Building a Better OpenStruct (WindyCityRails 2016)

Talk abstract:

OpenStruct, part of Ruby’s standard library, is prized for its beautiful API. It provides dynamic data objects with automatically generated getters and setters. Unfortunately, OpenStruct also carries a hefty performance penalty.

Recently, Rubyists have tried various approaches to speed up OpenStruct or provide alternatives. We will study these attempts, learning how to take advantage of the tools in our ecosystem while advancing the state of the Ruby community.

Sometimes, we can have our cake and eat it too. But it takes creativity, hard work, and willingness to question why things are the way they are.

Link from the talk:

http://jamesgolick.com/2013/4/14/mris-method-caches.html

1. OPENSTRUCT BUILDING A BETTER ARIEL CAPLAN
2. OPENSTRUCT LET’S TALK ABOUT
3. OPENSTRUCT IS RUBY’S JAVASCRIPT OBJECT
4. OPENSTRUCT IS RUBY’S JAVASCRIPT OBJECT require 'ostruct' open_struct = OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4 open_struct[:something] = 'whatever'
5. OPENSTRUCT IS RUBY’S JAVASCRIPT OBJECT require 'ostruct' open_struct = OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4 open_struct[:something] = 'whatever' open_struct.foo => :bar open_struct.baz => 4 open_struct.quux => nil
6. OPENSTRUCT IS RUBY’S JAVASCRIPT OBJECT require 'ostruct' open_struct = OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4 open_struct[:something] = 'whatever' open_struct[:foo] => :bar open_struct["baz"] => 4 open_struct[:quux] => nil open_struct.foo => :bar open_struct.baz => 4 open_struct.quux => nil
7. WHY USE OPENSTRUCT? 3 common use cases for OpenStruct (Erik Michaels-Ober's list): • Consume an API • Configuration object • Simple test double
8. CONSUME AN API
9. CONSUME AN API hash = JSON.parse(APICall.execute) results = OpenStruct.new(hash) SIMPLE STRATEGY: PASS RESPONSE INTO AN OPENSTRUCT
10. CONSUME AN API hash = JSON.parse(APICall.execute) results = OpenStruct.new(hash) class APICall < OpenStruct def self.execute response = Net::HTTP.get(URI('domain.com/endpoint')) new(JSON.parse(response)) end end results = APICall.execute SIMPLE STRATEGY: PASS RESPONSE INTO AN OPENSTRUCT ADVANCED STRATEGY: SUBCLASS OPENSTRUCT
11. CONSUME AN API { "thing": [1, 2, 3], "other_thing": "hello" } If the API response is…
12. CONSUME AN API { "thing": [1, 2, 3], "other_thing": "hello" } If the API response is… Instead of… response['thing'] => [1, 2, 3]
13. CONSUME AN API { "thing": [1, 2, 3], "other_thing": "hello" } If the API response is… response.thing => [1, 2, 3] You can write this instead! Instead of… response['thing'] => [1, 2, 3]
14. CONSUME AN API You can also define your own methods! class User < OpenStruct def name "#{first_name} #{last_name}" end end api_call = JSON.parse(API.get('/users/1')) # => {"first_name"=>"Ariel","last_name"=>"Caplan"} User.new(api_call).name # => "Ariel Caplan"
15. CONFIGURATION OBJECT
16. CONFIGURATION OBJECT MyGem.configure do |configuration| configuration.setting = true end
17. CONFIGURATION OBJECT class MyGem def self.configure yield configuration end def self.configuration @configuration ||= OpenStruct.new end end MyGem.configure do |configuration| configuration.setting = true end
18. TEST DOUBLE class Order def initialize(payment_gateway, products) @payment_gateway = payment_gateway @products = products end def pay payment_gateway.total = total_cost payment_gateway.charge end def total_cost # sum up the products end end
19. TEST DOUBLE class Order def initialize(payment_gateway, products) @payment_gateway = payment_gateway @products = products end def pay payment_gateway.total = total_cost payment_gateway.charge end def total_cost # sum up the products end end Expensive to test!
20. TEST DOUBLE # Stub out methods payment_gateway = OpenStruct.new(charge: :PAID) # Run the test payment_result = Order.new(payment_gateway, products).pay # Assert a value is returned assert_equal payment_result, :PAID # Assert a value is set on the OpenStruct assert_equal payment_gateway.total, total_cost(products)
21. HOW DOES IT WORK?
22. WARNING! CODE HAS BEEN BRUTALLY EDITED
23. HOW DOES IT WORK?
24. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class.
25. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. foo = Object.new def foo.bar "hello from bar" end foo.bar => "hello from bar" foo.singleton_methods => [:bar]
26. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class.
27. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar)
28. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def initialize(hash=nil) @table = {} if hash hash.each_pair do |k, v| k = k.to_sym @table[k] = v new_ostruct_member(k) end end end OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar)
29. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def initialize(hash=nil) @table = {} if hash hash.each_pair do |k, v| k = k.to_sym @table[k] = v new_ostruct_member(k) end end end OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4
30. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def initialize(hash=nil) @table = {} if hash hash.each_pair do |k, v| k = k.to_sym @table[k] = v new_ostruct_member(k) end end end OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4 open_struct.baz=(4)
31. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def initialize(hash=nil) @table = {} if hash hash.each_pair do |k, v| k = k.to_sym @table[k] = v new_ostruct_member(k) end end end def method_missing(mid, *args) mname = mid.id2name if mname.chomp!('=') @table[new_ostruct_member(mname)] = args[0] else @table[mid] end end OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4 open_struct.baz=(4)
32. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def initialize(hash=nil) @table = {} if hash hash.each_pair do |k, v| k = k.to_sym @table[k] = v new_ostruct_member(k) end end end def method_missing(mid, *args) mname = mid.id2name if mname.chomp!('=') @table[new_ostruct_member(mname)] = args[0] else @table[mid] end end OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4 open_struct.baz=(4)
33. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def initialize(hash=nil) @table = {} if hash hash.each_pair do |k, v| k = k.to_sym @table[k] = v new_ostruct_member(k) end end end def method_missing(mid, *args) mname = mid.id2name if mname.chomp!('=') @table[new_ostruct_member(mname)] = args[0] else @table[mid] end end OpenStruct.new(foo: :bar) open_struct.baz = 4 open_struct.baz=(4) open_struct.baz
34. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) define_singleton_method(name) { @table[name] } define_singleton_method("#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end
35. HOW DOES IT WORK? • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) define_singleton_method(name) { @table[name] } define_singleton_method("#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end This is the singleton class version of attr_accessor :foo but it uses the internal @table, not instance variables!
36. • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. HOW DOES IT WORK?
37. • No 2 OpenStructs share a set of methods • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. HOW DOES IT WORK?
38. • No 2 OpenStructs share a set of methods • The methods must be defined each time! • Under the hood, OpenStruct defines attribute setter/getter methods on the object’s singleton class. HOW DOES IT WORK?
39. OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW
40. • Q: How slow is OpenStruct? OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW
41. • Q: How slow is OpenStruct? • A: OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW
42. • Q: How slow is OpenStruct? • A: OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW • Translation: 10-40x slower than an explicitly defined class
43. • Q: How slow is OpenStruct? • A: OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW • Translation: 10-40x slower than an explicitly defined class • Q: Why is OpenStruct slow?
44. • Q: How slow is OpenStruct? • A: OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW • Translation: 10-40x slower than an explicitly defined class • Q: Why is OpenStruct slow? • Defining methods is slow
45. • Q: How slow is OpenStruct? • A: OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW • Translation: 10-40x slower than an explicitly defined class • Q: Why is OpenStruct slow? • Defining methods is slow • method_missing is slow
46. • Q: How slow is OpenStruct? • A: OPENSTRUCT IS SLOW • Translation: 10-40x slower than an explicitly defined class • Q: Why is OpenStruct slow? • Defining methods is slow • method_missing is slow • In < 2.1, reset the global method cache, no longer a problem
47. http://jamesgolick.com/2013/4/14/
 mris-method-caches.html
48. IN RUBY >= 2.1, WE CAN CREATE OPENSTRUCTS WITHOUT SLOWING DOWN THE REST OF OUR APPLICATION!
49. BUT OPENSTRUCT ITSELF IS STILL SLOW…
50. HI EVERYONE! MY NAME IS ARIEL CAPLAN. YOU CAN FIND ME ONLINE AT @AMCAPLAN AND AMCAPLAN.NINJA
51. I WORK FOR WE PAY PEOPLE TO USE HIGH-QUALITY, LOW-COST HEALTHCARE.
53. WE USE A SYSTEM OF
54. WE USE A SYSTEM OF MICROSERVICES
55. WE USE A SYSTEM OF MICROSERVICES AND
56. WE USE A SYSTEM OF MICROSERVICES AND EXTERNAL APIS
57. WE USE A SYSTEM OF MICROSERVICES AND EXTERNAL APIS COMMUNICATING VIA JSON
58. WE USE A SYSTEM OF MICROSERVICES AND EXTERNAL APIS COMMUNICATING VIA JSON PARSED INTO RUBY HASHES
59. WE USE A SYSTEM OF MICROSERVICES AND EXTERNAL APIS COMMUNICATING VIA JSON PARSED INTO RUBY HASHES FED INTO OPENSTRUCTS
60. PROFILING
 INDICATED THAT OPENSTRUCT WAS A MAJOR CULPRIT
61. WE WANTED TO KEEP OPENSTRUCT BECAUSE IT GAVE US FLEXIBILITY
62. CAN WE BUILD A BETTER OPENSTRUCT?
63. NO.
64. THANK YOU! ARIEL CAPLAN @AMCAPLAN
66. YES.
67. 4 STORIES
68. ROUND 1: OpenFastStruct
69. ” “ — Ruby Weekly, March 26, 2015
70. ” “ — https://github.com/arturoherrero/ofstruct
71. — https://github.com/arturoherrero/ofstruct/blob/master/lib/ofstruct.rb def initialize(args = {}) @members = {} update(args) end def update(args) args.each { |k, v| assign(k, v) } end
 def assign(key, value) @members[key.to_sym] = value end def method_missing(name, *args) @members.fetch(name) do if name[-1] == "=" assign(name[0..-2], args.first) else assign(key, self.class.new) end end end
72. — https://github.com/arturoherrero/ofstruct/blob/master/lib/ofstruct.rb def initialize(args = {}) @members = {} update(args) end def update(args) args.each { |k, v| assign(k, v) } end
 def assign(key, value) @members[key.to_sym] = value end def method_missing(name, *args) @members.fetch(name) do if name[-1] == "=" assign(name[0..-2], args.first) else assign(key, self.class.new) end end end open_fast_struct.baz # baz exists
73. — https://github.com/arturoherrero/ofstruct/blob/master/lib/ofstruct.rb def initialize(args = {}) @members = {} update(args) end def update(args) args.each { |k, v| assign(k, v) } end
 def assign(key, value) @members[key.to_sym] = value end def method_missing(name, *args) @members.fetch(name) do if name[-1] == "=" assign(name[0..-2], args.first) else assign(key, self.class.new) end end end open_fast_struct.baz = 4 open_fast_struct.baz # baz exists
74. — https://github.com/arturoherrero/ofstruct/blob/master/lib/ofstruct.rb def initialize(args = {}) @members = {} update(args) end def update(args) args.each { |k, v| assign(k, v) } end
 def assign(key, value) @members[key.to_sym] = value end def method_missing(name, *args) @members.fetch(name) do if name[-1] == "=" assign(name[0..-2], args.first) else assign(key, self.class.new) end end end open_fast_struct.baz = 4 open_fast_struct.baz # baz does not exist open_fast_struct.baz # baz exists
75. OPENFASTSTRUCT DOESN’T PAY THE UPFRONT COST OF DEFINING METHODS
76. OPENFASTSTRUCT IS GOOD WHEN PROPERTIES ARE NOT ACCESSED REPEATEDLY
77. OPENFASTSTRUCT DOESN’T WORK IN OUR APP DUE TO DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR
78. ” “ — https://github.com/arturoherrero/ofstruct
79. ” “ — https://github.com/arturoherrero/ofstruct
80. OpenStruct.new.foo => nil OpenFastStruct.new.foo => #<OpenFastStruct>
81. OpenStruct.new.foo => nil OpenFastStruct.new.foo => #<OpenFastStruct> if open_struct_response.foo
82. OpenStruct.new.foo => nil OpenFastStruct.new.foo => #<OpenFastStruct> if open_struct_response.foo “ falsey
83. OpenStruct.new.foo => nil OpenFastStruct.new.foo => #<OpenFastStruct> if open_struct_response.foo “ falsey if open_fast_struct_response.foo
84. OpenStruct.new.foo => nil OpenFastStruct.new.foo => #<OpenFastStruct> if open_struct_response.foo “ falsey “ truthy if open_fast_struct_response.foo
85. A DROP-IN REPLACEMENT SHOULD BE A DROP-IN REPLACEMENT
86. CAN WE DO BETTER?
87. ROUND 2: PersistentOpenStruct
88. SAMPLE USAGE PersistentOpenStruct
89. SAMPLE USAGE PersistentOpenStruct class Animal < PersistentOpenStruct def speak "The #{type} makes a #{sound} sound!" end end
90. SAMPLE USAGE PersistentOpenStruct class Animal < PersistentOpenStruct def speak "The #{type} makes a #{sound} sound!" end end dog = Animal.new(type: 'dog', sound: 'woof') # => #<Animal type="dog", sound="woof"> dog.speak # => "The dog makes a woof sound!" dog.ears = 'droopy' dog[:nose] = ['cold', 'wet'] dog['tail'] = 'waggable' dog # => #<Animal type="dog", sound="woof", ears="droopy", nose=["cold", "wet"], tail="waggable">
91. SAMPLE USAGE PersistentOpenStruct class Animal < PersistentOpenStruct def speak "The #{type} makes a #{sound} sound!" end end dog = Animal.new(type: 'dog', sound: 'woof') # => #<Animal type="dog", sound="woof"> dog.speak # => "The dog makes a woof sound!" dog.ears = 'droopy' dog[:nose] = ['cold', 'wet'] dog['tail'] = 'waggable' dog # => #<Animal type="dog", sound="woof", ears="droopy", nose=["cold", "wet"], tail="waggable"> Animal.instance_methods(false) # => [:speak, :type=, :type, :sound=, :sound, :ears=, :ears,
 :nose=, :nose, :tail=, :tail]
92. HOW IT WORKS PersistentOpenStruct def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) self.class.send(:define_method, name) { @table[name] } self.class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) define_singleton_method(name) { @table[name] } define_singleton_method("#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end OpenStruct PersistentOpenStruct
93. HOW IT WORKS PersistentOpenStruct def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) self.class.send(:define_method, name) { @table[name] } self.class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) define_singleton_method(name) { @table[name] } define_singleton_method("#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end OpenStruct PersistentOpenStruct def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) define_singleton_method(name) { @table[name] } define_singleton_method("#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end def new_ostruct_member(name) name = name.to_sym unless respond_to?(name) self.class.send(:define_method, name) { @table[name] } self.class.send(:define_method, "#{name}=") { |x| @table[name] = x } end name end
95. THIS IS A TERRIBLE HACK.
96. THIS IS A TERRIBLE HACK. IT MAY HAVE SECURITY IMPLICATIONS.
97. THIS IS A TERRIBLE HACK. IT MAY HAVE SECURITY IMPLICATIONS. AND IT MADE OUR APP 10% FASTER.
98. Comparison: RegularClass: 3673779.6 i/s PersistentOpenStruct: 764359.4 i/s - 4.81x slower OpenFastStruct: 546808.8 i/s - 6.72x slower OpenStruct: 155130.1 i/s - 23.68x slower
99. WHERE’S THE MATH?
100. THE INFORMATION YOU CRAVE USING THE NOTATION YOU LOVE!
101. THE INFORMATION YOU CRAVE • Let n = number of methods to define USING THE NOTATION YOU LOVE!
102. THE INFORMATION YOU CRAVE • Let n = number of methods to define • Let o = objects to create USING THE NOTATION YOU LOVE!
103. THE INFORMATION YOU CRAVE • Let n = number of methods to define • Let o = objects to create • Using PersistentOpenStruct: O(n) USING THE NOTATION YOU LOVE!
104. THE INFORMATION YOU CRAVE • Let n = number of methods to define • Let o = objects to create • Using PersistentOpenStruct: O(n) • Using OpenStruct: O(no) USING THE NOTATION YOU LOVE!
105. MATH PROVIDES A USEFUL FRAMEWORK FOR THINKING ABOUT PROBLEMS. AS ENGINEERS, WE NEED ANSWERS GROUNDED IN REALITY.
107. BENCHMARK YOUR LIBRARY
108. BENCHMARK YOUR LIBRARY BENCHMARK YOUR APP
109. BENCHMARK YOUR LIBRARY BENCHMARK YOUR APP BENCHMARK ALL THE THINGS!
110. PERSISTENTOPENSTRUCT IS GOOD WHEN REPEATEDLY CREATING DATA OBJECTS WITH THE SAME SHAPE
111. ROUND 3: OpenStruct
114. INTRODUCED IN RUBY 2.3!
115. THIS IS A DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENT WHEN SOME KEYS ARE NEVER ACCESSED
116. ROUND 4: DynamicClass
117. SAMPLE USAGE DynamicClass
118. SAMPLE USAGE DynamicClass Animal = DynamicClass.new do def speak "The #{type} makes a #{sound} sound!" end end
119. SAMPLE USAGE DynamicClass Animal = DynamicClass.new do def speak "The #{type} makes a #{sound} sound!" end end dog = Animal.new(type: 'dog', sound: 'woof') # => #<Animal:0x007fdb2b818ba8 @type="dog", @sound="woof"> dog.speak # => "The dog makes a woof sound!" dog.ears = 'droopy' dog[:nose] = ['cold', 'wet'] dog['tail'] = 'waggable' dog # => #<Animal:0x007fc26b1841d0 @type="dog", @sound="woof", @ears="droopy", @nose=["cold", "wet"], @tail=“waggable">
120. SAMPLE USAGE DynamicClass Animal = DynamicClass.new do def speak "The #{type} makes a #{sound} sound!" end end dog = Animal.new(type: 'dog', sound: 'woof') # => #<Animal:0x007fdb2b818ba8 @type="dog", @sound="woof"> dog.speak # => "The dog makes a woof sound!" dog.ears = 'droopy' dog[:nose] = ['cold', 'wet'] dog['tail'] = 'waggable' dog # => #<Animal:0x007fc26b1841d0 @type="dog", @sound="woof", @ears="droopy", @nose=["cold", "wet"], @tail=“waggable"> Animal.instance_methods(false) # => [:to_h, :speak, :type=, :type, :sound=, :sound, :ears=, :ears,
 :nose=, :nose, :tail=, :tail]
121. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass class << self def attributes @attributes ||= Set.new end def add_methods!(key) class_exec do attr_writer key unless method_defined?("#{key}=") attr_reader key unless method_defined?("#{key}") attributes << key end end end
122. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass
123. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass def initialize(attributes = {}) attributes.each_pair do |key, value| __send__(:"#{key}=", value) end end
124. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass def method_missing(mid, *args) if (mname = mid[/.*(?==\z)/m]) self[mname] = args.first else self[mid] end end def initialize(attributes = {}) attributes.each_pair do |key, value| __send__(:"#{key}=", value) end end
125. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass def method_missing(mid, *args) if (mname = mid[/.*(?==\z)/m]) self[mname] = args.first else self[mid] end end def initialize(attributes = {}) attributes.each_pair do |key, value| __send__(:"#{key}=", value) end end animal.baz = 4
126. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass def method_missing(mid, *args) if (mname = mid[/.*(?==\z)/m]) self[mname] = args.first else self[mid] end end def initialize(attributes = {}) attributes.each_pair do |key, value| __send__(:"#{key}=", value) end end animal.baz = 4 animal.baz
127. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass def method_missing(mid, *args) if (mname = mid[/.*(?==\z)/m]) self[mname] = args.first else self[mid] end end def []=(key, value) key = key.to_sym instance_variable_set(:"@#{key}", value) unless self.class.attributes.include?(key) self.class.add_methods!(key) end end def [](key) instance_variable_get(:"@#{key}") end def initialize(attributes = {}) attributes.each_pair do |key, value| __send__(:"#{key}=", value) end end animal.baz = 4 animal.baz
128. HOW IT WORKS DynamicClass def method_missing(mid, *args) if (mname = mid[/.*(?==\z)/m]) self[mname] = args.first else self[mid] end end def []=(key, value) key = key.to_sym instance_variable_set(:"@#{key}", value) unless self.class.attributes.include?(key) self.class.add_methods!(key) end end def [](key) instance_variable_get(:"@#{key}") end def initialize(attributes = {}) attributes.each_pair do |key, value| __send__(:"#{key}=", value) end end animal.baz = 4 animal.baz Instead of an internal hash @table, we use instance variables just as you would in a standard class!
129. IS IT FAST? Comparison: RegularClass: 3757567.8 i/s DynamicClass: 1250634.2 i/s - 3.00x slower PersistentOpenStruct: 766792.7 i/s - 4.90x slower OpenFastStruct: 525565.1 i/s - 7.15x slower OpenStruct: 147361.4 i/s - 25.50x slower
130. DYNAMICCLASS IS GOOD FOR THE SAME PURPOSES AS PERSISTENTOPENSTRUCT BUT IT’S FASTER
131. DYNAMICCLASS WORKS INTERNALLY THE WAY THAT PERSISTENTOPENSTRUCT REALLY SHOULD
133. PERSISTENTOPENSTRUCT MADE ME HAPPY.
134. PERSISTENTOPENSTRUCT MADE ME HAPPY. DYNAMICCLASS
 MADE ME HAPPIER.
135. PERSISTENTOPENSTRUCT MADE ME HAPPY. DYNAMICCLASS
 MADE ME HAPPIER. THAT’S THE BOTTOM LINE.
136. ROUNDUP: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
137. ROUNDUP: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
138. ROUNDUP: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? • Even the Standard Library may have room for improvement!
139. ROUNDUP: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? • Even the Standard Library may have room for improvement! • By focusing on a particular use case, you might create something that works better than a standard tool.
140. ROUNDUP: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? • Even the Standard Library may have room for improvement! • By focusing on a particular use case, you might create something that works better than a standard tool. • Benchmark, benchmark, benchmark!
141. ROUNDUP: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? • Even the Standard Library may have room for improvement! • By focusing on a particular use case, you might create something that works better than a standard tool. • Benchmark, benchmark, benchmark! • Experiments are probably the most satisfying, internally rewarding activity in all of programming. Sometimes you gain something useful, other times it’s just fun.
142. ROUNDUP: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? • Even the Standard Library may have room for improvement! • By focusing on a particular use case, you might create something that works better than a standard tool. • Benchmark, benchmark, benchmark! • Experiments are probably the most satisfying, internally rewarding activity in all of programming. Sometimes you gain something useful, other times it’s just fun. • Whoever you are, you have something to offer!
143. THANK YOU! ARIEL CAPLAN @AMCAPLAN AMCAPLAN.NINJA