Ruby Ruby

Yo dawg, I heard you like Ruby, so I wrote Ruby in Ruby so you can run Ruby while you run Ruby.

Transcript

1. Hi, I’m Dan github/jellymann twitter/jellym4nn
3. Ruby Ruby
4. YO DAWG, I HEARD YOU LIKE RUBY SO I WROTE RUBY IN RUBY SO YOU CAN RUN RUBY WHILE YOU RUN RUBY
5. ruby create ruby
6. Why???
7. Last Year: “Will it Ruby?” Static Type Inferencing thingamajig
8. I had no idea what I was doing
9. Learn how Ruby really works
10. Maybe help some others learn along the way (C is somewhat nasty)
11. Also I’m completely insane
12. How???
13. Turned out to be really easy
14. #!/usr/bin/env ruby eval(ARGF.read)
15. #!/usr/bin/env ruby eval(ARGF.read)
16. … actually it’s really hard
17. … actually it’s really hard
18. DID YOU WRITE YOUR OWN RUBY INTERPRETER? YES WHAT DID IT COST? EVERYTHING
19. How??? (for real this time)
20. Learning how Ruby really works
22. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing
23. Source → Tokens → AST → Instructions
24. Source → Tokens → AST → Instructions tokenization
25. Source → Tokens → AST → Instructions tokenization
26. Source → Tokens → AST → Instructions tokenization parsing
27. Source → Tokens → AST → Instructions tokenization parsing
28. Source → Tokens → AST → Instructions tokenization parsing compiling
29. Source → Tokens → AST → Instructions tokenization parsing compiling
30. def foo(a, b) a + b end Source
31. def foo(a, b) a + b end Tokens
32. def foo(a, b) a + b end Source
33. AST def foo(a, b) a + b end
34. AST DEFN :foo def foo(a, b) a + b end
35. AST DEFN :foo def foo(a, b) a + b end BLOCK
36. AST DEFN ARGS BLOCK [:a, :b] :foo def foo(a, b) a + b end
37. AST DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL [:a, :b] :+ :foo def foo(a, b) a + b end
38. AST DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo def foo(a, b) a + b end
39. AST DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b def foo(a, b) a + b end
40. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo opt_send :define_method, argc: 2 leave == ISeq:foo local table (size: 2, argc: 2) [ 2] a@0<Arg> [ 1] b@1<Arg> getlocal a@0 getlocal b@1 opt_plus :+, argc: 1 leave
41. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> argc: 1 leave
42. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo send :define_method, argc: 2 leave
43. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo send :define_method, argc: 2 leave == ISeq:foo
44. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo send :define_method, argc: 2 leave == ISeq:foo local table (size: 2, argc: 2) [ 2] a@0<Arg> [ 1] b@1<Arg>
45. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo send :define_method, argc: 2 leave == ISeq:foo local table (size: 2, argc: 2) [ 2] a@0<Arg> [ 1] b@1<Arg> getlocal a@0
46. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo send :define_method, argc: 2 leave == ISeq:foo local table (size: 2, argc: 2) [ 2] a@0<Arg> [ 1] b@1<Arg> getlocal a@0 getlocal b@1
47. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo send :define_method, argc: 2 leave == ISeq:foo local table (size: 2, argc: 2) [ 2] a@0<Arg> [ 1] b@1<Arg> getlocal a@0 getlocal b@1 send :+, argc: 1
48. Instructions DEFN ARGS BLOCK OPCALL LVAR [:a, :b] :+ :a :foo LVAR :b == ISeq:<main> putobject :foo putiseq foo send :define_method, argc: 2 leave == ISeq:foo local table (size: 2, argc: 2) [ 2] a@0<Arg> [ 1] b@1<Arg> getlocal a@0 getlocal b@1 send :+, argc: 1 leave
49. Recreating this in Ruby
50. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing
51. LALR(1) Parser
52. LALR(1) Parser Look-Ahead Left to Right, Rightmost derivation (with 1-token look-ahead)
53. LALR(1) Parser Look-Ahead Left to Right, Rightmost derivation (with 1-token look-ahead)
54. LALR(1) Parser Look-Ahead Left to Right, Rightmost derivation (with 1-token look-ahead)
55. LALR(1) Parser Look-Ahead Left to Right, Rightmost derivation (with 1-token look-ahead)
56. LALR(1) Parser Look-Ahead Left to Right, Rightmost derivation (with 1-token look-ahead)
57. LALR(1) Parser Look-Ahead Left to Right, Rightmost derivation (with 1-token look-ahead) Parser
58. It’s complicated
59. But, It’s exposed by Ruby’s stdlib
60. Ripper
61. RubyVM::InstructionSequence
62. (these are technically written in C)
63. Enter: Ruby Parser
64. Enter: Ruby Parser Pure-Ruby LALR(1) parser using racc.
65. Enter: Ruby Parser Pure-Ruby LALR(1) parser using racc. (yacc but Ruby instead of C)
66. Enter: Ruby Parser Pure-Ruby LALR(1) parser using racc. (yacc but Ruby instead of C) (a derivative of bison)
67. s-expressions
68. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end
69. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end
70. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
71. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
72. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
73. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
74. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
75. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
76. s-expressions def foo(a, b) a + b end s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
77. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing
78. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing
79. Instruction Sequences (aka ISEQ)
80. Recursively process s-expressions
81. ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
82. Iseq:<main> local table: {} ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
83. Iseq:<main> local table: {} 0: putobject :foo 1: putiseq foo 2: define_method 3: leave return ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
84. Iseq:<main> local table: {} 0: putobject :foo 1: putiseq foo 2: define_method 3: leave return Iseq:foo ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
85. Iseq:<main> local table: {} 0: putobject :foo 1: putiseq foo 2: define_method 3: leave return Iseq:foo local table: {a: [:arg], b: [:arg]} ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
86. Iseq:<main> local table: {} 0: putobject :foo 1: putiseq foo 2: define_method 3: leave return Iseq:foo local table: {a: [:arg], b: [:arg]} 0: getlocal a,0 ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
87. Iseq:<main> local table: {} 0: putobject :foo 1: putiseq foo 2: define_method 3: leave return Iseq:foo local table: {a: [:arg], b: [:arg]} 0: getlocal a,0 1: getlocal b,0 ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
88. Iseq:<main> local table: {} 0: putobject :foo 1: putiseq foo 2: define_method 3: leave return Iseq:foo local table: {a: [:arg], b: [:arg]} 0: getlocal a,0 1: getlocal b,0 2: send :+, argc:1 ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
89. Iseq:<main> local table: {} 0: putobject :foo 1: putiseq foo 2: define_method 3: leave return Iseq:foo local table: {a: [:arg], b: [:arg]} 0: getlocal a,0 1: getlocal b,0 2: send :+, argc:1 3: leave return ISEQs s(:defn, :foo, s(:args, :a, :b), s(:call, s(:lvar, :a), :+, s(:lvar, :b)))
90. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing
91. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing
92. Ruby has a Virtual Machine
93. YARV
94. YARV Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine
95. YARV Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine
96. YARV Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine
97. YARV Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine
98. YARV Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine (I didn’t know there were others)
99. YARV Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine (I didn’t know there were others) (been in MRI since 1.9)
100. Control Frames (aka CFP)
101. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end
102. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end
103. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end Control Frame “Chain”
104. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end <main> Control Frame “Chain”
105. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end <main> -> foo Control Frame “Chain”
106. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end <main> -> foo -> Integer#times Control Frame “Chain”
107. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end <main> -> foo -> Integer#times -> block in foo Control Frame “Chain”
108. def foo 10.times do |i| puts i end end <main> -> foo -> Integer#times -> block in foo -> puts Control Frame “Chain”
109. Program Counter (aka PC)
110. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?"
111. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?"
112. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave
113. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave
114. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave
115. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave
116. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave
117. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave
118. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave
119. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 00 OUTPUT:
120. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 01 OUTPUT:
121. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 02 OUTPUT: Hello
122. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 03 OUTPUT: Hello
123. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 04 OUTPUT: Hello World
124. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 05 OUTPUT: Hello World
125. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 06 OUTPUT: Hello World How
126. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 07 OUTPUT: Hello World How
127. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 08 OUTPUT: Hello World How Are
128. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 09 OUTPUT: Hello World How Are
129. puts "Hello" puts "World" puts "How" puts "Are" puts "You?" 00 putstring "Hello" 01 send :puts 02 putstring "World" 03 send :puts 04 putstring "How" 05 send :puts 06 putstring "Are" 07 send :puts 08 putstring "You?" 09 send :puts 10 leave PC: 10 OUTPUT: Hello World How Are You?
130. The Stack (and the Stack Pointer, aka SP)
131. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4
132. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4
133. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave
134. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave
135. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave
136. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave
137. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave
138. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 00 OUTPUT:
139. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 00 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 01 02 03 04
140. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 00 SP: 00 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 01 02 03 04
141. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 01 SP: 01 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 02 03 04
142. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 02 SP: 02 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 03 04
143. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 03 SP: 03 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 7 03 04
144. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 04 SP: 04 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 7 03 3 04
145. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 04 SP: 03 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 7 03 04
146. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 04 SP: 02 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 03 04
147. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 05 SP: 03 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 10 03 04
148. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 06 SP: 04 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 10 03 4 04
149. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 07 SP: 03 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 2 02 40 03 04
150. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 08 SP: 02 OUTPUT: The Stack! 00 main 01 42 02 03 04
151. puts 2 + (7 + 3) * 4 00 putself 01 putobject 2 02 putobject 7 03 putobject 3 04 send :+ 05 putobject 4 06 send :* 07 send :+ 08 send :puts 09 leave PC: 09 SP: 00 OUTPUT: 42 The Stack! 00 01 02 03 04
152. Anatomy of a Ruby Object
153. RBasic
154. klass: RClass RBasic
155. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic
156. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic Integer, Float, Symbol, etc.
157. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
158. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic RObject Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
159. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic ivars: {} RObject Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
160. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic ivars: {} RObject RString, RArray, RHash, etc. Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
161. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic ivars: {} RObject RClass RString, RArray, RHash, etc. Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
162. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic ivars: {} RObject RClass super: RClass RString, RArray, RHash, etc. Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
163. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic ivars: {} RObject RClass super: RClass constants: {} RString, RArray, RHash, etc. Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
164. klass: RClass flags: [] RBasic ivars: {} RObject RClass super: RClass constants: {} methods: {} RString, RArray, RHash, etc. Integer, Float, Symbol, etc. “primitives”
165. Anatomy of a Ruby Class RClass super: RClass constants: {} methods: {}
166. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end
167. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end
168. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass
169. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object
170. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object flags: [:class]
171. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object flags: [:class] methods: { }
172. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object flags: [:class] methods: { :foo }
173. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object flags: [:class] methods: { :foo => iseq_method }
174. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object flags: [:class] methods: { :foo => iseq_method } constants: { }
175. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object flags: [:class] methods: { :foo => iseq_method } constants: { :X }
176. class A X = 1 def foo “FOO!” end end A: RClass super: Object flags: [:class] methods: { :foo => iseq_method } constants: { :X => 1 }
177. Super Classes
178. class A end class B < A end
179. class A end class B < A end
180. class A end class B < A end A: RClass
181. class A end class B < A end A: RClass super:
182. class A end class B < A end A: RClass super: Object
183. class A end class B < A end A: RClass super: Object B: RClass
184. class A end class B < A end A: RClass super: Object B: RClass super:
185. class A end class B < A end A: RClass super: Object B: RClass super: A
186. Including Modules
187. module M def foo; end end class A include M end
188. module M def foo; end end class A include M end
189. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass
190. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil
191. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module]
192. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo}
193. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass
194. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object
195. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass
196. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: Object
197. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass]
198. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods:
199. module M def foo; end end class A include M end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: M_copy M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods:
200. Including Multiple Modules
201. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end
202. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end
203. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo}
204. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
205. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
206. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
207. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
208. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: M_copy M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
209. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: M_copy M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass
210. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: M_copy M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: flags: [:iclass] methods:
211. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: M_copy M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:iclass] methods:
212. module M def foo; end end module N def bar; end end class A include M include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: N_copy M_copy: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:iclass] methods:
213. Including Modules in Modules
214. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end
215. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end
216. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo}
217. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
218. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
219. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
220. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
221. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:module] methods: {:bar}
222. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass
223. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods:
224. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: M_copy2: RClass
225. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: M_copy2: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods:
226. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: Object M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: M_copy2 flags: [:iclass] methods: M_copy2: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods:
227. module M def foo; end end module N include M end class A include N end M: RClass super: nil flags: [:module] methods: {:foo} A: RClass super: N_copy M_copy: RClass super: nil flags: [:iclass] methods: N: RClass super: M_copy flags: [:module] methods: {:bar} N_copy: RClass super: M_copy2 flags: [:iclass] methods: M_copy2: RClass super: Object flags: [:iclass] methods:
228. Eigenclasses!
229. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end
230. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end
231. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end Object: RClass
232. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end Object: RClass super: BasicObject
233. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject Object: RClass super: BasicObject
234. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject klass: Object Object: RClass super: BasicObject
235. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject klass: Object Object: RClass super: BasicObject foo_eigen: RClass
236. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject klass: Object Object: RClass super: BasicObject foo_eigen: RClass klass: Class
237. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject klass: Object Object: RClass super: BasicObject foo_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton]
238. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject klass: Object Object: RClass super: BasicObject foo_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Object
239. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject klass: Object Object: RClass super: BasicObject foo_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Object methods: {:bar}
240. foo = Object.new def foo.bar “BAZ!” end foo: RObject klass: foo_eigen Object: RClass super: BasicObject foo_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Object methods: {:bar}
241. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end
242. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end
243. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end B.foo
244. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end B.foo #=> “BAR!”
245. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end
246. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end Class: RClass
247. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end Class: RClass klass: Class
248. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module
249. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module
250. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: Class Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module
251. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: Class super: Object Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module
252. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: Class super: Object Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass
253. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: Class super: Object Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class
254. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: Class super: Object Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton]
255. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: Class super: Object Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class
256. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: Class super: Object Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo}
257. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo}
258. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo}
259. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass klass: Class Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo}
260. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass klass: Class super: A Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo}
261. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass klass: Class super: A Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo} B_eigen: RClass
262. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass klass: Class super: A Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo} B_eigen: RClass klass: Class
263. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass klass: Class super: A Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo} B_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton]
264. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass klass: Class super: A Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo} B_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: A_eigen
265. class A def self.foo “BAR!” end end class B < A end A: RClass klass: A_eigen super: Object B: RClass klass: B_eigen super: A Class: RClass klass: Class super: Module A_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: Class methods: {:foo} B_eigen: RClass klass: Class flags: [:singleton] super: A_eigen
266. The superclass of the eigenclass of a class is the eigenclass of the superclass of the class.
267. The superclass of the eigenclass of a class is the eigenclass of the superclass of the class.
268. The superclass of the eigenclass of a class is the eigenclass of the superclass of the class.
269. The superclass of the eigenclass of a class is the eigenclass of the superclass of the class.
270. The superclass of the eigenclass of a class is the eigenclass of the superclass of the class.
271. The superclass of the eigenclass of a class is the eigenclass of the superclass of the class.
272. Lexical Scope
273. class A class B class C end end end
274. class A class B class C end end end
275. class A class B class C end end end
276. class A class B class C end end end klass: Object
277. class A class B class C end end end klass: Object next: nil
278. class A class B class C end end end klass: Object next: nil
279. class A class B class C end end end klass: A klass: Object next: nil A : RClass constants: {}
280. class A class B class C end end end klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil A : RClass constants: {}
281. class A class B class C end end end klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil A : RClass constants: {}
282. class A class B class C end end end klass: B klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {} A : RClass constants: {}
283. class A class B class C end end end klass: B next: class A klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {} A : RClass constants: {}
284. class A class B class C end end end klass: B next: class A klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {} A : RClass constants: {:B}
285. class A class B class C end end end klass: B next: class A klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {} A : RClass constants: {:B}
286. class A class B class C end end end klass: C klass: B next: class A klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {} C : RClass constants: {} A : RClass constants: {:B}
287. class A class B class C end end end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: class A klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {} C : RClass constants: {} A : RClass constants: {:B}
288. class A class B class C end end end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: class A klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:C} C : RClass constants: {} A : RClass constants: {:B}
289. Constant Lookup
290. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end
291. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end
292. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: Object next: nil
293. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: A klass: Object next: nil A : RClass
294. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil A : RClass
295. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil A : RClass constants: {:X}
296. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: B klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X}
297. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X}
298. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X} A : RClass constants: {:X}
299. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X}
300. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X}
301. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} super: A
302. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} super: A
303. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} klass: D D : RClass super: A
304. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} klass: D D : RClass super: A super: A
305. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} klass: D next: <main> D : RClass super: A super: A
306. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C, :D} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} klass: D next: <main> D : RClass super: A super: A
307. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C, :D} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} klass: D next: <main> D : RClass super: A super: A =2
308. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C, :D} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} klass: D next: <main> D : RClass super: A super: A
309. class A X = 1 end class B X = 2 class C < A puts X end end class B::D < A puts X end klass: C next: class B klass: B next: <main> klass: A next: <main> klass: Object next: nil B : RClass constants: {:X, :C, :D} C : RClass A : RClass constants: {:X} klass: D next: <main> D : RClass super: A super: A =1
310. Catch Tables
311. raise
312. raise, rescue
313. raise, rescue, retry
314. raise, rescue, retry, ensure
315. raise, rescue, retry, ensure, break
316. raise, rescue, retry, ensure, break, next
317. raise, rescue, retry, ensure, break, next, redo
318. raise, rescue, retry, ensure, break, next, redo, return
319. raise, rescue, retry, ensure, break, next, redo, return, throw
320. raise, rescue, retry, ensure, break, next, redo, return, throw, catch
321. raise, rescue, retry, ensure, break, next, redo, return, throw, catch F✱CK
322. begin raise "foo" rescue puts $! end
323. == disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,40)> (catch: TRUE) == catch table | catch type: rescue st: 0000 ed: 0006 sp: 0000 cont: 0007 | == disasm: #<ISeq:rescue in <main>@-e:1 (1,20)-(1,36)> (catch: TRUE) | local table (size: 1, argc: 0 [opts: 0, rest: -1, post: 0, block: -1, kw: -1@-1, kwrest: -1]) | [ 1] "\#$!"@0 | 0000 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 ( 1) | 0002 putobject StandardError | 0004 checkmatch 3 | 0006 branchunless 15 | 0008 putself [Li] | 0009 getglobal $! | 0011 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:puts, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> | 0014 leave | 0015 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 | 0017 throw 0 | catch type: retry st: 0006 ed: 0007 sp: 0000 cont: 0000 |------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0000 putself ( 1)[Li] 0001 putstring "foo" 0003 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:raise, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> 0006 nop 0007 leave
324. == disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,40)> (catch: TRUE) == catch table | catch type: rescue st: 0000 ed: 0006 sp: 0000 cont: 0007 | == disasm: #<ISeq:rescue in <main>@-e:1 (1,20)-(1,36)> (catch: TRUE) | local table (size: 1, argc: 0 [opts: 0, rest: -1, post: 0, block: -1, kw: -1@-1, kwrest: -1]) | [ 1] "\#$!"@0 | 0000 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 ( 1) | 0002 putobject StandardError | 0004 checkmatch 3 | 0006 branchunless 15 | 0008 putself [Li] | 0009 getglobal $! | 0011 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:puts, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> | 0014 leave | 0015 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 | 0017 throw 0 | catch type: retry st: 0006 ed: 0007 sp: 0000 cont: 0000 |------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0000 putself ( 1)[Li] 0001 putstring "foo" 0003 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:raise, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> 0006 nop 0007 leave
325. == disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,40)> (catch: TRUE) == catch table | catch type: rescue st: 0000 ed: 0006 sp: 0000 cont: 0007 | == disasm: #<ISeq:rescue in <main>@-e:1 (1,20)-(1,36)> (catch: TRUE) | local table (size: 1, argc: 0 [opts: 0, rest: -1, post: 0, block: -1, kw: -1@-1, kwrest: -1]) | [ 1] "\#$!"@0 | 0000 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 ( 1) | 0002 putobject StandardError | 0004 checkmatch 3 | 0006 branchunless 15 | 0008 putself [Li] | 0009 getglobal $! | 0011 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:puts, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> | 0014 leave | 0015 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 | 0017 throw 0 | catch type: retry st: 0006 ed: 0007 sp: 0000 cont: 0000 |------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0000 putself ( 1)[Li] 0001 putstring "foo" 0003 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:raise, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> 0006 nop 0007 leave
326. == disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,40)> (catch: TRUE) == catch table | catch type: rescue st: 0000 ed: 0006 sp: 0000 cont: 0007 | == disasm: #<ISeq:rescue in <main>@-e:1 (1,20)-(1,36)> (catch: TRUE) | local table (size: 1, argc: 0 [opts: 0, rest: -1, post: 0, block: -1, kw: -1@-1, kwrest: -1]) | [ 1] "\#$!"@0 | 0000 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 ( 1) | 0002 putobject StandardError | 0004 checkmatch 3 | 0006 branchunless 15 | 0008 putself [Li] | 0009 getglobal $! | 0011 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:puts, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> | 0014 leave | 0015 getlocal_WC_0 "\#$!"@0 | 0017 throw 0 | catch type: retry st: 0006 ed: 0007 sp: 0000 cont: 0000 |------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0000 putself ( 1)[Li] 0001 putstring "foo" 0003 opt_send_without_block <callinfo!mid:raise, argc:1, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>, <callcache> 0006 nop 0007 leave
327. Uses “long jump” in CRuby (kinda like a runtime goto)
328. Use “raise” in Ruby (to implement raise in Ruby)
329. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing
330. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing Implement the entire frickin’ Ruby standard library!!!!
331. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing Implement the entire frickin’ Ruby standard library!!!!
332. ☐ Tokenizing & Parsing ☐ Compiling ☐ Executing Implement the entire frickin’ Ruby standard library!!!! Implement enough of the Ruby standard library to be demo-able
333. I spent a week banging my head against the wall...
334. … I had forgotten to implement NilClass#nil?
335. class BasicObject end
336. class BasicObject def nil? false end end
337. class BasicObject def nil? false end end class Object < BasicObject end
338. class BasicObject def nil? false end end class Object < BasicObject end class NilClass < Object end
339. nil.nil? #=> false
340. Demo!!!
341. Introducing: Garnet
342. Thanks