Enabled and made cheaper by social media, also citizens are targeted even at home by smartphones. Fake news The "Lisa" case of 2016, where a Russian-German girl was portrayed in the media as being raped by migrants. Strategic leaks Macron emails leaked 48 hours before the election. Funding of organizations China opened a Chinese think-tank in Washington. Political parties Russia supports sympathetic European parties on the right and left wing. Organized protest movements Russian trolls organized both pro- and anti- protests in Houston mosque case in 2016. Cyber tools · Espionage · Attack · Manipulation New tool in arsenal: current espionage is old tactic with new, cyber means. Attack has targeted critical infrastructure, notably in Estonia in 2007. Manipulation is the next frontier, changing information without the holders knowing it. Economic leverage China sought to punish South Korea for accepting an U.S. anti-missile system. Proxies and unacknowledged war Hardly new, but “little green men” (Masked soldiers of the Russian Federation in unmarked green army uniforms) in Ukraine slid into actual combat. Paramilitary organizations Russian “Night Wolves” bikers intimidate civilians. (Gregory F. Treverton, Andrew Thvedt, Alicia R. Chen, Kathy Lee, and Madeline McCue (2018) Addressing Hybrid Threats. Arkitektkopia AB, Bromma. p4の表に筆者加筆修正.) Range of Hybrid Tools 修士論文で調査した選挙干 渉という行為は、あくまでも Disinformationというオペ レーションの一つにすぎない ロシアや中国が右表のような ハイブリッド脅威を国家戦略と して利用しており、その件数も 増えている 情報戦という枠内においては Disinformationや Misinformation、Fake newsという単語が定義も曖 昧なまま、独り歩きして情報 戦の実態を見えにくくしている 15
き誤解を生じさせることを意図した虚偽の情報及び/⼜は操作された情報を意図 的に作成・共有すること(英国DCMS下院特別委員会報告書) (INFORMATION DISORDER : Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making, Council of Europe, September 2017, p5をもとに筆者作成) 16