19 2 eth0 10.1.1.4 10.1.1.19 2 eth0 10.1.1.5 10.1.1.19 2 eth0 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.19 2 eth0
16. Agenda Three things: Link State Routing 16 Computing the metrics OLSRv2 (2014) Optimized Link State Routing Protocol OSPF (1989) Open Shortest Path First = 1 ∗ ∗ = 1 ∗ <you> = 1 ∗ Expected Transmission Count (ETX) Direction Airtime (DAT) Expected Transmission Time (ETT) Data Link Network OLSR <Radio> Handheld <Dismounted> Laptop <Mobile> Data Link Network OLSR <Radio> = 108 ℎ ( ) (ℎ ) How to handle disruptions?
17. Example of orchestration  TODO: work on that paper diagram… State of the art review yyyy-mm-dd Presentation title Neighbor discovery Data Transmit Neighbors? Messages? Receiving/Sending? 17 DTN handling in the literature No No No Yes Yes Yes Store/Forward 1 2 1 Controller Service Mediator Message Handler Packet Handler 1 2 3 4 PEP PEP PEP 4 4 4 Disruption/Delay Tolerant Networks 3 3 SatCom VHF UHF WLAN Good connectivity Poor connectivity The task is do it using the Core Services… Tactical Service Infrastructure (TSI) 2 * <your brain> <mobile device>
18. State of the art at TSI 18 Dynamic view Service Sn i3 i2 i1 o1 o2 o3 In Out TSI TSI Cross-layer calls ro rin Cross-layer calls 1 Packet handler 2 Message handler 3 Service mediator r Radio {WLAN, UHF, VHF, SatCom} Neighbor discovery Data Transmit Store/Forward 1 1 3 2 3 2 <you> 01 02 03 04 C2,1 = Labelling; C2,2 = Cryptography; label = C2,1 :i2 .readLabel(); C2,1 :o2 .createLabel(); C2,1 :o2 .update(label) /* Constructors */ C2,1 :i2 .readLabel(){C2,2 :i2 .decryptLabel()} C2,1 :o2 .createLabel(){C2,2 :o2 .encryptLabel()} update{ o2 .decryptLabel(), o2 .encryptLabel()} i2 .readLabel() .decryptLabel() <message handler>
19. In Short Presentation title TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure 19 <you> Routing Service Packet Handling Service 1 Proxy Service Message Queue Service 3 Message Transport Messaging Service 2 QoS Handler Policy Management Security Handler 4 TSI Node Southbound Interface Northbound Interface Cross-layer Service(s) Information Systems ri i3 i2 i1 o1 o2 o3 ro C11 C12 C1x ... C21 C22 C2x ... C31 C32 C3x ... * * * Core Services
20. Agenda Presentation title Three things: 20 <you> s1 s2 s3 Disconnected Established DTN Unstable Stable EMCON EMCON The model <you running> <you standing> <you @toilet> Disconnected Established DTN 3 States + 3 Actions Mobile Devices Emission Control (EMCON) When you are close to an adversary States = {Disconnected, Established and DTN} Actions = {Stable, Unstable, EMCON}
21. State of the art review 21 Connectivity Mobility Resources Requirements Network setup: Fully connected Fragmented Opportunistic Mobility pattern Bandwidth Storage capacity Power consumption QoS Priority, reliability, sensitivity Node A <Dismounted> UHF WLAN <you> Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Metric 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.19 2 10.1.1.3 10.1.1.19 2 10.1.1.4 10.1.1.19 2 10.1.1.5 10.1.1.19 2 10.1.1.6 10.1.1.19 2 a) From Core to All Non-critical If possible b) From Core to All Immediate threat Reliable, 15s pushed Solutions in the literature are based on availability of: Controller Service Mediator Message Handler Packet Handler 1 2 3 4 PEP PEP PEP Tactical Service Infrastructure (TSI) Group 02 Group 01 Group 03 1 2 3 1 1 1 2
22. Mobility metrics 22 Spatial dependence Temporal dependence Link changes Link duration Path availability (, , ) = ( , ()) * ( , ()) (, , ′) = ( , (′)) * ( , (′)) (, ) = =1 (, , ) (, ) , = =1 (, , ) (, ) = =(,) (, , ) − (, ) RD: Relative Direction SR: Speed Ratio () Timeline Handheld <Dismounted> Laptop <Mobile> t <Now> t' <Future> <Multi-hop> <Links> <you> <Localization> <Time>
23. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: Hypothesis 23 A feasible guess? <you> = 1 ∗ ∗ = 1 ∗ = 1 ∗ Expected Transmission Count (ETX) Direction Airtime (DAT) Expected Transmission Time (ETT) <Radio(s)> <Localization> Path availability (, ) = =(,) (, , ) − (, ) Link changes Link duration (, ) = =1 (, , ) (, ) , = =1 (, , ) <Time> s1 s2 s3 Disconnected Established DTN Unstable Stable EMCON EMCON We started with the hypothesis that the stable and unstable actions can be defined based on the metrics above. The system has 3 states and 3 actions: Spatial dependence Temporal dependence (, , ) = ( , ()) * ( , ()) (, , ′) = ( , (′)) * ( , (′)) Random, Group and Grid <three mobility patterns> OLSRv2 <one metric>
24. Simulation results yyyy-mm-dd Presentation title 24 Random Group Group 01 Group 02 Group 03 Group 02 Group 01 Group 03 Data overhead OLSRv2 (18 nodes) Adding nodes (18 to 42 nodes) Group 01 Grid (convoy) <you> Mobility patterns: <unstable> Worst case <stable> Best case <Group> In between
25. In Short Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd TSI Tactical Service Infrastructure 25 <you> Mission #1: local/distributed Services Mission #2: Core Services Mission #3: handle stable + unstable network conditions Controller Service Mediator Message Handler Packet Handler TSI Node Southbound Interface Northbound Interface 1 2 3 Cross-layer PEP PEP PEP 4 Service(s) Information Systems s2 s3 Established DTN Unstable Stable
26. Simulation results 26 Group 18(6),27(9),36(12),42(14) Group 02 Group 01 Group 03 <you> Group 18 nodes, 3 groups of 6 Link changes: 9 ±3.2 Link duration: 4 ±2.6 secs <isolated> <intermittent> DTN @Critical points A, B and C (DTN) Intermittent routes between 01 and 02 Path availiability: 0 min (DTN) No routes between Group 01 and 03
27. The decision process 27 <you> Tactical DTN ri i3 i2 i1 o1 o2 o3 ro S1 ,...,Sn Packet Handler Olocal Disruption or EMCON Cross-layer feedback In Out 1 2 3 Packet handler Message handler Service mediator 1 2 Behaviour Behaviour 01 nextHop = C1,1 :o1 .chooseNextHop(); 02 MEP = C3,1 :i3 .|o3 .chooseProxy(nextHop); 03 C2,1 :i2 .|o2 .chooseWrapper(MEP); 04 // The trigger for the decision process 05 C1,1 :i1 .|o1 .getConnectivityContext(){ 06 if costFunction(context) then 07 { i1,2,3 .|o1,2,3 }.set(stable); 08 else {i1,2,3 .|o1,2,3 }.set(unstable);} What happens when a critical point occurs? s2 s3 Established DTN Unstable Stable Actions: <Critical point> <Path availability, link changes and link duration>
28.  TSI should host a hybrid mechanism:  Connectivity + Mobility + Resources + Requirements Conclusion 28 Tactical DTN ri i3 i2 i1 o1 o2 o3 ro C11 C12 C1x ... C21 C22 C2x ... C31 C32 C3x ... * * * TN-xn S1 ,...,Sn Olocal 1 2 3 Packet handler Message handler Service mediator * Controller r Radio o1 o2 o3 ro S1 Handheld TN-D <Dismounted> ri i3 i2 i1 Sn Client Server Intermediary Simulated metrics + two actions ={ } S1 S2 Sn ... O1 Model for orchestrations Information Systems Core Services <you> s2 s3 Established DTN Unstable Stable
29. In Short Scaling the solution 29 Multi-homed devices + message exchange patterns <you> Multi-homed node SatCom VHF < 20 km < 9.6 kbps ∞ < 5 mbps UHF < 10 km < 256 kbps <Mobile> Stable Unstable Stable Unstable Stable Unstable What happens in multi-homed nodes? How to define the reward for changing protocols? The Message Exchange Patterns can be mapped to specific protocols? s1 s2 s3 Disconnected Established DTN Unstable Stable EMCON EMCON s4 s5 s6 s7 Request/Response Publish/Subscribe , , , (, , ′)
30. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: M1HDi8ZKSwslVx3BooDuiPyqAMtRhPNuuiQWv+w66AthroSh7VVYyKYJUdgNzRUGR0UKCPdtkCzbdrgXfLLqPp1k1MldmaJw6MejBN5dqMIfqn4zbu0x70blYAk3/vsXYzclw9e50veFpVOmLI16W4 NfKy8dnkVh9hXFXNBER7bdonBwdXAtT1+lyXUa6VO/BMwAIp+BNZ7A1bwjBoP0GmnlcA/doDUIvMVwi53FGKpysJx/Rn/VH9KthVklEP1bgRBK1tucK/FuuQFjIdhpzQqr7MhArMRWGjq2hg4fzHB1 FK+SJpD+0Ja1oWBMuC13ZAxHhyU2va4Hsf8+DRIbq4PQgxm+1QROWVlbkcAEz+T/19hqTNlZSql0Q3jhyBCMUtZDgx71y+8GQp4q+VdOGohAtFyWRb/Io76+uRUmg/jsxf+Yx+sdws6Uwm3ILyIxv 4RDvtH5XBVNpZlbCSnCrHdDTuyjOZyEpzQbcuNSBsYbCW8oHSl8VR+VWNAJnV9S2JwARPqMbjQxn1FWkMhi6F26KHrpwY/y8d+TgQpr/K8k26auQEtJMpDHrxaMa30HdwrruzcQ8tOAOwBae VfDWBbgKxEOmnbPuPOPx4XS+x/azMX+B41hL1V45zPOms7FXJ71pza0txYWs7t/ntTOw+djE0c4qIJqyYjzclf3Z3LK8Co7LnM5szibGdbc+b54JF/XFlLsIRFJix31T0yLyEQOE1M04NCHMKBLuRoa KHPLZuB85i6LyYlcvjF7prPbvQ0sSy9c4ztHB9arY4koKWb/YJI6feLWaLgJNFo+zn9nBqbL4CmaFLiVORp/6ra1YudmDHFS7eTx2cRfFcOGmcOKQWtJKwgUaTCuvUKNFvT2ollEJnj7H8tKqEwQxB NW5L29tXCEB8Ytr5UPccK7AmV5Y8SnJ+0J0q8gtbrl28na4bUxazX2HSZN/aug5BVQGS7qtQ8Eru6RsWJGS7iZ6RXLWlWIsimKMmNSRX4veEVuZ9BUbRpCXo4LVTp6/k2BDsAtV3o4Da6NnN X5jcRHr3mQrrwhTK7/x6w8zBtlMW8W7Tj4XCC9v6Sa1feuxvX3LlXi1+Aathz8k7c18Xm6WgoVpOLy0Gel9u/hAR+OnTDgCK3pWOVFA5HmeEfYNx6rY3LC7Wxb84IY+8/5nOIEcJel9vJ3D5zQE NXC1v8H2a8vpt3MtdR4L/3Nypu5tdJlYTG363NLO9YtX3BUDPqKAgxPUe58TLRbU1viVEXMtZ3WH/OQZWh/hactj5kFwBd2jc1+q4WcDswT4xcaYJavEywChtgSFgxodVuNjaMLUP0GPaKYGXD4 88NN2NckgSxihTNzvuYD/RsKYJH8NM2G67cj1/6g1ERKRI9phberE5beBcJ5NvOoI+qRagD/z4GlYRfrvQS6Smn4kdcUv1WQXxn/D7bKc/GPCJNVipj+WOBhW7m5Ya750oqUOX8aQA88aZDYBF CX/y0wz/k9qXTL4rLGARVp6YdmPph9XJGS9piPKa+oCNsdKt/njkNL2BVn1O5e6SzzqYwEdJGzL7z0yGJ53w23kRIs0j+JI/4w6SO1L0vDSwtfHJMAYAA+4062NlCFadJ8WAmGhbkFCpTBZNwYkk xg7V0O4vi19v/nLEu6m/v9A+sZOWZcnO052t/U9WK1GCxuoiZ40IllrhVdYQe2dlRKo4Tt4yh3sQJ2exGMPQ2Fho3PQp6Hn3KwzDpPYE+77K5A8Z1OfhIAzCRIvA2SJ8e5BTRa7kBLBBohZOcvbxx BOS2CZ+xZxFMQqMAodHdnEkOruFopek9dbU3YmttU8QL+sanVLnhzUkWcE7uWxvXgkH5ZhGpJ/Ehr8CDohpY/AVy1QkCDuA0eszi/LzhYf1BK+23OasWSTHjaMhGNAOfwdDoYy0ewxOngwIgc AbYWigkZw/qvP7n6i1EiAKYpqDKg+VDKTCVynToO80qdYeskgd7ZHv2lbKDYe+A8ap9hgDE4jXorrtZbeHl2zCfCnzt+kczOE2NlT31XV/numPnm+OtKN2X2tZlbw9kjcxvmNAZVUGw7lX7z7FmHA8O 3fMLfGcQNGhwrLr8gHAro5O3o/XnBmbOtn1t7ort8A0OMOULnUyv4/6mb/ifOl5RiJpB0hvvdz7PIL2xSaAt1h4TD8IPh04KzkHGnRTHeCQX5tCoF7Nc7ceHcRP9O9gdYc/1m9/TsqAMsttfR5n+E HU0ICudSIZKySk0Kf8EHCe43H45eJcZxF9u7EpT7Gt6UwJg07T303cNRy6oZiI2msNh4bWsFV6+GWUsu0Jo99+dx/zj1/8EH8+qut2e45z3+xK9p3azo2Kh4McEnwEZiJHA9UjoUoGdwI24jslvK7 0YwH3IF7a2ip3Lbxx0raJ4TTJt1jqdk5DQhqYGY6PNWvaE10DW5JKEKv2RYsLmt2bVGLBfd23zTRJujal7LtYOrI+Vxnx+5v9R0ncY7c8NUV9XP0LusJCWxCpFrr5lgA2iGWNRWgXufih8poqFu1vR Gy1ynQASOk+HEsPtPDsZfSqB4ehHQq3SjaLRDokh0vvumzXrR2RBfsZfj4AWUZGZhDwdSeX2L6yBpKkINJDXTZv/b6pD+l645Y+IXdBga722K5Edt7H3V48GmFDIrChxoui0OMIcBp+f0mkGQ8gg c/MavB/YVRzEyPxbE4gP1xS0cwgTK4mVIsqvXcVJNAfYquE/JKIJIVJ9q2asjw9wuX99Hc9wwegKcHd10DOKpKwBe7HROlIgpEWM9KPJT8d4/YJhIIwdQNO+Jz9ZXiMmtvN0Np6UNbLajWlExe ey9AnEgbkjNot0I4wy4s/jemU8hQn6mFk8TmLfvOAx9Pp/SsydNo9b22wCDX9fs4crPi1e6 Roberto Rigolin Ferreira Lopes roberto.lopes@ntnu.no # ifdown wlan0 Computer Networks: from ARPANET to the modern battlefield 31 You cannot teach a man anything, you can only help him find it within himself. ― Galileo Galilei Always remember, your power comes from the sun! <Disruption>
31. Agenda Presentation title yyyy-mm-dd Three things: Mindset behind ARPANET Computers had the potential to act as extensions of the whole human being, as tools that could amplify the range of human intelligence and expand the reach of our analytical powers. Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 27). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition 32 Licklider Gentlemen obsessed with the human brain (1960s) Shannon (1948) Turing (1936) Von Neumann (1945) <your brain>