Rust 探訪 / rust-chotto-wakaru

Transcript

1. Rust ୳๚
   2022.11.18 ΪϑςΟ techbash
   
   
   @yashi848484
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2. Introduction
   • Rust ΛֶͿ͖͔͚͕ͬ WebAssembly ͩͬͨͨΊɺwasm ͷ࿩Λͯ͠
   ͔Β Rust ͷ࿩Λͯ͠Έ͍ͨͱࢥ͍·͢
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3. WebAssembly
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4. WebAssembly
   • Web্(≒ϒϥ΢β্)Ͱಈ͘όΠφϦܗࣜ
   
   
   • ߴ଎ɺߴޮ཰ɺϙʔλϒϧ
   
   
   • js 㱻 wasm ؒͰ΍ΓͱΓ͕Ͱ͖Δ
   
   
   • js ͷஔ͖׵͑Λ໨ࢦ͍ͯ͠ΔΘ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͍
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5. https://webassembly.org/getting-started/developers-guide/
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6. WebAssemblyςΩετܗࣜ
   (module
   
   
   (func $i (import "imports" "imported_func") (param i32))
   
   
   (func (export "exported_func")
   
   
   i32.const 42
   
   
   call $i
   
   
   )
   
   
   )
   
   
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7. WebAssembly
   • jsͰߴෛՙͳॲཧΛ΍Ζ͏ͱ͢Δͱਏ͍
   
   
   • VR, AR, ը૾ฤूɺήʔϜͳͲ
   
   
   • wasmपลͷΤίγεςϜ͸·ͩᴈ໌ظ
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8. js͔Β wasm Λ࢖͏
   • import puyo from 'path/to/wasm/module';
   
   
   • ͱ͸Ͱ͖ͳ͍ʂ
   
   
   • fetch→instanciate→function call
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9. js͔Β wasm Λ࢖͏ྫ
   const importObject = {
   
   
   imports: { imported_func: (arg) => console.log(arg) }
   
   
   };
   
   
   WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch("simple.wasm"), importObject).then(
   
   
   (obj) => obj.instance.exports.exported_func()
   
   
   );
   
   
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10. WASI
    • "Web"Assembly ͸ Web ͚ͩͷ΋ͷʹ͠ͳͯ͘΋ྑ͍ͷͰ͸ʁ
    
    
    • →ଞͷ؀ڥͰ΋ಈ͔ͦ͏
    
    
    • OSͱͷ΍ΓͱΓ=γεςϜίʔϧ͕ඞཁ
    
    
    • OSந৅Խ૚ͱͯ͠ͷ࢓༷ఆٛ
    
    
    • wasi-core, wasi-libc ͳͲϞδϡʔϧϕʔεͰ֦ுத
    
    
    • WASI ରԠ wasm ͳΒϒϥ΢β֎Ͱ΋࣮ߦՄೳɻݱࡏCͱRustͷΈରԠ
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11. Rust
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12. Rust
    • 2010-
    
    
    • Rust Foundation(2021-)
    
    
    • ύϑΥʔϚϯε΍৴པੑ(ϝϞϦ҆શੑ)Λॏࢹ
    
    
    • ςετ༻ߏจΛಉࠝ
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13. Rust
    • جຊతʹʮݻ͘ʯॻ͘ݴޠ
    
    
    • ௿ϨΠϠʔΛ࿔ΔͨΊͷݴޠɺͱࢥͬͪΌͬͯྑ͍͔΋
    
    
    • จ๏ଟ͍
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15. Χχʁ
    • ʮRustΛॻ͘ਓʯ= rustacean
    
    
    • crustacean ͕༝དྷ
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16. Χχʁ
    • ඇެࣜϚείοτ ferris
    
    
    • ferrous ͕༝དྷɻḊ͸మʹͰ͖Δɻ
    
    
    • ެࣜυΩϡϝϯτʹ͕ͬͭΓొ৔͢Δ(ඇެࣜͱ͸)
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17. Rustपลπʔϧ
    • rustup
    
    
    • cargo
    
    
    • clippy
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18. Rustup
    • Rust ͷπʔϧνΣʔϯΠϯετʔϥʔ
    
    
    • Rust ͷΠϯετʔϧɺόʔδϣϯΞοϓͳͲ͕Ͱ͖Δ
    
    
    • Rust Λ࢖͏ͨΊʹ·ͣ࠷ॳʹΠϯετʔϧ͢Δπʔϧ
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19. Cargo
    • Rust ͷύοέʔδϚωʔδϟʔ
    
    
    • ϓϩδΣΫτ࡞੒ɺґଘؔ܎؅ཧɺϏϧυɺςετ࣮ߦɺυΩϡϝϯ
    τੜ੒ͳͲ͍Ζ͍Ζ
    
    
    • rustupͰRustΛΠϯετʔϧ͢Δͱ෇͍ͯ͘Δ
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20. Clippy
    • Rust ͷ Linter
    
    
    • ඞਢͰ͸ͳ͍͕͋Δͱ݁ߏศར
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21. RustΤσΟγϣϯ
    • RustͷϦϦʔεαΠΫϧ͸6िؒ
    
    
    • 2~3೥͝ͱʹ৽͍͠ΤσΟγϣϯ͕࡞ΒΕΔ
    
    
    • Cargo.toml ͰϓϩδΣΫτͰར༻͢ΔΤσΟγϣϯΛઃఆ͢Δ
    
    
    • ݱࡏ(202211)͋ΔΤσΟγϣϯ͸2015, 2018, 2021
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22. RustͷߏจΛͪΐͬͱ͚ͩ೷͍ͯΈΑ͏
    • Ownership
    
    
    • Pattern Matching
    
    
    • Trait
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23. Ownership
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24. Ownership ͱ͸
    • ஋͸ॴ༗ऀ͕࣋ͭ
    
    
    • ͋Δ஋ʹର͢Δॴ༗ऀ͸ඞͣҰ͚ͭͩ
    
    
    • ॴ༗ऀ͕είʔϓ͔Β֎ΕͨΒɺ஋͸ഁغ͞ΕΔ
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25. Ownership ͷϞνϕʔγϣϯ
    • ϓϩάϥϜʹ͓͚ΔϝϞϦ؅ཧΛָʹݫີʹ΍Γ͍ͨ
    
    
    • ΨϕʔδίϨΫγϣϯ: ੍ָ͕ͩޚ͠ʹ͍͘
    
    
    • ໌ࣔతʹϝϞϦ֬อ/։์͢Δ: ݫີ͕ͩେม
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26. Ownership
    { // a͸ɺ͜͜Ͱ͸༗ޮͰ͸ͳ͍ɻ·ͩએݴ͞Ε͍ͯͳ͍
    
    
    let a = 5; // a͸ɺ͔͜͜Β༗ޮʹͳΔ
    
    
    // aͰ࡞ۀΛ͢Δ
    
    
    } // ͜ͷείʔϓ͸ऴΘΓɻ΋͏a͸༗ޮͰ͸ͳ͍
    
    
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27. Ownership(୅ೖ)
    {
    
    
    let x = 5;
    
    
    let y = x;
    
    
    println!("x = {}, y = {}", x, y);
    
    
    }
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28. Ownership(୅ೖ)
    {
    
    
    let s1 = String::from("hello");
    
    
    let s2 = s1;
    
    
    println!("{}, world!", s1);
    
    
    }
    
    
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29. Ownership(୅ೖ)
    • ઌͷίʔυ͸ಈ͔ͳ͍ʂ
    
    
    • จࣈྻ͸஋ͷϙΠϯλΛ࣋ͭ
    
    
    • ୅ೖ͢ΔͱϙΠϯλ͕ίϐʔ͞ΕΔ(shallow copy)
    
    
    • Rust Ͱ͸ɺs1 Λ s2 ʹ୅ೖͨ࣌͠఺Ͱจࣈྻͷॴ༗ऀ͕ s2 ʹҠΔ
    ˠmove
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30. Ownership(୅ೖ)
    • ͋Εʁ੔਺ͷͱ͖͸ಈ͍͚ͨͲɾɾɾʁ
    
    
    • ੔਺ͷ৔߹ɺshallow copy ͱ deep copy ͷ۠ผ͕ແ͍(ཁΒͳ͍)
    
    
    • ۠ผ͕ཁΒͳ͍ܕͷྫ: u32, bool, char ͳͲ
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31. Ownership(ؔ਺)
    • ؔ਺ʹ஋Λ౉ͨ͠Γɺؔ਺͔Β஋Λฦͨ͠Γͯ͠΋ɺϜʔϒ͞ΕΔ
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32. Ownership(ؔ਺)
    {
    
    
    let s = String::from("hello"); // s͕είʔϓʹೖΔ
    
    
    fn_hoge(s); // sͷ஋͕ؔ਺ʹϜʔϒ͞Ε...
    
    
    // ... ͜͜Ͱ͸΋͏༗ޮͰ͸ͳ͍
    
    
    let x = 5; // x͕είʔϓʹೖΔ
    
    
    fn_fuga(x); // x΋ؔ਺ʹϜʔϒ͞ΕΔ͕ɺ
    
    
    // i32͸CopyͳͷͰɺ͜ͷޙʹxΛ࢖ͬͯ΋େৎ෉
    
    
    } // ͜͜Ͱx͕είʔϓΛൈ͚ɺs΋είʔϓΛൈ͚Δɻͨͩ͠ɺsͷ஋͸Ϝʔϒ͞Ε͍ͯΔͷͰɺԿ΋ಛผͳ͜ͱ͸ى͜Βͳ͍ɻ
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33. Ownership(ؔ਺)
    fn main() {
    
    
    let s1 = gives_ownership(); // gives_ownership͸ɺ໭Γ஋Λs1ʹϜʔϒ͢Δ
    
    
    let s2 = String::from("hello"); // s2͕είʔϓʹೖΔ
    
    
    let s3 = takes_and_gives_back(s2); // s2͸takes_and_gives_backʹϜʔϒ͞Ε໭Γ஋΋s3ʹϜʔϒ͞ΕΔ
    
    
    } // ͜͜Ͱɺs3͸είʔϓΛൈ͚υϩοϓ͞ΕΔɻs2΋είʔϓΛൈ͚Δ͕ɺϜʔϒ͞Ε͍ͯΔͷͰԿ΋ى͖ͳ͍ɻs1΋είʔϓΛൈ͚υϩοϓ͞ΕΔɻ
    
    
    fn gives_ownership() -> String {
    
    
    let some_string = String::from("hello"); // some_string͕είʔϓʹೖΔ
    
    
    some_string // some_string͕ฦ͞Εɺݺͼग़͠ݩؔ਺ʹϜʔϒ͞ΕΔ
    
    
    }
    
    
    fn takes_and_gives_back(a_string: String) -> String { // a_string͕είʔϓʹೖΔɻ
    
    
    a_string // a_string͕ฦ͞Εɺݺͼग़͠ݩؔ਺ʹϜʔϒ͞ΕΔ
    
    
    }
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34. Ownership(ؔ਺)
    • ؔ਺ʹ஋Λ౉͢ͱ͍͍ͪͪϜʔϒ͞ΕΔͷ໘౗...ɻ
    
    
    • →஋Ͱ͸ͳ͘஋ͷࢀরΛ౉͢͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ
    
    
    • ؔ਺ͷҾ਺ʹࢀরΛऔΔ͜ͱ=आ༻ͱݺͿ
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35. Ownership(ࢀর)
    fn main() {
    
    
    let s1 = String::from("hello");
    
    
    let len = calculate_length(&s1);
    
    
    }
    
    
    fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize { // s͸String΁ͷࢀর
    
    
    s.len()
    
    
    } // ͜͜Ͱɺs͸είʔϓ֎ʹͳΔ͕ɺࢀর͍ͯ͠Δ΋ͷͷॴ༗ݖΛ͍࣋ͬͯΔΘ͚Ͱ͸ͳ͍ͷͰԿ΋ى͜Βͳ͍
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36. Ownership(ࢀর)
    fn main() {
    
    
    let s = String::from("hello");
    
    
    change(&s);
    
    
    }
    
    
    // आ༻ͨ͠Կ͔Λมߋ͍ͨ͠ʂ
    
    
    fn change(some_string: &String) {
    
    
    some_string.push_str(", world");
    
    
    }
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37. Ownership(ࢀর)
    fn main() {
    
    
    // ม਺͸σϑΥϧτͰෆมͳͨΊɺmutΛ෇༩
    
    
    let mut s = String::from("hello");
    
    
    change(&mut s);
    
    
    }
    
    
    fn change(some_string: &mut String) {
    
    
    some_string.push_str(", world");
    
    
    }
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38. Pattern Matching
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39. Pattern Matching
    • ύλʔϯͱ஋Λൺֱ͠ɺϚον݁ՌʹԠͯ͡ॲཧΛߦ͏
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40. Pattern Matching
    enum Coin {
    
    
    Penny,
    
    
    Nickel,
    
    
    Dime,
    
    
    Quarter,
    
    
    }
    
    
    fn value_in_cents(coin: Coin) -> u32 {
    
    
    match coin {
    
    
    Coin::Penny => 1,
    
    
    Coin::Nickel => 5,
    
    
    Coin::Dime => 10,
    
    
    Coin::Quarter => 25,
    
    
    }
    
    
    }
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41. Pattern Matching
    • ύλʔϯ͸ॱʹॲཧ͞Εɺ࠷ॳʹҰகͨࣜ͠ͷ݁ՌΛฦ͢
    
    
    • Ұகͨ͠ΒҎ߱ͷΞʔϜ(ύλʔϯ => ࣜ)͸ॲཧ͞Εͳ͍(୹བྷධՁ)
    
    
    • matchࣜ͸໢ཏతͰͳ͚Ε͹ͳΒͳ͍
    
    
    • _ ͸ԿʹͰ΋Ϛον͢Δ
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42. Pattern Matching(Ψʔυ)
    match x {
    
    
    0 => println!("zero"),
    
    
    1 => println!("one"),
    
    
    n => if is_prime(n) {
    
    
    println!("prime number {}", n);
    
    
    } else {
    
    
    println!("composite number {}", n);
    
    
    }
    
    
    }
    
    
    match x {
    
    
    0 => println!("zero"),
    
    
    1 => println!("one"),
    
    
    n if is_prime(n) => println!("prime number {}", n),
    
    
    n => println!("composite number {}", n)
    
    
    }
    
    
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43. Pattern Matching(Ψʔυ)
    • ͋Δ৚݅Λຬͨ͢΋ͷͷΈΛϚονͤ͞Δ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ(Ψʔυ)
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44. Optionܕ
    • Rust ʹ͸ null ͕ͳ͍
    
    
    • ͨͩ͠ʮແޮͳ஋ʯΛද͢ํ๏͕༻ҙ͞Ε͍ͯΔ
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45. Optionܕ
    enum Option {
    
    
    Some(T), // ༗ޮͳ஋
    
    
    None, // ແޮͳ஋
    
    
    }
    
    
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46. Pattern Matching(෦෼ଋറ)
    fn plus_one(x: Option) -> Option {
    
    
    match x {
    
    
    None => None,
    
    
    Some(i) => Some(i + 1),
    
    
    }
    
    
    }
    
    
    let five = Some(5);
    
    
    let six = plus_one(five);
    
    
    let none = plus_one(None);
    
    
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47. Pattern Matching(෦෼ଋറ)
    • ύλʔϯʹϚονͨ͠ʮ͋Δ෦෼ʯΛผͷม਺ʹଋറͰ͖Δ
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48. Pattern Matching(ม਺)
    struct Point {
    
    
    x: i32,
    
    
    y: i32,
    
    
    }
    
    
    let ((hoge, fuga), Point {a, b}) = ((3, 10), Point { x: 3, y: -10 });
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49. Pattern Matching
    • ม਺એݴͷͱ͖ʹ΋Pattern Matching ͕Ͱ͖Δ
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50. Trait
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51. Traitͱ͸
    • ʮಛఆͷৼΔ෣͍Λ࣋ͭܕʯΛఆٛͰ͖Δ
    
    
    • Java ͷΠϯλʔϑΣʔεɺSwift ͷϓϩτίϧʹ͍ۙ
    
    
    • ʮܕͷάϧʔϐϯάʯ͕Ϟνϕʔγϣϯ(ͨͿΜͶ)
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52. Trait(ఆٛ)
    trait Purchasable {
    
    
    fn get_subtotal_price(&self) -> f64;
    
    
    }
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53. Trait(࣮૷)
    struct IceCream {
    
    
    unit_price: f64,
    
    
    flavor: String,
    
    
    }
    
    
    struct EnglishClass {
    
    
    hourly_price: f64,
    
    
    hour: f64,
    
    
    difficulty_level: String,
    
    
    }
    
    
    impl Purchasable for IceCream {
    
    
    fn get_subtotal_price(&self) -> f64 {
    
    
    self.unit_price
    
    
    }
    
    
    }
    
    
    impl Purchasable for EnglishClass {
    
    
    fn get_subtotal_price(&self) -> f64 {
    
    
    &self.hourly_price * &self.hour
    
    
    }
    
    
    }
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54. Trait
    • Trait Λ࣮૷͢Δܕશͯʹରͯ͠ɺશͯͷϝιουͷ࣮૷Λཁٻ͢Δͷ
    ͸େม
    
    
    • →σϑΥϧτ࣮૷ΛఆٛͰ͖Δ
    
    
    • ඞཁʹԠͯ͡ΦʔόʔϥΠυͰ͖Δ
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55. Trait(σϑΥϧτ࣮૷)
    const DEFAULT_CONSUMPTION_TAX_RATE: f64 = 10.0;
    
    
    trait Purchasable {
    
    
    fn get_subtotal_price(&self) -> f64;
    
    
    // σϑΥϧτ࣮૷͋Γ
    
    
    fn get_tax_included_price(&self) -> f64 {
    
    
    let subtotal = &self.get_subtotal_price();
    
    
    subtotal / DEFAULT_CONSUMPTION_TAX_RATE + subtotal
    
    
    }
    
    
    }
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56. Trait(σϑΥϧτ࣮૷)
    fn main() {
    
    
    let vanilla_ice = IceCream {
    
    
    unit_price: 400.0,
    
    
    flavor: String::from("vanilla"),
    
    
    };
    
    
    let some_class = EnglishClass {
    
    
    hourly_price: 2000.0,
    
    
    hour: 3.0,
    
    
    difficulty_level: String::from("hard"),
    
    
    };
    
    
    println!("{}", vanilla_ice.get_tax_included_price()); // 440
    
    
    println!("{}", some_class.get_tax_included_price()); // 6600
    
    
    }
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57. Trait
    • ؔ਺ͷҾ਺΍ฦΓ஋ʹɺʮಛఆͷTraitΛ࣮૷͍ͯ͠ΔܕʯΛࢦఆ͢Δ
    ͜ͱ͕Ͱ͖Δ
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58. Trait(ؔ਺)
    fn get_tax_amount(arg: &impl Purchasable) -> f64 {
    
    
    let tax_included_price = arg.get_tax_included_price();
    
    
    let subtotal = arg.get_subtotal_price();
    
    
    tax_included_price - subtotal
    
    
    }
    
    
    // δΣωϦοΫܕΛ࢖ͬͯॻ͘͜ͱ΋Ͱ͖Δ
    
    
    fn get_tax_amount(arg: &T) -> f64 {
    
    
    let tax_included_price = arg.get_tax_included_price();
    
    
    let subtotal = arg.get_subtotal_price();
    
    
    tax_included_price - subtotal
    
    
    }
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59. Trait(ؔ਺)
    fn get_vanilla_ice() -> impl Purchasable {
    
    
    IceCream {
    
    
    unit_price: 400.0,
    
    
    flavor: String::from("vanilla"),
    
    
    }
    
    
    }
    
    
    fn main() {
    
    
    let vanilla_ice = get_vanilla_ice(); // vanilla_ice ͷܕ͸ impl Purchasable
    
    
    }
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60. ·ͱΊ
    • ஌Βͳ͍͏ͪʹ2021ΤσΟγϣϯ͕Ͱ͖͍ͯͯϏϏΓ·ͨ͠
    
    
    • ࠓ೔঺հͨ͠ߏจ͸ණࢁͷҰ֯Ͱ͢
    
    
    • ֶशۂઢ͕ٸफ़ͱݴΘΕΔ Rust ͷϋʔυϧ͕গ͠Ͱ΋Լ͕Ε͹޾͍
    Ͱ͢
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61. ࢀߟ
    • https://webassembly.org/
    
    
    • https://developer.mozilla.org/ja/docs/WebAssembly
    
    
    • https://doc.rust-jp.rs/book-ja/
    
    
    • https://numb86-tech.hatenablog.com/entry/2021/09/14/210955
    
    
    • https://gist.github.com/omasanori/7858569
    
    
    • https://zenn.dev/mebiusbox/books/22d4c1ed9b0003
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