agar as a culture medium; a historical story

some stories for agar foundation and application
a review on told stories about agar; from Japanese emperor to Robert Khoch
by seyyed Mohammad amin mousavi sagharchi

Transcript

1. IN THE NAME OF GOD
2. AGAR, A HISTORICAL STORY; FROM Mino Tarōzaemon TO Robert Koch By Seyyed Mohammad Amin MOUSAVI SAGHARCHI 𝟏,∗, Mohammad Mozaffari 𝟏, and Alireza Mashayekhi 𝟏 Eniviornmental Microbiology Prof. : Neda Hesari 1. Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran. Aminmousavi8063@yahoo.com December of 2022
3. WHAT IS “AGAR”? • Jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides from red-algae • Gracilaria and Gelidiaceae genera
4. IN THE TRAVEL OF JAPANESE EMPEROR • Japanese emperor and his entourage got lost in the mountains during the snowstorm; they found a small inn to take shelter. • Innkeper served them algae soup and some of this soup was leftover
5. DISCOVER AND USE AS A FOODSTUFF •Agar may have been discovered in Japan in 1658 by Mino Tarōzaemon (美濃 太郎左衞門), an innkeeper in current Fushimi-Ku after frizzing of seaweed soup (Tokoroten). •Jelly substance in food industries •Agar used in foodstuff instead gelatin
6. AGAR’S TERMINOLOGY •The word "agar" comes from agar-agar, the Malay name for red algae Also known as China •grass, Ceylon moss, or Jaffna moss •Japanese: 寒天 •Frozen sky (for Japanese emperor) Malay is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of the Philippines and Thailand. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people across Maritime Southeast Asia.
7. GELATIN IN THE EXTRACT OF MEAT •The original parent company, the Liebig Extract of Meat Company (Lemco) was formed in 1865 and manufactured meat infusion extracts under the trade name Lab Lemco. •In 1876 Robert Koch found that broths based on fresh beef serum or meat extracts (bouillions) gave the best growth. •But Koch couldn’t discover the cause of it.
8. Agelina Hesse WAS AN OVERLOOKED HEROINE OF MODERN MICROBIOLOGY • •Fanny Angelina Eilshemius, a German-American woman who was born in New York City and Walter Hesse’s wife. • ••One day in 1881, while eating lunch, Walter asked fanny about the jellies and pudding that she made and how they managed to stay gelled in warm weather. • •••Fanny told about her neighbor who had emigrated from Indonesia to New York, where it was the local custom to use agar in their cooking. • ••••The rest is history. Agar turned out to be an ideal gelling agent that stayed firm even in the incubator and could be designed by any bacterial enzymes.
9. Fanny Hesse AND Koch’S LABORATORY • Fanny Hesse and her husband Walter Hesse were work in Koch’s laboratory when fanny found agar as a culture medium. •At the same time, Julius Richard Petri, another worker in Koch's laboratory, modified the flat glass plate and produced a new type of culture dish for media.
10. FIRST LITERATURE ABOUT CULTURE ON AGAR MEDIA As shown by this plate from the 1896 Lehmann’s Medicin Handatlanten which shows the appearance of Bacterium Pyocyaneum on a variety of media types. Plate taken from Lehmann’s 1896 Medicin Handatlanten Key: I. Gelatin stab culture II. Agar stab culture III. Colony appearance on gelatin plate IV. Colony close up on gelatine plate V. Gelatine Plate VI. Agar Plate VII. Colony appearance on agar plate VIII. Appearance of growth on a slice of potato IX. Microscopy
11. BEFORE AGAR •Both Walther and Robert Koch were struggling to isolate pure and long-lasting bacterial cultures. They used potato slices and gelatin. •Robert Koch cultured Mycobacterium on potato slices and use cow tears as lysine compound for other microorganisms.
12. WHAT WE LEARNED; TIMELINE 1658 1865 1876 1881 1896 In the travel of Japanese emperor Gelatin in the extract of meat Robert Koch found microbial growth on gelatin Fanny Hesse found agar as a culture medium First literature about culture on agar media by Otto Haab
13. References •https://fems-microbiology.org/femsmicroblog-got-agar-say-thanks-to-angelina-hesse/ •https://www.asianscientist.com/2016/01/columns/history-agar-microbiology-lab/ •https://www.labnews.co.uk/article/2029646/history_of_the_agar_plate •https://www.mooragar.com/history-of-agar • Shimamura, Natsu (August 4, 2010). "Agar". The Tokyo Foundation. Retrieved 19 December 2016. •Hesse, W. (1992). Translated by Gröschel, D.H.M. "Walther and Angelina Hesse–Early Contributors to Bacteriology" (PDF). ASM News. 58 (8): 425–428. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017 •Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J.; McGehee, Michelle R. (2019-01-01), Clark, David P.; Pazdernik, Nanette J.; McGehee, Michelle R. (eds.), "Chapter 7 - Cloning Genes for Synthetic Biology", Molecular Biology (Third Edition), Academic Cell, pp. 199–239, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813288-3.00007-0, ISBN 978-0-12-813288-3, retrieved 2022-12-12
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