Getting started with R - QCBS

Transcript

1. Introduction to R
   Corey Chivers
   Department of Biology, McGill University
   zerotorhero.wordpress.com
   

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2. R U Keen?
   Get started with:
   http://www.codeschool.com/courses/try-r
   

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3. All of the slides, scripts, and data files
   we will be using are available at:
   zerotorhero.wordpress.com
   

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4. #02Rhero
   

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5. Outline
   1) Getting started
   R command line
   Assingment, Data & vectors
   Using functions
   Getting help
   2) Data and projects in R-
   Studio
   Creating an R project
   Organizing/cleaning data
   Importing/exporting Data
   3) Pizza!
   4) Intro to Plotting
   Reproducible plots
   Basic plotting
   Building complex plots
   by small steps
   5) A la Carte
   (time permitting):
   Programming (loops,
   conditionals & functions)
   Intro to Simulation
   Q & A
   

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6. Why R ?
   • It's Free ..
   • “as in free beer”
   • “as in free speech”
   • use it for any purpose.
   • give copies to your friends &
   neighbours.
   • improve it and release improvements
   publicly.
   

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8. Tables
   Data
   Graphs
   Statistics
   Understanding
   Sigmaplot
   Excel
   SAS
   

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9. Tables
   Data
   Graphs
   Statistics
   Understanding
   

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10. Why does R
    seem so hard to learn?
    ●
    R is command-driven
    ●
    R will not tell you what to do, nor guide you
    through the steps of an analysis or method.
    ●
    R will do all the calculations for you, and
    it will do exactly what you tell it (not necessarily
    what you want).
    ●
    R has the flexibility and power to do exactly what
    you want, exactly how you want it done.
    

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11. Challenges
    Throughout the workshop, you will
    be presented with a series of
    challenges.
    Collaborate with your neighbour
    when the going gets tough!
    

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12. Challenge 1
    Open R-Studio
    

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13. The Console
    

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14. Output (results)
    Input (commands)
    The R Console
    Text in the R console typically looks like this:
    > input
    [1] output
    I'll represent it like this:
    

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15. [1] 2
    1 + 1
    R is a calculator
    2 * 2
    [1] 4
    2 ^ 3
    [1] 8
    10 - 1
    [1] 9
    8 / 2
    [1] 4
    sqrt(9)
    [1] 3
    •Commands are evaluated, and the result is
    returned (sometimes invisibly).
    

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16. Challenge
    Use R to answer the following skill
    testing question:
    2 + 16 x 24 – 56 / (2+1) – 457
    Bonus – calculate:
    The area of a circle with radius 5cm?
    The hypotenuse of triangle ABC with:
    • Angle ABC=90⁰ , Angle ACB=45⁰
    • Side AB=5cm
    

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17. R command-line
    tip
    • Use the ▲▼ arrow
    keys to re-produce
    previous commands
    • This lets you scroll
    through your
    command history
    

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18. Hey look, a
    suggestion!
    

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19. • Some plots and graphs
    that can be made using R
    • images and other
    graphics made using R
    • a demonstration of linear
    modelling & GLMs
    • a list of available demos
    demo(graphics)
    demo(image)
    demo(lm.glm)
    demo()
    R is a show-off
    For even more demos, use:
    demo(package =
    .packages(all.available = TRUE))
    

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20. Objects
    You can store values as named objects using the
    assignment operator:
    on the left
    A B A_log B.seq Object names can be be (almost)
    anything you choose. They can include:
    Letters a-z, A-Z (case sensitive)
    Numbers 0-9
    Periods .
    Underscores _
    Should begin with a letter
    

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21. Retrieving the values
    When a variable name is evaluated, it returns the
    stored value.
    A
    [1] 10
    B
    [1] 100
    A_log
    [1] 2.302585
    x
    [1] 3
    B.seq
    [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
    [22] 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
    [43] 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
    [64] 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
    [85] 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
    

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22. Challenge
    Put your answer to the skill testing
    question into an object with a name of
    your choice.
    

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23. Vectors
    ●
    The most basic kind of object in R is a vector
    ●
    Think of a vector as a list of related values (data)
    ●
    A single value is an 'atomic vector' (vector of
    length 1)
    [1] 2
    1:10
    index
    (item
    number)
    Value
    (result)
    [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
    

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24. Vectors
    my_fav_numsplot(1:5, my_fav_nums)
    my_fav_nums[3]
    [1] 10
    ●
    You can make a vector using the c() command:
    ●
    You can plot vectors:
    ●
    You can access a part of a vector by its index:
    

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25. Vectors
    my_fav_nums+20
    my_fav_nums/2 +1
    sqrt(my_fav_nums)
    mean(my_fav_nums)
    sum(my_fav_nums)
    ●
    You can use vectors in calculations:
    

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26. Challenge
    What is the sum of the square of all of the
    integers between 1 and 100?
    Hint: remember counting from x to y can be
    done with x:y.
    

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27. R command-line
    tip
    •Use the Tab key to auto-
    complete
    •This helps you avoid
    spelling errors and speeds
    up command entering.
    

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28. Functions
    ●
    A functions takes in arguments and returns an
    object
    ●
    To use a function (call), the command must be
    structured properly, following the "grammar
    rules" of the R language (syntax)
    log( 8 , base = 2 )
    

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29. Functions
    ●
    A functions takes in arguments and returns an
    object
    ●
    To use a function (call), the command must be
    structured properly, following the "grammar
    rules" of the R language (syntax)
    log( 8 , base = 2 )
    Function name
    

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30. Functions
    ●
    A functions takes in arguments and returns an
    object
    ●
    To use a function (call), the command must be
    structured properly, following the "grammar
    rules" of the R language (syntax)
    log( 8 , base = 2 )
    Function name
    No space Parentheses
    

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31. Functions
    ●
    A functions takes in arguments and returns an
    object
    ●
    To use a function (call), the command must be
    structured properly, following the "grammar
    rules" of the R language (syntax)
    log( 8 , base = 2 )
    Function name
    No space Parentheses
    Argument 2
    Arguments are
    separated by a
    Comma
    Argument 1
    

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32. Arguments
    ●
    Arguments are the values passed to a function
    when it is called
    ●
    Arguments are values and instructions the
    function needs to do its thing
    xyplot(x,y,type=‘l’)
    Example
    

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33. Some common functions
    

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34. How do I
    use a new
    function?
    What arguments
    will it take?
    Use
    ?function !
    What does
    it do? For example:
    ?seq
    

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36. Function
    name
    package
    Arguments
    you can
    pass to the
    function
    Detailed
    information
    about the
    function
    Any argument
    with an = has a
    default value
    

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37. ...details
    Example
    use cases.
    Copy and
    past to try it
    out.
    ...details
    The value
    which will
    be returned
    You can also use
    example(seq) to
    run all of the code
    in this section.
    

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38. Challenge
    1) Create an unsorted vector of
    your favourite numbers.
    2) Find out how to sort it using
    ?sort.
    3) Sort your vector in forward
    and in reverse order.
    4) Put your sorted vectors into
    new objects.
    

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39. load a built-in data file
    peek at first few rows
    structure of the object
    names of items in the object
    attributes of the object
    summary statistics
    plot of all variable combinations
    data(CO2)
    head(CO2)
    str(CO2)
    names(CO2)
    attributes(CO2)
    summary(CO2)
    plot(CO2)
    Data Frames
    

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40. •You can refer to parts of a data frame
    object by its index or name (if it has one)
    CO2$Treatment
    Indexing
    CO2[1:6,3]
    Object
    name
    Rows
    (dim. 1)
    columns
    (dim. 2)
    Object
    name
    Column
    operator
    Column
    name
    

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41. Indexing
    names(CO2)
    CO2$Treatment
    CO2[,3]
    CO2[3,]
    CO2[1:6,]
    CO2[c(1,2,3,4,5,6),3]
    CO2$Treatment[1:6]
    CO2[CO2$conc>100,]
    CO2[CO2$Treatment=="chilled",]
    CO2[sample(nrow(CO2), 10),]
    available named columns
    "Treatment" column
    all rows, column 3
    row 3, all columns
    rows 1-6, all columns
    rows 1-6, column 3
    elements 1-6 of Treatment
    rows where conc > 100
    rows where Treatment == “chilled"
    10 random rows
    

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42. Challenge
    1) What is the mean uptake of
    all plants in the non-chilled
    treatment?
    2) What is the variance in
    uptake for plant ‘Mc3’?
    

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43. 43
    Installing packages
    • In addition to all of the base
    functions in R, you can install
    additional packages to do
    specialized statistics and plotting.
    • Currently, the CRAN package
    repository features 4276 available
    packages.
    • http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/
    

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44. The library() function loads the package,
    making its functions accessible.
    install.packages(‘ggplot2’)
    Installing packages
    library(ggplot2)
    

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